Diesel Cycle

Air-fuel
mixture
Fuel
spray
Spark
plug
Fuel
injector
Gasoline engine Diesel engine
An CI power cycle useful in many forms of
automotive transportation, railroad engines, and
ship power plants

Replace (the spark plug + carburetor) in SI by fuel
injector in CI engines by fuel injector in CI engines.
A. Diesel cycle : The ideal cycle for CI engines
(1)
Inlet valve open and
fresh air is drawn
into the cylinder
(2)
Temperature rise
about the auto-
ignition temperature
of the fuel.
Diesel fuel is
sprayed into the
combustion chamber.
(3)
Evaporation, mixing,
ignition and
combustion of diesel
fuel.
In the later stages,
expansion process
occur.
(4)
Burned gases is
pushed out to the
exhaust valve
Intake
compression
Combustion Exhaust
P
v
(a) P-v diagram
T
s
(b) T-s diagram
in
q
out
q
1
4
2 3
1
2
3
4
in
q
out
q
Eliminates pre-ignition of the fuel-air mixture when
compression ratio is high.

The combustion process in CI engines takes place over a
longer interval and is approximated as constant-
pressure heat addition process.
Processes:
1-2 Compression
(s = Const)
2-3 Combustion
(P = Const.)
3-4 Expansion
(s = Const)
4-1 Exhaust
(V = Const)
A Diesel cycle : The ideal cycle for CI engines
Energy balance for closed system:
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3 2
2 3 23 23 in
2 3 out b in
T T c h h
u u v v P
u u w q q
u w q
p
= =
+ =
+ = =
A =

( )
( ) 1 /
1 /
1
) (
1 1
2 3 2
1 4 1
2 3
1 4
diesel th,
= = =
T T kT
T T T
T T K
T T
q
q
q
w
in
out
in
net
) ( ) (
1 4 1 4 out
T T c u u q
v
= =
) (
1 4 out
41 41 out
u u q
u w q q
=
A + = =
2
3
4
1
V = Constant
p = Constant
qin

qout

s
2.6 Diesel cycle : The ideal cycle for CI engines
Define a new quantity
2
3
2
3
combustion before cylinder
combustion after cylinder
ratio cutoff
v
v
V
V
V
V
r
r
c
c
= =
2
1
1
diesel th,
where
) 1 (
1 1
1
v
v
r
r k
r
r
c
k
c
k
=
(
=

Diesel th, otto th,
1
) 1 (
1
> >
(
c
k
c
r k
r
As the cut off ratio decreases,
increases
The diesel engines operate at
much higher r and usually more
efficient than spark-ignition
engines.
The diesel engines also burn the
fuel more completely since they
usually operate at lower rpm than
SI engines.
CI engines operate on lower fuel
costs.
th
q
At r
c
= 1, the Diesel and Otto cycles have the
same efficiency.
Physical implication for the Diesel cycle: No change in
volume when heat is supplied.
A high value of k compensates for this.

For r
c
> 1, the Diesel cycle is less efficient than
the Otto cycle.
Example
An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16
and cut off ratio of 2. At beginning of the compression
process, air is at 95kPa and 27
o
C. Accounting for the
variation of specific heat with temperature, determine
a) Temperature after the heat additional process.
b) Thermal efficiency
c) The mean effective pressure
Solution :
Solution :
P-v diagram of an ideal dual cycle.
Dual cycle: A more realistic ideal cycle model
for modern, high-speed compression ignition
engine.

The dual cycle is designed to
capture some of the
advantages of both the Otto
and Diesel cycles.

It it is a better approximation
to the actual operation of the
compression ignition engine.
The ideal Dual cycle
p
V
5
1
2
3 4
qin
,P
qin
,V`
qout
,V

s = Constant
2
3
3
4
2
1
P
P
V
V
r
V
V
r
c
=
=
=
o
V
5
1
2
3 4
qin
,P
qin
,V
qout
,P
The compression cycle of an ideal dual cycle is 14. Air is at
100kPa and 300K at beginning of the compression process
and at 2,200K at the end of heat addition process. Heat
transfer process to air is take place partly at constant
volume and partly at constant pressure and its amount to
1,520.4 kJ/kg. Assume variable specific heat for air,
determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
9-54
Example
9-54
Solution
Example: An ideal Diesel engine has a diameter of 15 cm and stroke 20 cm. The clearance volume is 10 percent
of swept volume. Determine the compression ratio and the air standard efficiently of engine if the cut off takes
place at 6 percent of the stroke.

Solution: Given that:

Swept volume V
s
= /4 d
2
. L = /4 (15)
2
X 20

= 3540 cm
3

Clearance volume V
c
= 0.1 V
s
= 354 cm
3

Total volume V
1
= V
c
+ V
s
= (354 + 3540) cm
3

V
1
= 3894 cm
3

Compression ratio, r = V
1
/V
2
= V
1
/V
c
= 3894 / 354 = 11

Cut off ratio; = V
3
/ V
2
= V
2
+ (V
3
V
2
) / V
2

= 354 + 3540 X 0.06 / 354 = 1.6

Air standard efficiency of the cycle:

diesel
= 1 1/r
1
[
1
/ (1)] = 1 1/(11)0.4 [(1.6)1.4 1 / 1.4 (1.6 1)]

= 0.5753 (or 57.53 percent)

Example: A diesel engine receives air at 0.1 MPa and 300
o
K in the beginning of compression stroke. The
compression ratio is 16. Heat added per kg of air is 1506 kJ/kg. Determine fuel cut off ratio and cycle thermal
efficiency.

Assume C
p
= 1.0 kJ / kg K, R = 0.286 kJ/kg K

Solution: For process (1-2) T
2
/ T
1
= r
1

= C
p
/ C
v
= 1.0 / 0.714 = 1.4 (C
v
= C
p
R = 1.0 0.286 = 0.714 kJ/kg K)

T
2
= T
1
.(16)
1.41
= 300 (16)
(1.41)
= 909.43 K

For Process (2-3) T
3
/ T
2
= v
3
/ v
2
=

Heat added = C
p
(T
3
T
2
)

1500 = 1 (T
3
909.43)

T
3
= 2409.43 K

T
3
/ T
2
= 2409.43 / 909.43 = 2.65

Fuel cut off ratio, = T
3
/ T
2
= 2.65

cycle
= 1 1/r
1
[
1 / (1)] = 1 1 / 16
0.4
(2.65
1.4
1 / 1.4(2.65 1))

= 1 0.32987 (1.26117) = 0.5839 = 58.39%

Diesel Cycle

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