Chapter 4

Array and String Manipulation

What is an Array?
• An array is a collection of data storage locations, each
having the same data type and the same name.
• Each storage location in an array is called an array
element.
Why do you need arrays in your programs?
• Imagine that you're designing a program to keep track
of your business expenses. The program could declare
12 separate variables, one for each month's expense
total.
• This program have 12 separate folders for your receipts.
• Good programming practice, however, would utilize
an array with 12 elements, storing each month's
total in the corresponding array element.
• This approach is comparable to filing your receipts
in a single folder with 12 compartments.
Single-Dimensional Arrays
• A single-dimensional array has only a single
subscript.
• A subscript is a number in brackets that follows an
array's name. This number can identify the number
of individual elements in the array.
Example
float expenses[12];
• The array is named expenses, and it contains 12
elements.
• Each of the 12 elements is the exact equivalent of a
single float variable and all C++'s data types can be used
for arrays.
• C++ array elements are always numbered starting at 0,
so the 12 elements of expenses are numbered 0 through
11.
• When you declare an array, the compiler sets aside a
block of memory large enough to hold the entire array.
• Individual array elements are stored in sequential
memory locations.
Following figure shows the sequential memory locations of
an array A[10].
A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6] A[7] A[8] A[9]

• A[0]
• A[1]
• A[2]
• A[3]
• A[4]
• A[5]
• A[6]
• A[7]
• A[8]
For example
• The following statement stores the value 25 in
the first array element (remember, the first
array element is A[0] not A[1]):
• A[0] = 25;
• When you use arrays, keep the element
numbering scheme in mind: In an array of n
elements, the allowable subscripts range from
0 to n-1.
The following programs demonstrates the use
of an array.
Example 1: Demonstration of a simple array.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
int a[3];
a[0] = 12;
a[1] = 7;
a[2] = 65;
cout<<” The array elements are\n”;
cout<<a[0]<<endl;
cout<<a[1]<<endl;
cout<<a[2];
• When you run the above program, it makes
an array of size 3.
• The first array location is initialized with value
12, second with 7 and third with 65. Then the
program displays all the values in different
lines.
The following programs demonstrate the use of
arrays.
• Example 2: An integer array of size 5 that accepts values from user and
displays them on the screen.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
int i, a[5];
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout<< “Please enter the element of array: “;
cin>>a[i];
}
cout<<”\n The array elements are\n”;
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
Example 3: A float array of size 5 that accepts values from user and
displays their sum and average.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
int i;
float a[5], sum = 0, avg;
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout<< “Please enter value “<<(i+1)<<”: “;
cin>>a[i];
sum = sum + a[i];
}
cout<<”Sum = ”<<sum;
avg = sum/5;
cout<<”\nAverage = ”<<avg;
Multidimensional Arrays
• It is possible to have arrays of more than
one dimension. Each dimension is
represented as a subscript in the array.
• Therefore, a two-dimensional array has
two subscripts; a three dimensional array
has three subscripts; and so on.
• Arrays can have any number of
dimensions, although it is likely that most
of the arrays you make will be of one or
two dimensions.
• A good example of a two-dimensional array is a chess
board.
• One dimension represents the eight rows; the other
dimension represents the eight columns.
Suppose that you have a class named SQUARE.
The declaration of an array named Board that
represents it would be
• SQUARE Board[8][8];
• You could also represent the same data with a one-
dimensional, 64-square array. For example,
• SQUARE Board[64];
• This doesn't correspond as closely to the real-world
object as the two-dimension.
• When the game begins, the king is located in the
fourth position in the first row. Counting from zero
array, that position corresponds to Board[0][3];
Initializing Multidimensional Arrays
• You can initialize multidimensional arrays. You
assign the list of values to array elements in order,
with the last array subscript changing while each of
the former holds steady.
• Therefore, if you have an array
• int theArray[5][3]
• The first three elements go into theArray[0]; the
next three into theArray[1]; and so forth.
• You initialize this array by writing
• int theArray[5][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 }
• For the sake of clarity, you could group the initializations with
braces. For example,
• int theArray[5][3] =
{ {1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9},
{10,11,12},
{13,14,15} };
• The compiler ignores the inner braces, which
make it easier to understand how the numbers
STRING
• Natural languages are based upon words and
punctuation, connected to form sentences
and paragraphs.
• In computer science languages, these are
usually referred to as strings.
• Computer programming languages all need to
represent natural language in some form or
another, either to interact with users, record
data to a file, send data to a printing device,
etc.
Strings as raw data
• Here's a familiar example of a program which
contains a string.
• In this program, that string is used to send the user
a message.

#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
cout<<”hello, world”;
}
C++ Strings
Here is a new example containing another kind of
string, a C++ String.

#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
char hello[30];
hello[30] = “hello, world”;
cout<<hello;
}
• There are some new elements to this
program;
Here is the instruction which makes the C++
string.
• char hello[] = "Hello, World";
• Behind the scenes, the program makes a C++
array variable called hello. This variable owns
an area in memory, to which the data, "Hello,
World" is copied into.
Strings as input
• A programmer might want to ask the user to input a
string, such as their name, the name of a file, details
about a book, etc.
C++ strings are well equipped for this task.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
char your_name[30];
cout<<”hello, what is your name? “;
cin>>your_name;
cout<<” pleased to meet you, “<<your_name;
• Again, the program makes a C++ string, but initially
leaves it empty. After sending the user a message,
the program calls upon cin to help out.
• cin >> your_name;
• The program should wait for the user to type their
name and press enter, then output a message
directed at them, "Pleased to meet you".
• There's a hidden problem, however. If the user
enters their full name, cin only recognizes the first
part of their name, the rest is left alone.
For Example
• Hello, What is your name? Tesfaye Abera
• Pleased to meet you, Tesfaye
• What happens here is a direct result of one of the
shortcomings of the >> symbol, which is used for
reading data from the user.
• The program only reads from the user up until the
first 'white space' character.
• A white space character is usually a space, a tab, a
carriage return, or a new line.
• The solution is to force the program to read
everything up until the point when the user hit
'return' or 'enter'.
• C++ has the perfect tool for the job, called getline
which, as its name suggests, retrieves an entire line
of text.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
char your_name[30];
cout<<”hello, what is your name? “;
cin.getline(your_name,30);
cout<<” pleased to meet you, “<<your_name;
}
Strings as character sequences
• Thus far, strings have been treated as complete
entities, although, in reality, strings are actually
sequences of characters.
• Many problems involving strings are interested with
specific characters, and the positions where those
characters occur in a string.
• C++ provides complete un-hindered access to
characters in a string through the subscript
operator.
• The subscript operator is a pair of square brackets,
which takes an integer, representing a character's
position in a string.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
char myname[]=”abdulqadir”;
cout<<”the first character of ”<<myname<<”is
“<<myname[0];
}
• The first character in a string is always position zero.
• Since the first character in a string is position zero,
logic dictates that the last character in a string must
be at a position 'one less' than the string's length.
• For "abdulqadir", which is 11 characters long, its last
character will appear at position 10.
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
char myname[]=”abdulqadir”;
cout<<”the last character of ”<<myname<<”is
“<<myname[9];
}
How long is a string and what is last word?
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char a[20]= “tesfaye abera”;
int l;
l=strlen(a);
cout<<”length of the string is “<<l;
l=l-1;
cout<<”last word of the string is “<<endl<<a[l];
}
Changing characters within a string
• Since string objects are modifiable, The subscript operator
provides direct access to the memory area where a particular
character is stored.
• As a consequence of this, any character within a string object
can be modified in much the same way as a normal variable.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char a[20]= “tesfaye abera”;
a[0]=’*’;
cout<<a;
}