Lecture 1

Cloud Computing
 Topics of Lecture
• What is Cloud Computing
• Basic Concepts
– Deployment Models
– Service Models
• Pros of Cloud Computing
• Cons of Cloud Computing
• Amazon Global Infrastructure
– Regions
– Availability Zones
– Data Centers
– Edge Locations
• Amazon Web Services
– History
– Application Areas
 Cloud Computing?
• Cloud Computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over
the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing model.
• Instead of buying, owning and maintaining physical data centers
and servers, you can access technology services, such as computing
power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud
service provider.
• Cloud service providers install servers in their data centers, which
include CPU, memory and storage disks, firewalls, network related
equipment installed in them.
• Service buyers deploy their applications on the cloud and either
made it accessible publicly over the Internet or privately within a
certain organization.
• Google Colab is a free cloud service that offers Jupyter Notebooks
via remote servers. Students can use GPU and TPU resources from
Google to run their Python code using Google Colab.
 Cloud Computing for Whom?
• Organizations of every type, size, and industry are using the cloud
for a wide variety of use cases, such as:
– Data Backup
– Disaster Recovery
– Email Solutions
– Virtual Desktops (Desktop as a Service (DaaS))
– Software Development and Testing
– Big Data Analytics
– Customer-facing Web Applications.
 Basic Concepts
• There are certain services and models working behind the scene
making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end-users.
• Following are the working models for Cloud Computing;
– Deployment Models
– Service Models
 Deployment Models
• The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud
environment based on ownership and access, as well as the cloud’s nature
and purpose.
• The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined
by a cloud deployment model.
• Cloud can have any of the four types of access:

• Public Cloud
– Cloud which are accessible irrespective of the physical location for
everyone to use with pay-as-you-go model i.e., over the internet, such as
AWS, Google, Huawei, Microsoft Azure etc.
• Private Cloud
– Cloud which is not accessible over the Internet i.e., they think their data is
unsafe if sent to Internet. such as, clients who have setup cloud in
defense, banks etc. Data and application are both on-premises.
• Hybrid Cloud
– Cloud which uses combination of both public and private cloud i.e., some
applications are deployed on public cloud while others are on private
cloud. In this application is on the public, but database is on-private cloud.
 Deployment Models
• Community Cloud
– Where two or more organizations collectively setup a cloud. It is
a kind of cloud where users from multiple organizations can use
that cloud. Expenses are also divided among members of the
community.
– For example, if HEC setup a cloud, where students from all the
Universities (i.e., a community) are registered, and if they need
any compute resources it can be shared with them.
• Multi-cloud
– Multi-cloud is about employing multiple cloud providers at the
same time under this paradigm, as the name implies.
– It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which
combines public and private cloud resources. Instead of merging
private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public clouds.
 Service Models
• Service Models are the reference models on which the cloud
computing is based.
• These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed
below:
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
– Platform as a Service (PaaS)
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Each type of models provide different levels of control, flexibility,
and management so that you can select the right set of services for
your needs.
Cloud Service Models
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• IaaS contains the basic building blocks for cloud setup.
• It typically provides access to networking features,
computers (virtual or dedicated hardware), and data
storage space.
• IaaS gives you the highest level of flexibility and
management control over your IT resources.
• It is most similar to the existing IT resources with which
many IT department and developers are familiar.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• PaaS removes the need for you to manage underlying
infrastructure (usually hardware and operating systems) and
allows you to focus on the deployment and management of
your applications.
• This helps you be more efficient as you don’t need to worry
about:
– Resource Procurement
– Capacity Planning
– Software Maintenance
• Amazon Elastic Beanstalk is an example of PaaS.
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
• SaaS provides you with a complete product that is
run and managed by the service provider.
• In most cases, people referring to SaaS are referring
to end-user applications
• With a SaaS offering, you don’t have to think about
how the service is maintained or how the underlying
infrastructure is managed.
• You only need to think about how you will use that
particular software.
 Pros of Cloud Computing
• Few of the benefits of the cloud computing
are as follows:
– Agility
– Elasticity
– Cost Savings
– Deploy globally in minutes
– Defend against disaster
 Agility
• The cloud gives you easy access to a board range of
technologies so that you can innovate faster and
build nearly anything that you can imagine.
• You can quickly spin up resources as you need them
– from infrastructure services, such as computer
storage, and databases, to Internet of Things,
Machine Learning, Data Analytics and much more.
• You can deploy technology services in a matter of
minutes and get from idea to implementation
several orders of magnitude faster than before.
 Elasticity
• With cloud computing, you don’t have to over-
provision resources up front to handle peak
levels of business activity in the future.
• You provision the amount of resources that
you actually need.
• You can scale these resources up or down to
instantly grow and shrink capacity as your
business needs change.
 Cost Savings
• The cloud allows you to trade fixed expenses (such as data centers
and physical servers) for variable expenses, and only pay for it as
you consume it.
• The variable expenses are much lower what you would pay to do
it yourself because of the economies of the scale (a proportionate
saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.).
• Economies of scale occurs when more units of a good or service
can be produced on a larger scale with (on average) fewer
input costs.
• You only pay for the services that you use. For example, if your
application is stopped for any certain period, you don’t have to
pay for compute and memory. You only pay for storage (in AWS
cloud).
 Deploy globally in minutes
• You can expand to new geographic regions
and deploy globally in minutes.
• You can deploy your application in multiple
physical locations with just few clicks.
• Putting applications in closer proximity to end
users reduces latency and improves their
experience.
 Disaster Recovery
• Cloud-based storage is much more secure
than operating and on-site data center.
• Organizations that store their data on the
premises see 51% more security incidents
than those that use cloud storage
• One of the advantages of storing data in the
cloud is that there isn’t one single point of
failure.
 Cons of Cloud Computing
• The advantages of storing data in the cloud are
hard to ignore, but what are the disadvantages
of online storage?
• There are the top four concerns companies
have about transitioning to the cloud.
– Limited Control
– Slower Backups (over the internet backups are slow)
– Internet Dependance
– Internet Use.
 Limited Control
• Because the infrastructure of the cloud is owned
and managed by the service provider, businesses
may worry about not having enough control over
the service.
• It explains what limits the provider can place on
your use of the deployment.
• All legitimate cloud computing providers allow your
organization to exert control over your applications
and a data, even if it doesn’t allow you to alter the
infrastructure in any way.
 Slower Backups?
• Because moving data to the cloud involves
significant communication latency, backups
can end up taking longer than they would with
an in-house system.
• If you need to restore a whole server, it might
take longer.
• Differences in speed are negligible with the
right provider.
 Internet Reliance
• One minor drawback to cloud computing is
the fact that its completely reliant on the
internet.
• If your internet connection goes down, you
won’t have to access to data sored in the
cloud for the duration of the outage.
• However, an internet interruption won’t
destroy or compromise your data stored in the
cloud.
 Internet Use
• If you are running backups during working
ours when people are heavily using the
Internet, a large backup to the cloud has the
potentials to increase congestion and reduce
internet performance.
• This issue primarily affects small businesses
without the resources to invest in the highest
internet bandwidth and speeds.
 Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that
provides on-demand, cloud computing platforms and APIs
to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered
pay-as-you-go-basis.
• These cloud computing Web services provide distributed
computing processing capacity and software tools via AWS
server farms.
• AWS services are delivered to customers via a network of
AWS server farms located throughout the World.
• Amazon provides 200+ services right now.
• Amazon is the market leader for cloud service providing.
AWS Cloud History
 Compute
• EC2
– Virtual machines in the cloud. For compute and
memory services.
• Elastic Beanstalk
– Run and manage Web Apps.
• Lambda
– Run code without thinking about Servers. Pay as long as
code is running.
• LightSail
– Launch and manage virtual private servers.
 Database Services
• Amazon Aurora
– Relational DB managed and offered by Amazon.
• DynamoDB
– Managed NoSQL Database
• Relational Database Service (RDS)
– Managed Relational Database
 Machine Learning
• Amazon SageMaker
– Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed machine learning service.
– With SageMaker, data scientists and developers can quickly and
easily build and train machine learning models, and then directly
deploy them into a production-ready hosted environment.
• Amazon Augmented AI
– Easily implement human review of machine learning applications
• AWS DeepComposer
– AWS DeepComposer allows developer of all skill levels to get
started with Generative AI.
 Internet of Things
• FreeRTOS
– FreeRTOS is an IoT operating system for
microcontrollers.
• IoT Analytics
– Collect, pre-processes, stores, analyse and
visualize data of IoT devices.
• IoT Roborunner
– Optimize robotics automation.
 Gartner Forecast!
• Gartner, Inc. is a technological research and consulting
firm based in Stamford, Connecticut that conducts
research on technology and shares this research both
through private consulting as well as executive programs
and conferences.
• Gartner says almost two-third (65.9%) of spendings on
application software will be directed toward cloud
technologies in 2025, up from 57.7% in 2022.
• The pandemic and the surge in digital services are making
the cloud the centerpiece of new digital experience.
• Cloud revenue to total $474B in 2022, up from $408B in
2021.
 Gartner Report
This year, and for the twelfth
consecutive year, AWS has been
named as a Leader in the 2022
Magic Quadrant for Cloud
Infrastructure and Platform
Services (CIPS). Per Gartner,
AWS is the longest-running
Cloud infrastructure and
platform service (CISP)
Magic Quadrant Leader.
https://aws.amazon.com/resources/analyst-re
ports/22-global-gartner-mq-cips/?trk=d655fed
1-d452-405a-8dc6-682ee5154f83&sc_channel
=el
 AWS Global Infrastructure
• AWS Regions:
– AWS has the concept of a Region, which is a physical location around the
world where we cluster data centers. AWS has 31 Regions.
• AWS Availability Zones
– An Availability Zone (AZ) is one or more discrete data centers with
redundant power, networking, and connectivity in an AWS Region.
– Availability zones (AZs) acts as a failover as well. If there is a disaster in one
AZ, then another AZ act as a backup. AWS has 99 AZs
• AWS Data Centers
– One availability zone can have multiple data centers. Data centers are where
actual cloud setup is installed.
• AWS Edge Locations / Points of Presence
– Edge Location is a temporary caching area. 400+ edge locations are
managed by AWS.
– Edge locations are used to minimize data latency while reading data from
the cloud.
• https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/
AWS Global Infrastructure (Regions)
 AWS Regions
• AWS has Regions all around the world.
• Names can be us-east-1, eu-west-3…
• A region is a cluster of data centers.
• Most AWS services are region-scoped.
 How to Choose the AWS Region
• If you need to launch a new application, where should
you do it?
• Compliance:
– with data governance and legal requirements: data never leaves a
region without your explicit permission
• Proximity:
– to customers: reduced latency.
• Available Resources:
– within a Region: new services and new features aren’t available in
every Region
• Pricing:
– pricing varies region to region and is transparent in the service
pricing page
 AWS Availability Zones
• Each region has many availability
zones (usually 3, min is 2, max is 6).
Example:
– ap-southeast-2a
– ap-southeast-2b
– ap-southeast-2c
• Each availability zone (AZ) is one or
more discrete data centers with
redundant power, networking and
connectivity.
• They are separate from each other,
so that they are isolated from
disasters.
• They are connected with high
bandwidth, ultra-low latency
networking.
 Tour of AWS Console
• AWS has Global Services:
– Identity and Access Management (IAM)
– Route 53 (DNS service)
– CloudFront (Content Delivery Network)
– WAF (Web Application Firewall)
• Most AWS services are Region-scoped:
– Amazon EC2 (Infrastructure as a Service)
• Elastic Beanstalk (Platform as a Service)
• Lambda (Function as a Service)
• Rekognition (Software as a Service)
• Region Table:
https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regional-produc
t-services/
 Topics of Lecture
• What is Cloud Computing
• Basic Concepts
– Deployment Models
– Service Models
• Pros of Cloud Computing
• Cons of Cloud Computing
• Amazon Global Infrastructure
– Regions
– Availability Zones
– Data Centers
– Edge Locations
• Amazon Web Services
– History
– Application Areas
 References
• https://aws.amazon.com/console/
• https://docs.aws.amazon.com/index.html
• https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regions_
az/?p=ngi&loc=2
• https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-named-as-a-leader-in-the-
2022-gartner-cloud-infrastructure-platform-services-cips-magic-qua
drant-for-the-12th-consecutive-year/
• https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regional-
product-services/
• https://aws.amazon.com/free/?pi_faq_2&all-free-tier.sort-by=item.
additionalFields.SortRank&all-free-tier.sort-order=asc&awsf.Free%2
0Tier%20Types=tier%23always-free&awsf.Free%20Tier%20Categori
es=*all&awsm.page-all-free-tier=2
• https://www.ibm.com/topics/virtualization