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Module 3

Module III covers advanced topics in functions, including function overloading, friend functions, and the use of objects as function arguments. It also discusses constructors and destructors, detailing their types and functionalities in C++. Key concepts include how function overloading works, the characteristics of friend functions, and how to pass and return objects in C++.

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Sandeep Deepu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Module 3

Module III covers advanced topics in functions, including function overloading, friend functions, and the use of objects as function arguments. It also discusses constructors and destructors, detailing their types and functionalities in C++. Key concepts include how function overloading works, the characteristics of friend functions, and how to pass and return objects in C++.

Uploaded by

Sandeep Deepu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module III: More about

Functions
Syllabus
More about Functions:
• Function overloading
• Friendly functions: friend function
• A function friendly to two classes
• Objects as function arguments

Constructors and Destructors:


• Constructors, parameterized constructors
• Multiple constructors in a class
• Constructors with default arguments
• Copy constructors
• Dynamic constructors
• Destructor
Function overloading
• Function overloading is a feature of object-oriented programming where two or
more functions can have the same name but different parameters.
• When a function name is overloaded with different jobs it is called Function
Overloading.
• In Function Overloading “Function” name should be the same and the arguments
should be different.
• Function overloading can be considered as an example of a polymorphism feature
in C++.
• If multiple functions having same name but different parameters then, it is known
as Function Overloading.
Example:
Contd… #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void add(int a, int b)
{
1. Parameters should have a different type
cout << "sum = " << (a + b);
add(int a, int b) }
add(double a, double b) void add(double a, double b)
{
cout << endl << "sum = " << (a + b);
}
int main()
{
add(10, 2);
add(5.3, 6.2);
return 0;
}
Example:

Contd… #include <iostream>


using namespace std;
void add(int a, int b)
{
cout << "sum = " << (a + b);
2. Parameters should have a different
}
number
void add(int a, int b, int c)
add(int a, int b) {
add(int a, int b, int c) cout << endl << "sum = " << (a + b + c);
}
int main()
{
add(10, 2);
add(5, 6, 4);

return 0;
}
Example:

Contd… #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void add(int a, double b)
{
3. Parameters should have a different cout<<"sum = "<<(a+b);
sequence of parameters. }
void add(double a, int b)
add(int a, double b)
{
add(double a, int b)
cout<<endl<<"sum = "<<(a+b);
}
int main()
{
add(10,2.5);
add(5.5,6);
return 0;
}
How does Function Overloading work?
•Exact match:- (Function name and Parameter)
•If a not exact match is found:–
->Char, Unsigned char, and short are promoted to an int.
->Float is promoted to double
•If no match is found:
->C++ tries to find a match through the standard conversion.
•ELSE ERROR
Friend function
• A friend function can access the private and protected data of a class.
• We declare a friend function using the “friend” keyword inside the body of the
class.
• Syntax:
Characteristics of Friend function
• The function declaration should be preceded by the keyword friend.
• The function can be defined anywhere in the program like normal C++ function.
• Function definition will not use the keyword friend and scope resolution operator(: :).
• The functions that are declared with the keyword friend are known as friend function.
• A function can be declared as friend in any number of classes.
• A friend function is not a member of the class, but has rights to access private
members of the class.
Example
Program to add two complex numbers using
friend function
Contd…
• Member functions of one class can be friend function of another class. In such
cases, they are defined using the scope resolution operator as shown below:

• The function func1() is a member of class x and a friend of class y.


Friend class

• We can also declare all the member functions of one class as the friend functions
of another class. In such cases, the class is called a friend class. This can be
specified as follows:
Friend function of multiple classes

• In C++, we can create such functions, which are friend of more than one
class.

• If we want to make a function friend of more than one class, then the
function must be declared inside all those classes using the friend keyword.

• Such friend function must take object of all those classes as argument for
whom it is friend.
Example
Passing object as arguments
• In C++ we can pass class’s objects as arguments and also return them from a
function the same way we pass and return other variables.

• No special keyword or header file is required to do so.

• To pass an object as an argument we write the object name as the argument while
calling the function the same way we do it for other variables.

Syntax:
function_name(object_name);
Example

Output:
Returning objects
• Like normal values, function can return objects as arguments in C++.

Syntax:
object = return object_name;
Example

Output:
Constructors

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