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Lecture 1 - Introduction to Programming (1)

The document provides an introduction to programming, defining key concepts such as programs, computer programming, and programming languages. It categorizes programming languages into low-level and high-level languages, explaining their characteristics and differences. Additionally, it discusses the processes of compiling and interpreting high-level languages into machine code for execution.

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ianobankz17
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13 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction to Programming (1)

The document provides an introduction to programming, defining key concepts such as programs, computer programming, and programming languages. It categorizes programming languages into low-level and high-level languages, explaining their characteristics and differences. Additionally, it discusses the processes of compiling and interpreting high-level languages into machine code for execution.

Uploaded by

ianobankz17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Lecture 1: Introduction to

Programming

|
Outline

• Definition:
– Program
– Computer Programming
– Programming Languages
• Categories of Programming Languages
– Low Level Languages
– High Level Languages
• Translating High Level Language

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Program

• A sequence of instructions that a compute


r can execute to perform some task.
• Without programs, computers are useless

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Computer Programming

• Computer programming is the process of


writing, testing,
debugging/troubleshooting, and
maintaining the source code of computer
programs.
• This source code is written in a
programming language.

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Programming Language

• A programming language is a set of rules


that provides a way of telling a computer
what operations to perform.

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Programming Language

• A programming language is an artificial


language designed to communicate
instructions to a computer.
• Examples: C++, Java, Python, Html

• Any other names you might know of?

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Programming Languages

• English is a natural language: It has words,


symbols and grammatical rules.
• A programming language albeit artificial
also has words, symbols and rules of
grammar.
• The grammatical rules are called syntax.
– Discuss some of the rules in different official
languages
• Each programming language has a
different set of syntax rules.

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Very many programming
languages
• Programming languages have evolved
over times as better ways have been
developed to design them.
– First PLs developed in the 1950s
– Since then thousands of language have been
developed
• Different programming languages are
designed for different types of programs

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Categories of Programming
Languages

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Categories of Programming
Languages
• Low level languages
– Machine Language
– Assembly Language
• High Level Languages
– Procedural Languages
– Object Oriented Programming Languages
• A Low Level language is one which exposes
a significant amount of the computer's inner
workings while high level programming
languages hide the details of the computer.

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Low Level Languages

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Machine Language
• Consist of a string of binary numbers (1s and
0s)
• “Natural language” of a computer and as such
defined by its hardware design.
• Machine dependent:-Any computer can directly
understand only its own machine language.
• Easily understood by computers
• Cumbersome for humans:
– Too slow
– Tedious
– Error prone

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Machine Language Example

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Assembly Languages

• Programmers began using English-like


abbreviations “mnemonics” to represent
elementary operations
• The abbreviations formed the basis of
assembly languages.
• Clearer to humans, incomprehensible to
computers until translated.
• Translator programs called assemblers created
to convert assembly language programs to
machine language.
• Machine dependent

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Assembly Languages

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High Level Languages

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High Level Languages

• Allow the writing of computer programs


using statements resembling everyday
spoken language.
• Easier to program: Closer to human
languages
• Require translation into machine language
• Machine Independent/ Portable

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Procedural Languages

• Procedural programming could be


regarded as a list of instructions telling a
computer, step-by-step, what to do and
usually having a linear order of
execution from the first statement to the
second and so forth with occasional loops,
functions and branches.
• Examples: C, Fortran, Pascal, BASIC

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Object Oriented Programming
Languages
• The focus of OOP languages is not on
structure, but on modeling data.
• Programmers code using “blueprints” of
data models called classes.
• Examples of OOP languages include Java,
C++,Visual Basic.NET and Java.

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Translation of HL Languages

• All HL programs
need to be
translated to
machine language
so that a
computer can
process the
program.

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Translation of HL Languages

• These translation can occur in two ways:


– Compiling: Block of source code translated all
at once:
– Interpreting: Block of source code translated
one line after another:

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Compiling

• Compile is to transform a program written in a


high-level programming language from source
code into object code.
• This can be done by using a tool called compiler.
• A compiler reads the whole source code and
translates it into a complete machine code
program to perform the required tasks which is
output as a new file.
• Compiled programs typically execute more
quickly than interpreted programs, but have a
slower translation speed.

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Compiling

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Interpreting

• Interpreter is a program that executes


instructions written in a high-level language.
• An interpreter reads the source code one
instruction or line at a time, converts this
line into machine code and executes it. Such
programs are translated line-by-line instead
of all at once (like compiled programs).
• Interpreted programs generally translate
quicker than compiled programs, but have a
slower execution speed.

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Comparison

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Discussion

• Procedural programming
• Object oriented programming
• Functional programming

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |
Reading Task

• Identify 4 programming languages used to


develop each of the below categories of
software:
– Mobile applications
– Web applications
– Desktop applications

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Programming |

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