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Encoding of Waveforms To Compress Information

Speech vocoders exploit special properties of speech Periodicity Distinction between voiced and unvoiced sounds Image Encoding Makes use of suitable transforms uses special techniques Transmits only the difference between image frames

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Jatin Gaur
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45 views

Encoding of Waveforms To Compress Information

Speech vocoders exploit special properties of speech Periodicity Distinction between voiced and unvoiced sounds Image Encoding Makes use of suitable transforms uses special techniques Transmits only the difference between image frames

Uploaded by

Jatin Gaur
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Encoding of Waveforms

Encoding of Waveforms to Compress Information


Data Speech Image

Encoding of Speech Signals Vocoders


Makes use of special properties of speech
Periodicity Distinction between voiced and unvoiced sounds

Image Encoding
Makes use of suitable transforms Uses special techniques
Transmits only the difference between image frames

Combines speech and image coding for video


LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-1

Analog Waveform Encoding


x(t)

Observe Original Signal


t
PAM

Amplitude of a train of pulses is modulated: Pulse Amplitude Signal Amplitude Width of a train of pulses is modulated: Pulse Width Signal Amplitude Position of a train of pulses is modulated: Pulse Position Signal Amplitude

t
PWM

PPM

t
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-2

Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)


Digital Waveform Coding
x(t)

Pulse Coded Modulation


Samples are digitized to n bits (this example uses 3 bits) Using more bits increases accuracy PCM has a significant DC component Modulating onto higher frequency carrier reduces DC component

t y(t)
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 11 PCM

Other PCM Schemes


t Delta Modulation (DM) Differential PCM (DPCM) Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)

PCM = Any Analog to Digital conversion where the result is a serial bit stream. Several methods of converting and transmitting PCM exist.

DSPs are ideal for implementing most PCM schemes


LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-3

Speech Coding Vocoders


Speech vocoders exploit special properties of speech
Vocal Tract = Acoustic Tube Voiced sounds are periodic in nature, e.g., A, E sounds Unvoiced sounds are like random noise, e.g., S, F sounds Aim for maximum possible compression
Understandable but not 100% faithful reproduction

A Typical Vocoder Synthesis


PITCH PERIODIC EXCITATION

x
RANDOM NOISE GAIN

VOCALTRACT MODELER TIME - VARYING FILTER

SPEECH

LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-4

Channel Vocoder Coder


BANDPASS FILTER 1
SPEECH ADC IN RECTIFIER

LOWPASS FILTER
CODED

BANDPASS FILTER 16

RECTIFIER

LOWPASS FILTER

MUX OUTPUT

PITCH DETECTOR

Speech is split into subbands for spectral envelope detection


Envelope detection aids vocal tract modeling

Pitch detector estimates the frequency and aids in distinguishing voiced and unvoiced segments Outputs are multiplexed to produce coded speech signal
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-5

Channel Vocoder - Synthesis


X
RANDOM NOISE CODED INPUT BANDPASS FILTER

+
DEMUX

DAC SPEECH

PULSE SOURCE

BANDPASS FILTER PITCH

Pitch information switches between Voiced - Pulse Source and Unvoiced - Random Noise sounds Pitch produces correct frequency for voiced sounds DSP is the ideal medium for implementing vocoders
Filters may be implemented efficiently Speech spectrum can be analyzed easily Vocal tract can be modeled easily
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-6

Image Coding
Bandwidth required for current TV Image Resolution
NTSC: 484 x 427 pixels, 29.94 Hz frame rate
PAL: 580 x 425 pixels, 25 Hz frame rate

Screen has 4:3 aspect ratio

Frames are interlaced to reduce flicker


Black and white bandwidth
NTSC: 0.5 x 484 x 427 x 29.94 = 3.1 M Hz PAL: 0.5 x 580 x 425 x 25 = 3.1 M Hz

LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-7

Bandwidth for TV
White Pixel

For black and white picture, bandwidth required is approximately 3 MHz Each pixel represents one sample so the required bandwidth is 6 MHz for a horizontal resolution of 3 MHz For color pictures, basic rate is about 150 MBits per second

Black Pixel

3 MHz A

MHz

LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-8

Transform Coding
Transform coding of images reduces bandwidth requirements
Most of the information in a picture is at low frequencies
Transform coders preserve information at low frequencies Ignoring transformed signals with small coefficients
Reduces bandwidth required Does not significantly degrade picture quality

FFT is not very useful because it produces imaginary components


Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is very popular in image processing
Image is divided into 8x8 element blocks and each block is individually transformed A full-screen color image requires 200 Mbit/s channel By using transforms and SPCM, the same image can be transmitted over a 34 Mbit/s channel The resulting reduction is approximately 6 times

Huffman coding may be used on transformed signals to further reduce the bandwidth requirements
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-9

Video Compression
PRESENT FRAME VIDEO IN

DCT

HUFFMAN CODER

COEFFICIENT VALUES

MOTION DETECTOR

PREVIOUS FRAME STORE

IMAGE REGENERATION

DISPLACEMENT VECTORS

Simplified Diagram of H.261 Coder


H Series standards are most popular for video compression H.261 and H.320 standards describe compression algorithms H Series Coding:
The difference between present and previous frames is transformed with DCT, Huffman coded and transmitted Motion detector produces displacement vectors indicating direction and displacement of movement between previous and present frame
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-10

Video Decompression
COEFFICIENT VALUES IDCT

DISPLACEMENT VECTORS

FRAME STORE

+
DECODED PICTURE

Simplified Block Diagram of H.261 Decoder


H Series standards allow manufacturers to design for different applications with different performance levels
Videoconferencing systems Videophones

H.261 and more recent H.320 standards are computationally intensive DSPs provide the best implementation platform
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-11

Joint Photographic Expert Group - JPEG


PICTURE DCT QUANTIZER COEFFICIENT CODER HUFFMAN CODER ENCODED DATA

Picture is transform-coded by DCT in 8x8 blocks Coefficients are quantized


More bits are used for lower frequencies ensuring greater accuracy for higher information content

Next stage codes and orders coefficients Finally, coefficients are Huffman encoded to reduce amount of data
ENCODED HUFFMAN DECODER COEFFICIENT DECODER INVERSE QUANTIZER DECODED IDCT PICTURE

DATA

JPEG decoder reverses the coding process to produce a still picture


LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-12

Moving Pictures Expert Group - MPEG


MPEG coding is similar to H Series (H.320) and JPEG standards

It is primarily aimed at digital storage media such as CD-ROM


MOVING PICTURE DCT FORWARD/ BACKWARD PREDICTIVE CODING HUFFMAN CODER ENCODED DATA

QUANTIZE

Each frame is split into small blocks Blocks are transform-coded by DCT Coefficients are coded with one of the following:
Forward or Backward predictive coding or a combination of both

This scheme makes use of the similarity between the present frame and either the previous or the next frame Finally, blocks are quantized for transmission
LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-13

Summary

Variants of pulse coded modulation (PCM) are widely used in waveform encoding Speech coding makes use of its special properties such as:

Periodicity of voiced sounds Exclusion of areas not detectable by human ear

Digital images require an enormous amount of storage


A single black and white TV frame needs approximately a quarter of a million bits Color frames need even more

Image coders use transform coding


FFT is not a suitable coder for images Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used widely

For moving images, coding systems exploit the similarity between frames

Only changes to the previous frame are transmitted MPEG uses similarity to next as well as previous frame

DSPs are ideal for medium implementation of most coding schemes


LECTURE 5
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved

5-14

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