Tma

Target Motion Analysis for the Localization of Subsurface Targets
Stephen Haptonstahl Northern Illinois University December 3, 1999

Target Motion Analysis
Disclaimer or How Different Cultures Say I dont know

Politician: We have a Congressional committee investigating that issue. Programmer: You cant do that in Windows. That only works in UNIX. Consultant: I can provide that information, but it will cost you more. Military: Id tell you, but its classified, so then Id have to kill you. Math student: We never talked about that in class. Math Professor: Thats beyond the scope of the course.
The Company: Your Country US Navy

369,220 sailors in uniform (1 officer/6 enlisted)
Who joins the Navy?
316 Ships & Subs almost half underway Operating in every part of the world
Other branches
Total # of people
Allied forces
# of other nations

Strategy: Prevent enemy submarines from getting close enough to destroy your ship Tactic: Keep the sub occupied dodging helicopterlaunched torpedoes. Problem: Where do you send your helicopter?
The Captain wants an answer in 30 minutes!
Describing Location in Maritime Warfare

Bearing and Range from ownship - polar coordinates
Bearing (BRG): Compass direction (true, not magnetic) from ownship to target in degrees (mills used in gunnery 6400 mills = 360) Range (RNG): Distance to target in yards or nautical miles Relative reference frame must correct for ownship motion to get true (WRT Earth) motion
Latitude (N-S) and Longitude (E-W)

Geo-fixed reference frame
Nautical Mile (NM)

Defined to be 1/60 degree latitude (equator to pole:=5400 NM) Equal to about 6000 feet, 2000 yards, or 1.1 statute mile
Primary Sources of Information

Active sonar
Bearing, range, perhaps depth of target course and speed Very limited range Counterdetection (perhaps 10X sonar range) Amorous marine life
Passive sonar
Greater range No counterdetection issues (other that normal) No range information no course and speed Must use TMA to get range, course, speed
Other Sources of Information

Visual periscopes leave wakes
Lookouts (ours or on other ships) (BRG & est. RNG) Pilots (est. lat & lon)
Sonobuoys
Yardstick range from buoy Pointer bearing from buoy Cadillac - both
MAD Magnetic anomaly detector

Very short range, but cant mistake a whale for a sub
EW - Reception of their radar or radio emissions BRG only Intelligence

SOSUS Sound Surveillance System Various classified sources
TMA Team
Composition
Evaluator South & North Plotters Time/Bearing Plotter Time/Frequency Plotter R/T talker and Sharps
PC
Sharps
TF N TB RT
Surface/ Subsurface Warfare Supervisor
Input
Sonar/EW/Intel Priorities set by CO
Geo-fixed plot S E
Manual Surface Radar
Output
Location of targets Course/speed recommendations
TMA Team Layout on an AEGIS cruiser
Line of Sound
Line of Sound (LOS): A moving reference line joining ownship and the target
STI STA SOA SOI SOI STI STA SOA SOI STI STA SOA
Lag: target and ownship speed vectors on opposite sides of LOS
Lead: target and ownship speed vectors on same side of LOS, STA > SOA
Overlead: target and ownship speed vectors on same side of LOS, STA < SOA
Opening: Range increasing
Closing: Range decreasing
Line of Sound Evaluators Plot

Purpose: Determine the course and speed of the target
000
STI
g nin Ope sing o Lag Cl
Lead STA
090
270
rle Ove ad
180
*Expires after ~5 degrees of bearing shift
DRT & Geo-fixed Plot

Recognizing LOS Geometries
Lag Lead Overlead
Max Range Min Range
Min spd = ownship spd Input: almost everything Speed strips get course, speed, range This is where all the information is compiled, where the Captain will look for a picture of whats going on
6 kts
Time-Bearing Plot Range Calculations

CPA at graph inflection point
convexity determines whether opening or closing
Spiess
Useful when target has low bearing rate (<1/min) (not common) Cross-fix using only one ship
Single-leg Ekelund
Doesnt require ownship maneuver Requires an estimated STA
Double-leg Ekelund
Uses info before and after ownship maneuver Yields accurate range at a time near the maneuver Often targets relative motion allows this technique
Single-Leg Ekelund
R x
x R 1 x 1 2 Differentiate, sec = = SA t R t R SA SA cos 2 SA R = = 2 t sec t t tan = R Total speed across the LOS Bearing rate
Doppler Effect Time-Frequency Plot

Using rt = d, we can determine the perceived change in frequency caused by STI & SOI
Sw = Speed of sound in sea water, 1664 yds/sec SI = STI + SOI fr = received frequency f0 = emitted frequency fcorr = f0 affected only by target motion
Sw fr f0 = S w + SI fr SI = f 1 S w 0 ( S w + SI ) fr = f0 Sw
Plot fr, then calculate SOI to get fcorr Changes in fcorr are caused by
Changes in STI caused by shifting LOS geometry Target maneuvers (best way to detect target maneuvers)
Applying the Doppler Formula Assume ownship fixed, or correct for SOI fcorr increases as STI does
Lag Lead
f corr (t ) = f corr ' (t ) = f0 ST I (t ) + f 0 Sw f0 ST I ' (t ) Sw
Overlead
Our view or him is shifting more toward his stern (tail), so STI is decreasing
We have yet to see his bow (nose), so STI is increasing
Line of Sound Determination

Lines on GeoFcorr fixed plot (f0 plus STI) Dont cross Cross Cross Decreasing Decreasing Increasing LOS Get from GeoGeometry fixed plot Lead Lag Overlead Min speed Min range Max range
What If We Know the Targets Speed?

Sources
Blade count + ID of class = speed Intelligence
We believe a Kilo is transiting from Murmansk to Cuba over x days, so expect a minimum speed of y knots.
Geo-fixed plot (speed strips; lead geometry)
What we get
If we have max(fc) (perhaps a natural transition from overlead to lag) then we can get f0 Evaluator can improve LOS diagram to better estimate course Geo-fixed plot can accurately fix strips to get course and range
What If We Know the Emitted Frequency (f0)? Sources

Inflection point of fc Crazy Ivan (like in Hunt for Red October): Target turns through 360 to check for contacts in his baffles (wake). We get f0 halfway between max(fcorr) and min(fcorr). Also get contact speed.
We get
Very accurate course Warren (freq) range
Water is Thicker than Vacuum Convergence Zones
Sound moves along paths of least resistance Salinity, temperature and pressure all change with depth and affect sound propagation Balance struck is a set of distinct solutions, each a path
The Layer
The sharp temperature gradient at the layer causes most sound to be reflected
Technology on the Horizon

Expert systems AI based TMA
Can we do it? Is it a good idea?
Bottom bounce
Multiple instances of the same sound coming in at slightly different times from different angles
Ambient noise
We see with ambient light, why not apply this idea to sonar?
Improved active sonar has reduced counterdetection range
Advanced Techniques and Further Questions Tactics

What are good maneuvers to recommend that will:
Maximize information on the target Minimize counterdetection
Zigzag plans EMCON
How do we respond to target maneuvers?
Whats the best we can do with these formulas? Can we get more from less?

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Target Motion Analysis for the Localization of Subsurface Targets

Stephen Haptonstahl Northern Illinois University December 3, 1999

Disclaimer or How Different Cultures Say I dont know

Target Motion Analysis

The Company: Your Country US Navy

Target Motion Analysis

The Captain wants an answer in 30 minutes!

Target Motion Analysis

Describing Location in Maritime Warfare

Latitude (N-S) and Longitude (E-W)

Nautical Mile (NM)

Target Motion Analysis

Primary Sources of Information

Target Motion Analysis

Other Sources of Information

MAD Magnetic anomaly detector

EW - Reception of their radar or radio emissions BRG only Intelligence

Manual Surface Radar

TMA Team Layout on an AEGIS cruiser

Lag: target and ownship speed vectors on opposite sides of LOS

Opening: Range increasing

Closing: Range decreasing

Target Motion Analysis

Line of Sound Evaluators Plot

*Expires after ~5 degrees of bearing shift

DRT & Geo-fixed Plot

Time-Bearing Plot Range Calculations

Target Motion Analysis

Doppler Effect Time-Frequency Plot

We have yet to see his bow (nose), so STI is increasing

Line of Sound Determination

Target Motion Analysis

What If We Know the Targets Speed?

Geo-fixed plot (speed strips; lead geometry)

What If We Know the Emitted Frequency (f0)? Sources

Water is Thicker than Vacuum Convergence Zones

Technology on the Horizon

Improved active sonar has reduced counterdetection range

Target Motion Analysis

Advanced Techniques and Further Questions Tactics

How do we respond to target maneuvers?

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