Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 8K views

    1 2

    Uploaded by

    Jhana Kimberly S. Aquino
    The document discusses slope and equations of lines. It defines slope as the ratio of rise over run and discusses finding slope from two points on a line. It also covers writing equations of lines in various forms, including point-slope, slope-intercept, general, and standard forms. Graphing lines and relationships between slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines are also covered.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    1 2

    Uploaded by

    Jhana Kimberly S. Aquino
    8K views25 pages
    The document discusses slope and equations of lines. It defines slope as the ratio of rise over run and discusses finding slope from two points on a line. It also covers writing equations of lines in various forms, including point-slope, slope-intercept, general, and standard forms. Graphing lines and relationships between slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines are also covered.

    Original Title

    1.2 (1)

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses slope and equations of lines. It defines slope as the ratio of rise over run and discusses finding slope from two points on a line. It also covers writing equations of lines in various forms, including point-slope, slope-intercept, general, and standard forms. Graphing lines and relationships between slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines are also covered.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8K views25 pages

    1 2

    Uploaded by

    Jhana Kimberly S. Aquino
    The document discusses slope and equations of lines. It defines slope as the ratio of rise over run and discusses finding slope from two points on a line. It also covers writing equations of lines in various forms, including point-slope, slope-intercept, general, and standard forms. Graphing lines and relationships between slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines are also covered.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Chapter 1.

    Graphs, Functions, & Models

    The Slope of a Line


    Mathematicians have developed a useful measure of the steepness of a line, called the slope of the line. Slope compares the vertical change (the rise) to the horizontal change (the run) when moving from one fixed point to another along the line. A ratio comparing the change in y (the rise) with the change in x (the run) is used calculate the slope of a line. Definition of Slope The slope of the line through the distinct points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is

    Change in y Rise y2 y1 = = Change in x Run x2 x1


    where x1 x2 = 0.

    y y2
    Rise y2 y1 y1

    Run x2 x1

    (x2, y2) (x1, y1) x1 x2 x

    Sample Problems:
    Find the slope of the line thru the points given:
    (-3,-1) and (-2,4)

    4 1 5 5 m 2 3 1

    (-3,4) and (2,-2)

    2 4 6 2 3 5

    The Possibilities for a Lines Slope


    Positive Slope

    Zero Slope

    y
    m>0

    y
    m=0

    x
    Line rises from left to right.

    Negative Slope

    x
    Line is horizontal.

    Undefined Slope

    y
    m<0

    y
    m is undefined

    x
    Line falls from left to right. Line is vertical.

    Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line


    The point-slope equation of a non-vertical line of slope m that passes through the point (x1, y1) is y y1 = m(x x1).

    Example:

    Writing the Point-Slope Equation of a Line

    Write the point-slope form of the equation of the line passing through (-1,3) with a slope of 4. Then solve the equation for y. Solution We use the point-slope equation of a line with m = 4, x1= -1, and y1 = 3. y y1 = m(x x1) This is the point-slope form of the equation.

    y 3 = 4[x (-1)]
    y 3 = 4(x + 1)

    Substitute the given values. Simply. We now have the point-slope form of the equation for the given line.

    We can solve the equation for y by applying the distributive property. y 3 = 4x + 4 Add 3 to both sides. y = 4x + 7

    Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a The slope-intercept equation of a non-vertical line with slope m and yLine
    intercept b is y = mx + b.

    Equations of Horizontal and Vertical Lines


    Equation of a Horizontal Line A horizontal line is given by an equation of the form y=b where b is the y-intercept. Note: m = 0.

    Equation of a Vertical Line A vertical line is given by an equation of the form x=a where a is the x-intercept. Note: m is undefined.

    General Form of the Equation of the a Line


    Every line has an equation that can be written in the general form Ax + By + C = 0 Where A, B, and C are three integers, and A and B are not both zero. A must be positive.

    Standard Form of the Equation of the a Line


    Every line has an equation that can be written in the standard form Ax + By = C Where A, B, and C are three integers, and A and B are not both zero. A must be positive. In this form, m = -A/B and the intercepts are (0,C/B) and (C/A, 0).

    Equations of Lines
    Point-slope form: y y1 = m(x x1) Slope-intercept form: y = m x + b Horizontal line: y=b Vertical line: x=a General form: Ax + By + C = 0 Standard form: Ax + By = C

    Example: Finding the Slope and the y-Intercept


    Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line whose equation is 2x 3y + 6 = 0.
    Solution The equation is given in general form, Ax + By + C = 0. One method is to rewrite it in the form y = mx + b. We need to solve for y. 2x 3y + 6 = 0 2x + 6 = 3y 3y = 2x + 6
    y 2 x2 3
    This is the given equation. To isolate the y-term, add 3 y on both sides. Reverse the two sides. (This step is optional.)

    Divide both sides by 3.

    The coefficient of x, 2/3, is the slope and the constant term, 2, is the y-intercept.

    Steps for Graphing y = mx + b


    Graphing y = mx + b by Using the Slope and y-Intercept Plot the y-intercept on the y-axis. This is the point (0, b). Obtain a second point using the slope, m. Write m as a fraction, and use rise over run starting at the y-intercept to plot this point. Use a straightedge to draw a line through the two points. Draw arrowheads at the ends of the line to show that the line continues indefinitely in both directions.

    Example: Graphing by Using Slope and y-Intercept


    Graph the line whose equation is y = 2 x + 2. 3
    Solution The equation of the line is in the form y = mx + b. We can find the slope, m, by identifying the coefficient of x. We can find the y-intercept, b, by identifying the constant term. y= 2 x+2 3
    The slope is 2/3. The y-intercept is 2.

    more

    Example:

    Graphing by Using Slope and y-Intercept

    Graph the line whose equation is y = 2 x + 2. 3 Solution We need two points in order to graph the line. We can use the y-intercept, 2, to obtain the first point (0, 2). Plot this point on the y-axis.
    m 2 Rise . 3 Run
    5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5

    We plot the second point on the line by starting at (0, 2), the first point. Then move 2 units up (the rise) and 3 units to the right (the run). This gives us a second point at (3, 4).

    Sample Problems
    Give the slope and y-intercept of the given line then graph.

    y 3x 2 2 y - x 6 5

    Example: Finding the slope and the x-&y-intercepts.


    Find the slope and the intercepts of the line whose equation is 2x 3y = -6.
    Solution When an equation is given in standard form, Ax + By = C, the slope can be determine by using the coefficients A and B, so that m = -A/B.
    2x 3y = -6 For the given equation, A = 2 and B = -3. So m = 2/3.

    To find the intercepts, recall that the x-intercept has the form (x,0) and the yintercept has the form (0,y).
    2x 3(0) = -6 2x = -6 x = -3 2(0) 3y = -6 -3y = -6 y=2 Let y = 0 and solve for x. So the x-intercept is (-3,0). Likewise, let x = 0 and solve for y. So the y-intercept is (0,2).

    Problems
    For the given equations, 1. Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form and in standard form. 2. Graph the lines using both methods using slope and yintercept and using the x- & y-intercepts.

    4x + y 6 = 0 4x + 6y + 12 = 0 6x 5y 20 = 0 4y + 28 = 0

    Exercises page 138, numbers 1-60.

    Section 1.2 (contd)


    Review
    Defintion of a slope :

    y 2 y1 m x 2 x1

    6 Forms for the Equation of a Line


    Point-slope form: y y1 = m(x x1) Slope-intercept form: y=mx+b Horizontal line: y = b Vertical line: x=a General form: Ax + By + C = 0 Standard form: Ax + By = C

    Graphing Techniques Using slope and y-intercept Using x- & y-intercepts

    Slope and Parallel Lines


    If two non-vertical lines are parallel, then they have the same slope. If two distinct non-vertical lines have the same slope, then they are parallel. Two distinct vertical lines, both with undefined slopes, are parallel.

    Example: Writing Equations of a Line Parallel to a Given Line


    Write an equation of the line passing through (-3, 2) and parallel to the line whose equation is y = 2x + 1. Express the equation in point-slope form and y-intercept form. Solution We are looking for the equation of the line shown on the left on the graph. Notice that the line passes through the point (-3, 2). Using the point-slope form of the lines equation, we have x1 = -3 and y1 = 2.
    5

    (-3, 2)

    4 3 2 1

    y = 2x + 1
    Run = 1 Rise = 2
    1 2 3 4 5

    y y1 = m(x x1)
    -5 -4 -3 -2

    -1 -1 -2

    y1 = 2

    x1 = -3

    -3
    -4 -5

    more

    Example continued:
    Since parallel lines have the same slope and the slope of the given line is 2, m = 2 for the new equation. So we know that m = 2 and the point (-3, 2) lies on the line that will be parallel. Plug all that into the point-slope equation for a line to give us the line parallel we are looking for.
    5

    y y1 = m(x x1)
    y1 = 2 m =2 x1 = -3

    (-3, 2)

    4 3 2

    y = 2x + 1
    Run = 1
    Rise = 2
    1 2 3 4 5

    1
    -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

    more

    Example continued:
    Solution The point-slope form of the lines equation is
    y 2 = 2[x (-3)] y 2 = 2(x + 3) Solving for y, we obtain the slope-intercept form of the equation. y 2 = 2x + 6 y = 2x + 8
    Apply the distributive property.

    Add 2 to both sides. This is the slope-intercept form of the equation.

    Slope and Perpendicular Lines


    Two lines that intersect at a right angle (90) are said to be perpendicular. There is a relationship between the slopes of perpendicular lines.
    90

    Slope and Perpendicular Lines If two non-vertical lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is 1. If the product of the slopes of two lines is 1, then the lines are perpendicular. A horizontal line having zero slope is perpendicular to a vertical line having undefined slope.

    Example: Finding the Slope of a Line Perpendicular to a Given Line


    Find the slope of any line that is perpendicular to the line whose equation is x + 4y 8 = 0. Solution We begin by writing the equation of the given line in slopeintercept form. Solve for y. x + 4y 8 = 0 4y = -x + 8
    This is the given equation. To isolate the y-term, subtract x and add 8 on both sides.

    y = -1/4x + 2
    Slope is 1/4.

    Divide both sides by 4.

    The given line has slope 1/4. Any line perpendicular to this line has a slope that is the negative reciprocal, 4.

    Example: Writing the Equation of a Line Perpendicular to a Given Line


    Write the equation of the line perpendicular to x + 4y 8 = 0 that passes thru the point (2,8) in standard form. Solution: The given line has slope 1/4. Any line perpendicular to this line has a slope that is the negative reciprocal, 4. So now we need know the perpendicular slope and are given a point (2,8). Plug this into the point-slope form and rearrange into the standard form. y 8 = 4[x (2)] y y1 = m(x x1) y - 8 = 4x - 8
    y1 = 8 m =4 x1 = 2

    -4x + y = 0 4x y = 0 Standard form

    Problems
    1.

    Find the slope of the line that is a) parallel b) perpendicular to the given lines. y = 3x 8x + y = 11 3x 4y + 7 = 0 y=9

    2. Write the equation for each line in slope-intercept form. Passes thru (-2,-7) and parallel to y = -5x+4 Passes thru (-4, 2) and perpendicular to y = x/3 + 7

    Exercises pg 138, numbers 61-68

    You might also like