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    SIC Assembler

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    akshar
    The document discusses the basic functions of an assembler. It explains that an assembler translates assembly language code into object code by converting mnemonic codes to opcodes, symbolic operands to addresses, and constants to numbers. It also describes the two-pass assembly process where symbolic references are resolved. Key components of an assembler include an operation code table, symbol table, and location counter for assigning addresses.

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    SIC Assembler

    Uploaded by

    akshar
    1K views26 pages
    The document discusses the basic functions of an assembler. It explains that an assembler translates assembly language code into object code by converting mnemonic codes to opcodes, symbolic operands to addresses, and constants to numbers. It also describes the two-pass assembly process where symbolic references are resolved. Key components of an assembler include an operation code table, symbol table, and location counter for assigning addresses.

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    The document discusses the basic functions of an assembler. It explains that an assembler translates assembly language code into object code by converting mnemonic codes to opcodes, symbolic operands to addresses, and constants to numbers. It also describes the two-pass assembly process where symbolic references are resolved. Key components of an assembler include an operation code table, symbol table, and location counter for assigning addresses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views26 pages

    SIC Assembler

    Uploaded by

    akshar
    The document discusses the basic functions of an assembler. It explains that an assembler translates assembly language code into object code by converting mnemonic codes to opcodes, symbolic operands to addresses, and constants to numbers. It also describes the two-pass assembly process where symbolic references are resolved. Key components of an assembler include an operation code table, symbol table, and location counter for assigning addresses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that assemblers translate assembly language into machine code by translating mnemonic codes and symbolic addresses into their numeric equivalents. Assemblers also handle directives like START, END, BYTE, WORD that provide additional information.

    The main components of an assembler are the source program, assembler, object code, loader and linker. The assembler translates the source program into object code using symbolic addresses which is then linked by the linker to produce executable code.

    The main data structures used by an assembler are the operation code table (OPTAB) which contains mnemonic codes and machine instructions, the symbol table (SYMTAB) which contains symbolic addresses and their values, and the location counter (LOCCTR) which tracks the program location.

    Assembler (Basic Functions)

    Role of Assembler
    Source Program Object Code Linker

    Assembler

    Executable Code

    Loader

    SIC Example Program

    SIC Example Program

    SIC Example Program

    SIC Example Program

    Purpose

    Reads records from input device (code F1) Copies them to output device (code 05) At the end of the file, writes EOF on the output device, then RSUB to the operating system

    SIC Example Program

    Data transfer (RD, WD)


    A buffer is used to store record Buffering is necessary for different I/O rates The end of each record is marked with a null character (0016) The end of the file is indicated by a zero-length record RDREC, WRREC Save link register first before nested jump

    Subroutines (JSUB, RSUB)


    Assembler Directives

    Pseudo-Instructions

    Not translated into machine instructions Providing information to the assembler

    Basic assembler directives


    START END BYTE WORD RESB RESW

    Functions of a Basic Assembler


    Mnemonic code (or instruction name) opcode. Symbolic operands (e.g., variable names) addresses. Choose the proper instruction format and addressing mode. Constants Numbers. Output to object files and listing files.

    SIC Instruction Set


    Load/Store: LDA/STA, LDX/STXetc. Arithmetic: ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV Compare: COMP Jump: J Conditional Jump: JLT, JEQ, JGT See Appendix A for the complete list.

    SIC Instruction Format


    Opcode: 8 bits Address: one bit flag (x) and 15 bits of address

    8 1 OPCODE X

    15 Address

    Examples

    Mnemonic code (or instruction name) Opcode. Variable names, Labels, Subroutines, Constants Address Examples: STL RETADR 14 10 33
    0001 0100 0 001 0000 0011 0011

    STCH BUFFER,X 54 90 39
    0101 0100 1 001 0000 0011 1001

    Converting Symbols to Numbers

    Isnt it straightforward?

    Isnt it simply the sequential processing of the source program, one line at a time? Not so, if we have forward references.
    COPY START 1000 LDA LEN LEN RESW 1

    Two Pass Assembler

    Pass 1

    Assign addresses to all statements in the program Save the values assigned to all labels for use in Pass 2 Perform some processing of assembler directives Assemble instructions Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD Perform processing of assembler directives not done in Pass 1 Write the object program and the assembly listing

    Pass 2

    Two Pass Assembler

    Read from input line

    LABEL, OPCODE, OPERAND


    Source program

    Pass 1
    OPTAB SYMTAB

    Intermediate file

    Pass 2
    SYMTAB

    Object codes

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 1

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 1

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 1

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 2

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 2

    Two Pass Assembler Pass 2

    Data Structures

    Operation Code Table (OPTAB) Symbol Table (SYMTAB) Location Counter(LOCCTR)

    OPTAB (operation code table)

    Content

    Mnemonic, machine code (instruction format, length) etc. Static table Array or hash table, easy for search

    Characteristic

    Implementation

    SYMTAB (symbol table)

    Content

    Label name, value, flag, (type, length) etc. Dynamic table (insert, delete, search) Hash table, non-random keys, hashing function

    Characteristic

    Implementation

    COPY FIRST CLOOP ENDFIL EOF THREE ZERO RETADR LENGTH BUFFER RDREC

    1000 1000 1003 1015 1024 102D 1030 1033 1036 1039 2039

    Header

    Object Program
    H Program name Starting address (hex) Length of object program in bytes (hex) T Starting address in this record (hex) Length of object code in this record in bytes (hex) Object code (69-10+1)/6=10 instructions E Address of first executable instruction (hex) (END program_name)

    Col. 1 Col. 2~7 Col. 8~13 Col. 14-19

    Text
    Col.1 Col.2~7 Col. 8~9 Col. 10~69

    End
    Col.1 Col.2~7

    Fig. 2.3
    H COPY 001000 00107A T 001000 1E 141033 482039 001036 281030 301015 482061 ... T 00101E 15 0C1036 482061 081044 4C0000 454F46 000003 000000 T 002039 1E 041030 001030 E0205D 30203F D8205D 281030 T 002057 1C 101036 4C0000 F1 001000 041030 E02079 302064 T 002073 07 382064 4C0000 05 E 001000 starting address

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