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    Organizations and Information Technology Support

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    Kumpulan Dzb
    This document discusses how organizations structure and support their information technology. It describes hierarchical and matrix organizational structures and how different types of information systems correspond to and support different levels of employees, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, and strategic systems that support clerks, managers, and knowledge workers. The document also outlines the evolution of information systems from early scientific and business applications to today's integrated intelligent systems and how organizations manage their IT resources.

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    Organizations and Information Technology Support

    Uploaded by

    Kumpulan Dzb
    35 views28 pages
    This document discusses how organizations structure and support their information technology. It describes hierarchical and matrix organizational structures and how different types of information systems correspond to and support different levels of employees, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, and strategic systems that support clerks, managers, and knowledge workers. The document also outlines the evolution of information systems from early scientific and business applications to today's integrated intelligent systems and how organizations manage their IT resources.

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    Chap 2

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document discusses how organizations structure and support their information technology. It describes hierarchical and matrix organizational structures and how different types of information systems correspond to and support different levels of employees, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, and strategic systems that support clerks, managers, and knowledge workers. The document also outlines the evolution of information systems from early scientific and business applications to today's integrated intelligent systems and how organizations manage their IT resources.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    35 views28 pages

    Organizations and Information Technology Support

    Uploaded by

    Kumpulan Dzb
    This document discusses how organizations structure and support their information technology. It describes hierarchical and matrix organizational structures and how different types of information systems correspond to and support different levels of employees, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, and strategic systems that support clerks, managers, and knowledge workers. The document also outlines the evolution of information systems from early scientific and business applications to today's integrated intelligent systems and how organizations manage their IT resources.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    1

    CHAPTER 2
    ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT

    Learning Objectives
    Discuss major information systems concepts such as architecture and infrastructure. Describe the hierarchical structure of organizations and the corresponding information systems. Define various information systems and their evolution, and categorize specific systems. Describe the support provided to different types of employees in an organization. Describe how information resources are managed.

    Information Infrastructure
    Everything that supports information processing except information itself:
    computer hardware general-purpose software networks and communication facilities database information management personnel procedures

    Information Architecture
    is a general scheme of the information requirements in the organization (including information flows) Information architecture vs. hardware architecture Information architecture vs. concept model of organization

    Centralized Information Architecture


    (background) Input transactions do not need to be processed in real time; On-line-data-entry personal can be centrally located; Large number of periodic outputs are produced by the system.

    Centralized Information Architecture


    Single-computer architecture
    Mainframe environment; PC environment

    Multi-computer architecture
    Group of similar computers Group of different computers implementing different tasks.

    Decentralized (Distributed) Information Architecture


    PC in a LAN or WAN Client/Server
    Client/Server in a LAN Enterprisewide computing

    Client/Server evolution into Internet-based architecture

    Client/Server Architecture
    Several computers share resources and are able to communicate with each other
    A client - a computer attached to the network, which
    is used to request and access shared network resources A server - a machine that is attached to the same network and provides clients with these services

    Purpose : optimize the use of computer resources

    Enterprisewide Architectures
    Access to data, applications, services, and real-time flows of data in different LANs or databases Use client/server architecture to create a cohesive, flexible, and powerful computing environment Provide total integration of departmental and corporate IS resources Increase the availability of information and thereby maximize the value of information

    10

    Internet-based Architectures
    Based on the concepts of client/server architecture and enterprisewide computing The Internet is the basis for a network connection from the outside world to the company, as well as with the organizations web site Organizations internal private Internet (intranet) - useful for distributing information within the organization

    11

    Organizations : Structure and IT Support


    The nature of organizations determines their activities, the information support they need, and the type of information systems they use
    profit-making business versus not-for-profit organizations exist manufacture goods versus services are delivered can be located in one place or in several places, some are global or multinational organizations

    12

    Organizations : Structure
    Hierarchical Structure Team-based structure
    Project management structure Matrix organizational structure

    13

    Hierarchical Structure
    Headquarters

    Division A

    Division B

    Overseas Division

    Plant C Plant D
    Administration Services (legal, etc.)

    Plant E Plant F

    ISD

    Accounting

    Marketing

    Finance

    HRM

    14

    Figure 2.3 Typical matrix organization.

    15

    Organizations : IT Support
    The Corresponding Information Systems
    Departmental Information Systems Plant Information Systems Divisional Information Systems Enterprisewide Information Systems Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) Global Information System for an International or Multinational Corporation

    16

    Transaction Processing Systems


    Organizations perform routine, repetitive tasks a TPS supports the monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of the organizations basic business transactions Frequently, several transaction processing systems exist in one company Modern transaction processing systems are much more sophisticated and complex

    17

    Management Information Systems (MIS)


    provide periodic reports generate weekly and monthly summaries by product, customer, or salesperson MIS reports may include summary reports, for the current period or for any number of previous periods - used for monitoring, planning, and control

    18

    Functional Management Information Systems


    geared toward middle managers Access data, organize, summarize, and display information for supporting routine decision making in the functional areas Examples: financial, manufacturing, marketing management, human resources management information systems

    19

    Major Outputs of a Functional Management Information System


    OUTPUT DESCRIPTION

    Statistical summaries
    Exception reports

    Periodic reports
    Ad hoc reports Comparative analysis

    Projections

    Summaries of raw data such as daily production, and weekly and monthly usage of electricity. Highlights of data items that are larger or smaller than designated levels. Statistical summaries and exception reports provided at scheduled, regular periods. Special, unscheduled reports provided on demand. Performance comparison to that of competitors, past performance, or industry standards. Advance estimates of trends in future sales, cash flows, market share, etc.

    20

    Support Systems
    office automation systems (OAS) computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) decision support systems (DSS)
    executive information systems (EIS) group support systems (GSS)

    Intelligent Systems
    Expert systems (ES) Intelligent agents

    21

    Integrated Systems
    various computerized systems are being integrated to increase their functionalities one popular form of integrated system is enterprise resources planning (ERP)
    ERP supports planning and management all of an organizations resources and their use, including contacts with business partners

    22

    The Evolution
    Computer Based Information Systems
    1940 1950 1960 Scientific, military applications Routine business applications, TPS MIS, office automation DSS, LANs Client/server executive information system, PCs, AI, Groupware

    1970 1980
    1990 2000

    Integration, intelligent systems the Web, intranets, extranets, ERP software Internet, Electronic commerce, Smart systems

    23

    Clerical Staff
    Data workers - use, manipulate, or disseminate information
    bookkeepers, secretaries who work with word processors, electronic file clerks, and insurance claim processors

    Supported by office automation and groupware, including document management, workflow, email, and other personal productivity software

    24

    Managers
    Implement major functions of organization on almost all levels of an organization
    Top managers make strategic decisions Middle managers make tactical decisions Line managers make operational decisions

    correspondent Information Systems


    Executive Information Systems or DSS Management Information Systems Operation Information Systems

    25

    Knowledge Workers
    Engineers, financial and marketing analysts, production planners, lawyers, and accountants (60-80%): finding or developing new knowledge and integrating it with existing knowledge Advising and consulting the members of the organization introducing new procedures, technologies, or processes Supported by a large variety of information systems from Internet search engines to expert systems, to CAD, and by organizational knowledge bases

    26

    IT Support at Different Organizational Levels


    Strategic Systems

    Top Managers Knowledge Workers, Professionals Middle Managers Line Managers, Operators Clerical Staff

    Staff Support
    Managerial Systems POM Systems

    Office Automation and Communication Systems Information Infrastructure and TPS

    The information systems support of people in organizations

    27

    Managing IT Resources
    IT resources are scattered throughout the organization Information systems have enormous strategic value Some IT resources change frequently. The responsibility for the management of IT is divided between a usually centralized information systems department (ISD) and the end users
    ISD is responsible for corporate-level and shared resources, The end users are responsible for departmental resources

    28

    Managing Information Technology


    Key MIS issues in two recent time periods Key Issues, 1994/1995 Key Issues, 1997 1. Building a responsive IT 1. Improving productivity infrastructure 2. Facilitating and managing 2. Reducing costs business process redesign 3. Developing and managing 3. Improving decision distributed systems making 4. Developing and implementing 4. Enhancing customer an information architecture relationships 5. Planning and managing 5. Developing new communication networks strategic applications

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