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    Trapezium Rule

    Uploaded by

    Jamilah Harun Jamilah
    The trapezium rule estimates integrals by dividing the area under a curve into trapezoids of equal width and adding their areas. It approximates the integral as the sum of the areas of trapezoids, where the area of each trapezoid is 1/2 times the sum of the y-values at its left and right edges times the width. Finer strip widths improve the approximation. The trapezium rule provides a simple numerical method for estimating integrals when an exact solution cannot be found.

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    Trapezium Rule

    Uploaded by

    Jamilah Harun Jamilah
    604 views10 pages
    The trapezium rule estimates integrals by dividing the area under a curve into trapezoids of equal width and adding their areas. It approximates the integral as the sum of the areas of trapezoids, where the area of each trapezoid is 1/2 times the sum of the y-values at its left and right edges times the width. Finer strip widths improve the approximation. The trapezium rule provides a simple numerical method for estimating integrals when an exact solution cannot be found.

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    Trapezium Rule[1]

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    The trapezium rule estimates integrals by dividing the area under a curve into trapezoids of equal width and adding their areas. It approximates the integral as the sum of the areas of trapezoids, where the area of each trapezoid is 1/2 times the sum of the y-values at its left and right edges times the width. Finer strip widths improve the approximation. The trapezium rule provides a simple numerical method for estimating integrals when an exact solution cannot be found.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    604 views10 pages

    Trapezium Rule

    Uploaded by

    Jamilah Harun Jamilah
    The trapezium rule estimates integrals by dividing the area under a curve into trapezoids of equal width and adding their areas. It approximates the integral as the sum of the areas of trapezoids, where the area of each trapezoid is 1/2 times the sum of the y-values at its left and right edges times the width. Finer strip widths improve the approximation. The trapezium rule provides a simple numerical method for estimating integrals when an exact solution cannot be found.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE

    The trapezium rule is a method of estimating the area under a curve.

    We know that the area under a curve is given by integration, so the trapezium rule gives a method of estimating integrals. This is useful when we come across integrals that we dont know how to evaluate.
    The trapezium rule works by splitting the area under the curve into a number of trapeziums, of which, we know the area.

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE

    Do you remember how a trapeziums area is calculated? T1

    10

    T2

    T3
    16 10

    T3 is just T2 transposed.

    x 10 x (16 + 10) = 130 units squared

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE


    y

    yo y1 y2 y3 y4

    yn

    When the area shown in the diagram is divided into vertical strips, each strip is approximately a trapezium.

    If the width of the strip and its two vertical sides are known, the area of the strip can be found using the formula:

    Area (sum of parallel sides) x width The sum of the areas of all the strips then gives an approximate value for the area under the curve being considered.

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE


    y

    Area (sum of parallel sides) x width


    Now suppose that there are n strips, all with the same width, h say, and that the vertical edges of the strips (i.e.the ordinates are labelled yo, y1, y2, yn-1, yn )

    yo y1 y2 y3 y4

    yn

    yo
    h

    y1

    So for the first trapezium we add yo and y1: multiply the sum by h and divide by 2. More formerly written: h (yo + y1) You might say; where do we get y0 and y1 from? Have a think about it!

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE So for the first trapezium we add yo and y1: multiply the sum by h and divide by 2. More formerly written: h (yo + y1) We get y0 and y1 from the original function. y0 is just the y coordinate that corresponds with x0, and y1 is the y coordinate that corresponds with x1, and so on. Now the sum of the areas in all of the strips is: h

    yo

    y1

    A (y0 + y1) (h) + (y1 + y2) (h) + (y2 + y3) (h) + + (yn-1 + yn) (h)
    If we take out common factors we can reduce this to: A (h) [(y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + 2y3 + + 2yn-1 + yn]
    NB See how the first and last ordinate is a single value, whereas all others are doubled.

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE Not to scale To find the value of y0, we have to put the value for x0 into the given function. Let us try a simple example:

    x3

    The given definite integral represents the area bounded by the x axis, the lines x = 1 and x = 5, and the curve y = x3. I find it best to compile a table to gather the results. Five ordinates are used when there
    are four strips whose widths must all be the same. From x = 1 to x = 5 there are four units so the width of each strip must be 1 unit. Hence the five ordinates are where x = 1, x = 2, x = 3, x = 4 and x = 5.
    x F(x) = x3 weight f(x) x weight

    1
    2 3 4 5

    1
    8 27 64 125

    1
    2 2 2 1

    1
    16 64 128 125

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE Not to scale Let us try a simple example:

    x3

    x
    1 2 3 4 5

    f(x) = x3
    1 8 27 64 125

    weight
    1 2 2 2 1

    f(x) x weight
    1 16 64 128 125

    The required area, A is given by

    (1) [1 + 125 + 2{8 + 27 + 64}]


    162

    The required area is approximately 162 square units.

    Using integration gives 156 square units.

    TASK 1
    Use the TRAPEZIUM RULE with 8 strips to approximate

    x
    1 1.125 1.25 1.375 1.5 1.625 1.75

    In x dx
    2

    f(x) =

    In x dx

    weight 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

    f(x) x weight 0 0.2356 0.4462 0.6370 0.8110 0.9710 1.1192

    0 0.1178 0.2231 0.3185 0.4055 0.4855 0.5596

    Therefore In x dx = 0.25/2 x 10.9487 = 1.3686


    1

    1.875
    2

    0.6286
    0.6932

    2
    1

    1.2572
    0.6932

    Sum

    6.1704

    TASK 2
    Use the TRAPEZIUM RULE with 5 strips to approximate

    x f(x) =

    x 2 1 dx
    weight
    1
    2 2 2 2 1

    0.00
    0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

    x 2 1 dx

    f(x) x weight
    1.0000000
    2.0396078 2.154066 2.3323808 2.5612496 1.4142136 11.500989

    1.0000000
    1.0198039 1.0770330 1.1661904 1.2806248 1.4142136

    x 1 dx Therefore 0.2/2 x 11.500989 1.1500988


    2 0

    Sum

    THE TRAPEZIUM RULE

    Further investigations: How does the strip length affect the answer ? Use Excel spreadsheet to help. How does the Trapezium Rule compare with other numerical methods such as: Inscribed Rectangles, Circumscribed Rectangles, Simpsons Rule, and Mid-ordinate Rule, etc.

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