An Introduction To Biology
An Introduction To Biology
An Introduction To Biology
Properties of Life
Unity
All
modern forms of life display a common set of characteristics Based on biological evolution
Diversity
Many
6.
7.
Cells and organization Energy use and metabolism Response to environmental changes Regulation and homeostasis Growth and development Reproduction Biological evolution
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The Cell Theory: all organism made of cells Different forms of life exist, we are part of it Living organism range from unicellular to multicellular organism Cells have internal order separated from the environment. Cells within the body have certain arrangement and functions
Living and non-living things are made from the same chemicals Both are organized. Non-living things are homogeneous inside However, living things are organized differently. They are non-homogenous The unit of living organism is the cell The cells are non-homogenous and made from non-living molecules
In order to keep their organization, Living things need to grow and repair For these processes we need energy and materials taken from the environment The ultimate source of energy for living things is ? The chemical and energy transformation occur in the cells is called metabolism
Energy flow
Living organism interact with their environment They respond to outside stimuli ( chemicals, light and temperature ) in different ways Their ability to respond results in movement Plant leaves turn toward the sun, animals dart toward safety These movement are called behavior Living organism survive in their environment because they can respond
Homoeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions constant Internal conditions of temperature, water balance and blood composition remain almost constant Living organism regulate their cellular metabolism so nutrient are used at appropriate rate, and new cellular components are synthesized when needed
Growth: living organism grow by producing more or larger cells New bacterial cells are small in size, they increase in volume by synthesis of additional cellular component Development: produce organism with definite set of characteristic Plant and animal begin as zygote that divide to develop into complete organsim
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To maintain their existence, living should make copy similar to themselves or they should reproduce Life comes only from life Simple unicellular organism reproduce by diving into two new organism Most multicellular organism need two parents to reproduce When reproduce, living organism copy the information need to make new life
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Characteristics of living organism may change over long time or many generation This change is called biological evolution These changes occur within the species to produce more surviving individuals and more adapted to the environment Evolution result from changes in genetic of living organism Example, long snout of anteater
Adaptation is the function or behavior that allow the species to maintain their existence Species who can not adapt to their environment extinct Adaptation to different conditions in the environment result in diversity
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Levels of Organization
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
Atoms Molecules and macromolecules Cells Tissues Organs Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
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Evolutionary History
Life began on Earth as primitive cells 3.5-4 bya Those primitive cells underwent evolutionary changes that gave rise to the species we see today Understanding evolutionary history helps us understand the structure and function of an organisms body
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Progression of changes in a lineage (in series of ancestors) New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations Natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations (new species dominate)
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Example
Evolutionary change involves modifications of existing structures Structures may be modified to serve new purposes Legs used for walking were modified into a dolphins flipper or a bats wing
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2.
Genetic exchange between different species Relatively rare Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species
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Classification
Taxonomy is the grouping of species based on common ancestry 3 domains
Bacteria-
4 kingdoms
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A species is placed into progressively smaller groups that are more closely related evolutionarily Approach emphasizes the unity and diversity of different species Jaguar example
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2. 3.
A. Taxonomy and Scientific Names Taxonomy is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms. Scientific name is binomial. Scientific name of a species -- underlined or in italics -- contains two parts: first name is genus; second name is a specific epithet of organism. Classification uses groups: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum/division, kingdom, and domain
1. a. b.
c.
B. Five Kingdom and Three Domain Systems Living things on the planet have commonly been categorized into five kingdoms: Monera -- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms (archaebacteria and eubacteria); Protista -- eukaryotic, unicellular, colonial, and simple multicellular organisms (protozoa, etc.); Fungi -- eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, filamentous organisms that absorb their nutrients;
d. Plantae -- eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthetic organisms (plants); e. Animalia -- eukaryotic, multicellular organisms (animals) that ingest their nutrients
1.
a. b. c.
Biochemical evidence suggest kingdoms might be organized into three higher domains: Archeae (ancient prokaryotes); Bacteria (more derived prokaryotes); Eukarya (eukaryotes, including the protists, fungi, plants and animals).
Genome
The
Evolutionary history and relatedness of all living organisms can be illuminated by genome analysis Genomics
Techniques
in genomes
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Proteomes
The
Techniques
used to analyze the proteome of a single species and the comparison of proteomes of different species
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Understanding biology
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Five stages
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Observations are made regarding natural phenomena. These observations lead to a hypothesis that tries to explain the phenomena. A useful hypothesis is one that is testable because it makes specific predictions. Experimentation is conducted to determine if the predictions are correct. The data from the experiment are analyzed. The hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
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Discovery-based science
Collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis Goal is to gather information
Test
drugs to look for action against disease Sequence genomes and proteomes
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Theory
Broad
explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence Allows us to make many predictions Also can never be proved true
Example
The
theory that DNA is the genetic material Overwhelming body of evidence supports this theory
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2.
Consistency with a vast amount of known data Ability to make many correct predictions
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Hypothesis or theory?
Hypothesis
Proposed
explanation for a natural phenomenon Educated guess based on previous observations or experimental studies
Example
Maple
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Hypothesis must make predictions that can shown to be correct or incorrect Additional observations or experiments support or reject a hypothesis A hypothesis is never really proven
We
Common features
Data analysis
Statistically
significant differences Apply statistical analyses to determine if the control and experimental samples are likely to be different from each other because of the single variable that is different between the two samples
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If the two sets of data are found not to be significantly different, we would reject our hypothesis. Alternatively, if the differences between the two sets of data are significant, we would accept our hypothesis, though it is not proven
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