Lesson 2.

The Sample and the

Sampling Procedure
When researchers
conduct an
experiment, they
need to collect data
from a population.
Populati
on
- A well defined
group of
individuals or
objects sharing a
common
characteristic or
trait.
Target
Population
- The conclusions
derived from the study
always refer to the
entire population.
Sometimes, it is called
target population.
Suppose you are conducting a study
about psychological health of
Filipinos, particularly the Aetas. In
this example, the target population
of your study is only the Aetas
despite the existence of numerous
ethnic groups. This is due to the
fact that your study is concerned
about the psychological health of
Aetas only.
 Testing every
individual in a given

“
population can be both
time-consuming and
costly. Hence,
researchers use only a
portion of the

”
population- the sample
population. A sample
represents the entire
population.
Sample Population

For example, a geologist will

procure only a small amount of
rocks in a field instead of studying
all the rocks present. This makes
the research practical and
achievable. To obtain necessary
sample, researchers use different
sampling procedures.
 Deliberate
1 Sampling
- Non probability or purposive
sampling
- All of the samples are
predetermined by the researcher.
- - often due to ease of access, it
also called convenience sampling
- -subjective, non- random
- Easiest but susceptible to
sampling biases
Deliberate sampling
Sampling biases occur when the
samples are selected
incorrectly, causing variables
to be either underrepresented
or overrepresented.
Ex. Jason wants to conduct an
interview about the food
preference of his village. To
complete his study, he needs
to ask 18 households in a
neighborhood of 30. Jason
decides to inquire houses near
his home.
In his study, the samples
do not represent the
entire population. The
households In his area
are overrepresented,
while those of other
areas are
underrepresented.
 Example:
You may be
conducting a study
on why high school
students choose
community college
over university.
 Simple
Random
2 Sampling
- Relies heavily on chance or probability.
Every individual in the population has an
equal chance of being chosen as a sample
and be included in the study.
- Best sampling procedure; least
susceptible to bias.
- Random selection of participants in the
population of interest
Simple Random Sampling:
Lottery Method
Each individual in the population is
assigned with a unique number.
These numbers are placed in a
container, then mixed. The
researcher then picks a number from
container the individual who was
assigned to the number picked from
the bowl will be the chosen sample.
 Other researchers use
computer programs to
select a random number
on its own. However, a
computer cannot create a
truly random number on
its own. The computer
needs to observe outside
data, such as fan noise or
the exact time you
pushed a key to create a
truly random number.
 Experimental-
Chance Sampling
is most likely used
in Experimental.
Correlational-
random sampling/
stratified sampling
 Example:
The names of 25
employees being
chosen out of a
hat from a
company of 250
employees.
 Systematic
2 Sampling
- Relies heavily on the order of
arrangement of samples. The elements of
the population need not to be arranged in
any logical order must be numbered, from
1 to N.
The procedure would be:
a. Determine the population size (N) and the
desired number of samples (n). For example,
suppose N= 30 and n=6.
b. Divide N by n to determine the interval size (k).
c. Select a random start from 1 to N. Say, from 1
to 30, the random start is 3. Hence, the sample
1 is the third individual.
d. Determine subsequent samples. Samples are
selected every kth, or in this case, every fifth
member of the population.
 Example:
Suppose a supermarket wants to
study their customers’ buying
habits. With systematic random
sampling, they can choose
every 10th or 15th customer
entering the supermarket. Then,
they conduct study on this
sample.
3 Stratified
Sampling
- Is typically used when the population
consists of heterogenous group and when
homogenous subgroups or similar
groupings are created to isolate similar
characteristics. It is employed when the
researcher wants to have a representative
sample per group.
 Two types of stratified
• random sampling:
Proportionate stratified random
sampling (PSRS) - the sample size of
each stratum here is proportional to its
sampling size. If a stratum has a
population higher than those of the other
strata, the sample size is higher.
• Disproportionate stratified random
sampling (DSRS)- the sample sizes of all
the strata are equal to one another even
if the populations of the strata are
 Stratified Sampling:
To give quick example here for
research, the target market is
split into strata based on
gender, where there are 2,000
males and 6, 000 females.
Then, for a sampling fraction of
¼ 500 males and 1,500
females will be selected in the
final sample population.
3 Cluster
Sampling
- Groups its subjects into
smaller, more manageable
subpopulations, called
clusters. These clusters can
either be grouped according
to a specific factor or pre
established groupings.
In this procedure, instead of
getting representative
samples per
subpopulation, the entire
cluster is chosen as the
subject for the
experimentation or
procedure and is included
in the research. The
clusters can be selected
randoml.
Cluster Sampling Example:
A survey conducted
by a company to
better understand
the preferences
and needs of their
customers.
Lesson 2.5

Data Collection
Techniques
 Observational
1 Data
- The researcher observes and measures the
characteristics of the subjects without
applying any treatments. An observation
takes place in an uncontrolled setting and
gives a more realistic report of what is
happening.
2
Experimental
Data
- Are collected from an experimental study
that involves taking measurements in a
controlled setting. These data provide a
casual claim relationship- if an object is given
a certain treatment, then it will have a
certain effect.
 Survey
-Surveys are used to
3 gather information. They
may come in different
forms and use
instruments like
questionnaires and
interviews. An interview
or discussion with
individuals about a
particular topic may be
included.
Questionnair
es
A questionnaire is
a series of written
questions
answered by
participants.
 These steps must be followed
when conducting surveys using
questionnaire are: (a)
formulating the questions, (b)
asking the questions (c ) tallying
the results, and (d) reporting
your findings.
 Interviews
- An interview is a face-to-face
encounter with the
participants and is considered
more personal than a
questionnaire. It is qualitative
in nature and can be done
formally (structured), semi-
structured, or informally.