Purpose: The paper reports characteristic of superplasticity phenomenon in titanium alloys and po... more Purpose: The paper reports characteristic of superplasticity phenomenon in titanium alloys and possibility of its applications. Design/methodology/approach: The main objective of the paper is to show features of superplastic forming of titanium alloys and current research trends aiming at widespread application of this technology. Findings: In the paper characteristic of selected superplastic titanium alloys was presented. The effect of microstructural parameters on superplasticity was considered too. Mechanical properties of superplastic deformed titanium alloys, determining criteria of their potential applications, were also addressed. Research limitations/implications: Application of superplastic forming (SPF) in industry is limited due to long time and high temperature of the forming process. In the paper directions of the studies were presented which can lead to increase in effectiveness of the process. Practical implications: SPF enables manufacturing of complex shape details ...
Prezentowane wyniki badan uzyskano w ramach realizacji projektu rozwojowego nr N R15 0078 06 fina... more Prezentowane wyniki badan uzyskano w ramach realizacji projektu rozwojowego nr N R15 0078 06 finansowanego przez NCBiR.
In this chapter, the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium with a nanocrystall... more In this chapter, the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium with a nanocrystalline (NC) microstructure are discussed. The Young modulus of NC CP Ti was found to be ~ 10% lower while the room temperature strength is 30%–100% higher than that of the coarse-grained (CG) counterparts. Hardness and high-cycle fatigue limit of CP Ti also increased considerably with microstructure refinement to the NC regime. However, ductility-related properties including tensile elongation, impact toughness, fatigue crack growth resistance, and fracture toughness noticeably decreased with decreasing grain size. In this chapter some the most important mechanical properties, including strength, (micro) hardness, ductility, fatigue limit, crack growth resistance, impact toughness, and superplasticity of NC CP Ti will be reviewed in more detail.
Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order t... more Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc “big cube” phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ·mol −1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ·mol −1 . Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ·mol −1 . The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat difference (∆Cp)...
Purpose: Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined depending on micros... more Purpose: Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined depending on microstructure developed in heat treatment and plastic deformation processes. In the paper stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in initial heat treatment and plastic working in the α+β↔β phase transformation range with various forging reduction (e ≈ 20 and 50%) were determined. Evaluation of the effect of thermomechanical process parameters on hot plasticity of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr titanium alloys was performed. Design/methodology/approach: In the research, light and transmission electron microscopy were employed. Digital image analysis methods were used for determination of stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in particular stages of thermomechanical process of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr titanium alloys. Hot deformation of thermo mechanically processed titanium alloys was performed in vacuum at the temperature of 850 and 925oC at the strain rates e = 1∙...
Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order t... more Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc “big cube” phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ ·mol−1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ ·mol−1. Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ ·mol−1. The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat difference ( ∆Cp) ...
Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated martensitic two-phase α+β titanium alloy... more Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated martensitic two-phase α+β titanium alloys are in major perspective determined by results of martensite decomposition during tempering. The process of martensitic α’(α”) phase decomposition in titanium alloys, although utilized in industry for years, has not been sufficiently characterized in the scientific literature. Especially aspects of plastically deformed martensite decomposition is poorly described. Preliminary research results of water quenched Ti-6Al-4V alloy, subsequently cold deformed in compression and tempered at the temperature range of 600-900ºC for 1 and 2 h indicated that α’(α”) martensite undergoes strain hardening and deformed martensite laths exhibit tendency towards fragmentation and spheroidization during tempering at 900ºC. In the present paper, also α’(α”) martensite decomposition under compressive load applied at the temperature range of 600-900ºC is considered too. Based on light and scanning electron ...
S u m m a r y Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined by type of mic... more S u m m a r y Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined by type of microstructure developed in heat treatment and plastic deformation processes. Obtaining of demanded operational and technological properties is related to both the appropriate selection of hot working parameters and preceding thermomechanical process conditions. In the paper stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in initial heat treatment and plastic working in the phase transformation range with various forging reduction (e ≈ 20 and 50%) were determined. Evaluation of the thermomechanical process parameters on hot plasticity of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy was performed. It was found that degree of initial plastic deformation considerably affects relative elongation in high temperature tensile test at the strain rate of = 1·10 αβ β
Zr 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. I... more Zr 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc big cube phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ.mol -1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ.mol -1 . Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ.mol -1 . The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat differenc...
One of the important criteria for selection titanium alloys for discs and blades of turbine engin... more One of the important criteria for selection titanium alloys for discs and blades of turbine engine compressor is their fatigue and creep strength at room and elevated temperature. Fatigue and creep properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructure, especially morphology of the α and β phases which can be controlled to certain extent by proper selection of hot working and heat treatment conditions. Quantitative description of two-phase titanium alloys behaviour under loading and environmental conditions leading to combined creep and fatigue processes has been always very challenging task due to large number of factors affecting deformation and fracture behaviour of the material. In the course of the research cyclic creep behaviour of Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr alloy (VT3-1) was investigated and compared to low-cycle fatigue and static creep properties at the temperature of 450°C. Microstructure of the alloy was varied by means of the heat treatment. Constant load t...
ABSTRACT The process of martensitic α′(α″) phase decomposition in titanium alloys has not been su... more ABSTRACT The process of martensitic α′(α″) phase decomposition in titanium alloys has not been sufficiently characterised in the literature – especially in terms of plastically deformed martensite. The research results of water-quenched Ti–6Al–4V alloy, subsequently cold deformed in compression test and tempered at the temperature range of 600–900°C for 1 and 2 h were presented in the paper. Light and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed the influence of plastic deformation on tempered martensite laths morphology – particularly at the temperature of 900°C – it favoured their fragmentation and spheroidisation. The effect of plastic deformation on characteristic temperatures of α′(α″)→α + β phase transformation, phase composition and alloying elements distribution in phase constituents of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was identified and evaluated too. This paper is part of a thematic issue on Titanium. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Nanocristalline pure titanium in comparison to microcrystalline titanium is characterized by bett... more Nanocristalline pure titanium in comparison to microcrystalline titanium is characterized by better mechanical properties which influence its wider usability. The aim of the research was to evaluate whether the grain size of pure titanium (micro- and nanocrystalline) has influence on the cutting force components and the surface roughness in the milling process. Models of cutting force components for both materials were prepared and differences between the results were examined. The feed rate effect on selected parameters of surface roughness after milling of micro- and nanocrystalline pure titanium was determined.
Creep and fatigue properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructur... more Creep and fatigue properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructure, especially morphology of the α and β phases which can be controlled to certain extent by proper selection of hot working and heat treatment conditions. In the paper the creep behaviour of Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr alloy (VT3-1) at elevated temperature was modelled. Finite element analyses of primary creep stage were carried out taking into account some microstructural features of the two-phase alloy that were included in the physical model and different properties of α and β phases. In order to verify results of calculations distinct types of microstructure were developed in the alloy by heat treatment and creep tests were carried out at elevated temperature (450°C) at various stress levels. Based on the FEM simulations the effect of changes of some microstructure features on primary creep strain development was estimated.
Protective coatings are used today in many applications for reducing friction and wear of tools i... more Protective coatings are used today in many applications for reducing friction and wear of tools in hot-working process e.g. metal die casting, hot forging, metal die plastics injection. The main goal of undertaken investigation was to evaluate usability of those coatings for improving wear resistance of metal die applied in investment casting process for wax injection. The (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Cr)N PVD coatings were deposited onto X37CrMoV5-1 hot-work tool steel and their mechanical and tribological properties are characterized in the paper. Based on the results of microscope examinations, scratch test, hardness measurement the similar properties of (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Cr)N coatings were found. Moreover it was established that type of steel surface machining before coating deposition, i.e. grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM) and milling, did not affect coating properties. Thin coatings replicate steel base roughness parameters as Ra, Rz and Rmax with over 95% of correlation. Bas...
The study presents the results of examinations of wear in tools made of 1.2344 steel without and ... more The study presents the results of examinations of wear in tools made of 1.2344 steel without and with an anti-wear coating in the process of welding overlap joints of sheet metal made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy using friction stir welding (FSW) technology. A commercial anti-wear AlCrN coating (Balinit® Alcrona Pro by Oerlikon Balzers Coating Poland Sp. z o.o., Polkowice, Poland) was examined, applied using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and used to improve tool life in metalworking processes. Wear tests for the tools were conducted in industrial conditions at specific parameters of the friction stir welding process. Tool wear was evaluated through examination of the tool working surface. The results of the static tensile strength tests and metallographic examinations of the joints were used to evaluate the effect of tool wear and the coating impact on joint quality. The results obtained in the study show that the tool made of 1.2344 steel was intensively worn after the welding of a ...
Titanium alloys have been considered as unique materials for many years. Even their microstructur... more Titanium alloys have been considered as unique materials for many years. Even their microstructure and operational properties have been well known and described in details, the new technologies introduced—e.g., 3D printing—have restored the need for further research in this area. It is understood that martensitic transformation is usually applied in heat treatment of hardenable alloys (e.g., Fe alloys), but in the case of titanium alloys, it also occurs during the thermomechanical processing or advanced additive manufacturing. The paper summarizes previous knowledge on martensite formation and decomposition processes in two-phase titanium alloys. It emphasizes their important role in microstructure development during conventional and modern industrial processing.
Purpose: The paper reports characteristic of superplasticity phenomenon in titanium alloys and po... more Purpose: The paper reports characteristic of superplasticity phenomenon in titanium alloys and possibility of its applications. Design/methodology/approach: The main objective of the paper is to show features of superplastic forming of titanium alloys and current research trends aiming at widespread application of this technology. Findings: In the paper characteristic of selected superplastic titanium alloys was presented. The effect of microstructural parameters on superplasticity was considered too. Mechanical properties of superplastic deformed titanium alloys, determining criteria of their potential applications, were also addressed. Research limitations/implications: Application of superplastic forming (SPF) in industry is limited due to long time and high temperature of the forming process. In the paper directions of the studies were presented which can lead to increase in effectiveness of the process. Practical implications: SPF enables manufacturing of complex shape details ...
Prezentowane wyniki badan uzyskano w ramach realizacji projektu rozwojowego nr N R15 0078 06 fina... more Prezentowane wyniki badan uzyskano w ramach realizacji projektu rozwojowego nr N R15 0078 06 finansowanego przez NCBiR.
In this chapter, the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium with a nanocrystall... more In this chapter, the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium with a nanocrystalline (NC) microstructure are discussed. The Young modulus of NC CP Ti was found to be ~ 10% lower while the room temperature strength is 30%–100% higher than that of the coarse-grained (CG) counterparts. Hardness and high-cycle fatigue limit of CP Ti also increased considerably with microstructure refinement to the NC regime. However, ductility-related properties including tensile elongation, impact toughness, fatigue crack growth resistance, and fracture toughness noticeably decreased with decreasing grain size. In this chapter some the most important mechanical properties, including strength, (micro) hardness, ductility, fatigue limit, crack growth resistance, impact toughness, and superplasticity of NC CP Ti will be reviewed in more detail.
Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order t... more Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc “big cube” phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ·mol −1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ·mol −1 . Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ·mol −1 . The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat difference (∆Cp)...
Purpose: Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined depending on micros... more Purpose: Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined depending on microstructure developed in heat treatment and plastic deformation processes. In the paper stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in initial heat treatment and plastic working in the α+β↔β phase transformation range with various forging reduction (e ≈ 20 and 50%) were determined. Evaluation of the effect of thermomechanical process parameters on hot plasticity of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr titanium alloys was performed. Design/methodology/approach: In the research, light and transmission electron microscopy were employed. Digital image analysis methods were used for determination of stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in particular stages of thermomechanical process of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr titanium alloys. Hot deformation of thermo mechanically processed titanium alloys was performed in vacuum at the temperature of 850 and 925oC at the strain rates e = 1∙...
Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order t... more Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc “big cube” phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ ·mol−1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ ·mol−1. Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ ·mol−1. The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat difference ( ∆Cp) ...
Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated martensitic two-phase α+β titanium alloy... more Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated martensitic two-phase α+β titanium alloys are in major perspective determined by results of martensite decomposition during tempering. The process of martensitic α’(α”) phase decomposition in titanium alloys, although utilized in industry for years, has not been sufficiently characterized in the scientific literature. Especially aspects of plastically deformed martensite decomposition is poorly described. Preliminary research results of water quenched Ti-6Al-4V alloy, subsequently cold deformed in compression and tempered at the temperature range of 600-900ºC for 1 and 2 h indicated that α’(α”) martensite undergoes strain hardening and deformed martensite laths exhibit tendency towards fragmentation and spheroidization during tempering at 900ºC. In the present paper, also α’(α”) martensite decomposition under compressive load applied at the temperature range of 600-900ºC is considered too. Based on light and scanning electron ...
S u m m a r y Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined by type of mic... more S u m m a r y Hot deformation behaviour of two-phase titanium alloys is determined by type of microstructure developed in heat treatment and plastic deformation processes. Obtaining of demanded operational and technological properties is related to both the appropriate selection of hot working parameters and preceding thermomechanical process conditions. In the paper stereological parameters of microstructure obtained in initial heat treatment and plastic working in the phase transformation range with various forging reduction (e ≈ 20 and 50%) were determined. Evaluation of the thermomechanical process parameters on hot plasticity of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy was performed. It was found that degree of initial plastic deformation considerably affects relative elongation in high temperature tensile test at the strain rate of = 1·10 αβ β
Zr 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. I... more Zr 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 bulk metallic glasses have been prepared by copper moulding. In order to obtain a fully amorphous sample, a careful control of the atmosphere conditions in the casting chamber was necessary. In particular, the presence of oxygen contamination promotes the nucleation of a fcc big cube phase, reducing glass formation. The crystallisation of bulk amorphous samples has been followed by DSC and values of about 4 kJ.mol -1 have been obtained for the heat release at about 740 K. By high temperature DSC, a metastable-to-stable phase transformation has been evidenced at 938 K, which gives a heat evolution of 1.12 kJ.mol -1 . Melting and solidification of the alloy have been observed at 1070 K, giving an average value for the enthalpy change of about 8.2 kJ.mol -1 . The temperature dependence of the enthalpy difference between undercooled liquid and equilibrium crystal phases has been described on the basis of different models for the specific heat differenc...
One of the important criteria for selection titanium alloys for discs and blades of turbine engin... more One of the important criteria for selection titanium alloys for discs and blades of turbine engine compressor is their fatigue and creep strength at room and elevated temperature. Fatigue and creep properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructure, especially morphology of the α and β phases which can be controlled to certain extent by proper selection of hot working and heat treatment conditions. Quantitative description of two-phase titanium alloys behaviour under loading and environmental conditions leading to combined creep and fatigue processes has been always very challenging task due to large number of factors affecting deformation and fracture behaviour of the material. In the course of the research cyclic creep behaviour of Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr alloy (VT3-1) was investigated and compared to low-cycle fatigue and static creep properties at the temperature of 450°C. Microstructure of the alloy was varied by means of the heat treatment. Constant load t...
ABSTRACT The process of martensitic α′(α″) phase decomposition in titanium alloys has not been su... more ABSTRACT The process of martensitic α′(α″) phase decomposition in titanium alloys has not been sufficiently characterised in the literature – especially in terms of plastically deformed martensite. The research results of water-quenched Ti–6Al–4V alloy, subsequently cold deformed in compression test and tempered at the temperature range of 600–900°C for 1 and 2 h were presented in the paper. Light and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed the influence of plastic deformation on tempered martensite laths morphology – particularly at the temperature of 900°C – it favoured their fragmentation and spheroidisation. The effect of plastic deformation on characteristic temperatures of α′(α″)→α + β phase transformation, phase composition and alloying elements distribution in phase constituents of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was identified and evaluated too. This paper is part of a thematic issue on Titanium. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Nanocristalline pure titanium in comparison to microcrystalline titanium is characterized by bett... more Nanocristalline pure titanium in comparison to microcrystalline titanium is characterized by better mechanical properties which influence its wider usability. The aim of the research was to evaluate whether the grain size of pure titanium (micro- and nanocrystalline) has influence on the cutting force components and the surface roughness in the milling process. Models of cutting force components for both materials were prepared and differences between the results were examined. The feed rate effect on selected parameters of surface roughness after milling of micro- and nanocrystalline pure titanium was determined.
Creep and fatigue properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructur... more Creep and fatigue properties of two-phase titanium alloys show strong dependence on microstructure, especially morphology of the α and β phases which can be controlled to certain extent by proper selection of hot working and heat treatment conditions. In the paper the creep behaviour of Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr alloy (VT3-1) at elevated temperature was modelled. Finite element analyses of primary creep stage were carried out taking into account some microstructural features of the two-phase alloy that were included in the physical model and different properties of α and β phases. In order to verify results of calculations distinct types of microstructure were developed in the alloy by heat treatment and creep tests were carried out at elevated temperature (450°C) at various stress levels. Based on the FEM simulations the effect of changes of some microstructure features on primary creep strain development was estimated.
Protective coatings are used today in many applications for reducing friction and wear of tools i... more Protective coatings are used today in many applications for reducing friction and wear of tools in hot-working process e.g. metal die casting, hot forging, metal die plastics injection. The main goal of undertaken investigation was to evaluate usability of those coatings for improving wear resistance of metal die applied in investment casting process for wax injection. The (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Cr)N PVD coatings were deposited onto X37CrMoV5-1 hot-work tool steel and their mechanical and tribological properties are characterized in the paper. Based on the results of microscope examinations, scratch test, hardness measurement the similar properties of (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Cr)N coatings were found. Moreover it was established that type of steel surface machining before coating deposition, i.e. grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM) and milling, did not affect coating properties. Thin coatings replicate steel base roughness parameters as Ra, Rz and Rmax with over 95% of correlation. Bas...
The study presents the results of examinations of wear in tools made of 1.2344 steel without and ... more The study presents the results of examinations of wear in tools made of 1.2344 steel without and with an anti-wear coating in the process of welding overlap joints of sheet metal made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy using friction stir welding (FSW) technology. A commercial anti-wear AlCrN coating (Balinit® Alcrona Pro by Oerlikon Balzers Coating Poland Sp. z o.o., Polkowice, Poland) was examined, applied using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and used to improve tool life in metalworking processes. Wear tests for the tools were conducted in industrial conditions at specific parameters of the friction stir welding process. Tool wear was evaluated through examination of the tool working surface. The results of the static tensile strength tests and metallographic examinations of the joints were used to evaluate the effect of tool wear and the coating impact on joint quality. The results obtained in the study show that the tool made of 1.2344 steel was intensively worn after the welding of a ...
Titanium alloys have been considered as unique materials for many years. Even their microstructur... more Titanium alloys have been considered as unique materials for many years. Even their microstructure and operational properties have been well known and described in details, the new technologies introduced—e.g., 3D printing—have restored the need for further research in this area. It is understood that martensitic transformation is usually applied in heat treatment of hardenable alloys (e.g., Fe alloys), but in the case of titanium alloys, it also occurs during the thermomechanical processing or advanced additive manufacturing. The paper summarizes previous knowledge on martensite formation and decomposition processes in two-phase titanium alloys. It emphasizes their important role in microstructure development during conventional and modern industrial processing.
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Papers by Maciej Motyka