Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/dise... more Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/disease and environmental tolerance and desirable ornamental traits. Among the tools used in mutation breeding, chemical mutation is the most inexpensive way to develop novel plants. Succulents have gained popularity with high market demand because they require minimal watering and have plastic-like visuals. Ornamental succulents with rare leaf morphologies are costly. An LD50 study was conducted beforehand to determine the survival rates of colchicine-treated Echeveria ‘Peerless’. Mutants in the first generation (MV1) were identified and analyzed. Determining whether mutagenic characteristics are carried to the subsequent generation (MV2) is a key component in breeding programs. Additional investigation was performed by producing MV2 plants through vegetative propagation to determine mutagenic retention. For MV2, mutants exhibited shortened leaves, increased leaf width and thickness, and fe...
Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 2022
Sisymbrium irio (2n = 2x = 14) is a wild plant with traits that can offer economic and ecological... more Sisymbrium irio (2n = 2x = 14) is a wild plant with traits that can offer economic and ecological benefits, yet it has received scant attention compared to its closely related species. There is no substantial genomic information generated from this species, thus highlighting the need for molecular cytogenetic analyses. The information provided from karyotypic investigation is essential for developing cytogenetic maps. In the present study, asymmetry/symmetry indexes classified S. irio as having a moderately symmetric karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques were implemented as important cytogenetic tools for the direct detection of chromosomal targets and the study of the evolutionary relationship of crops. Repetitive DNA sequences such as ribosomal DNA (rDNA), C 0 t DNA, telomeric repeats, satellite repeats, and genomic DNA sequences were used as markers for the cytomolecular characterization of S. irio . The linked arrangement of 5 and 18 S rDNA units was found to be located at the terminal regions of the two chromosomes. Arabidopsis -type telomere repeats were detected in the terminal regions. Interestingly, labeled self-gDNA and C 0 t DNA hybridized in the pericentromeric and rDNA regions signifying the preferential distribution of the major repeats. Comparative GISH assays revealed the degree of genomic relationships among S. irio , Raphanus sativus , and Brassica diploids. The cytogenetic maps generated in this study are essential for understanding the genomic organization of S. irio and could be utilized for future validation of its genome assembly.
Mutation breeding is an important tool for developing new cultivars in horticulture. Among the ma... more Mutation breeding is an important tool for developing new cultivars in horticulture. Among the many methods of mutation breeding, chemical mutation is highly effective and can be performed easily. Compared to natural breeding methods, higher mutation rates and the faster induction of desirable characteristics have been reported with the use of chemical mutagens. Succulents have recently gained popularity because of their unique geometrical shapes and their ability to survive with minimal watering. Succulents that have peculiar shapes and colors demand higher prices. In this study, we used colchicine, a chemical mutagen, and tested its application on three Echeveria succulent species. A phenotypic evaluation was conducted on the mutant succulents produced from the application of colchicine on propagated leaf cuttings. Phenotypic evaluation included plant parameters and morphological analysis. Ploidy analysis was conducted to confirm the effects of the mutagen treatments. In all selec...
The prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), native to Mexico, has grown in popularity and is locally grown... more The prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), native to Mexico, has grown in popularity and is locally grown and adapted on Jeju Island. The fruits of this cactus species are in particular widely employed as raw materials, which are then processed into various food and medicinal items, including chocolates and vitamins, for purposes of human consumption. Because this crop has been dubbed one of Jeju’s iconic agricultural crops, research studies elucidating the prickly pear cactus’ medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity, of this particular plant and related cultivated species have demonstrated high value to the scientific community. Currently, consumers do not purchase products f or c onsumption a lone, but in a ddition f or t heir added health benef its. The present study in particular honed in on two species of prickly pear cactus that are cultivated on Jeju Island which include: ‘Baeknyeoncho’ (Opuntia ficus-indica) and ‘Cheonnyeoncho’ (Opuntia humifusa). From these species, s pecif ci p lant p arts i ncluding t he f lower, mature and y oung stems, roots, a nd f ruit w ere subjected to further antioxidant analysis, which included the determination of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and anthocyanin levels. These particular antioxidants were determined during two seasons, over the course of the summer and winter. Results revealed that the antioxidant activity for both species was more active during the summer season. Antioxidant levels occurred at the highest rates within t he flowers o f the c actus plants. However, of significant note was that the cactus stem, in both mature and young plants, possessed higher antioxidant activity compared to those of the fruit that is currently employed for commercial purposes.
Because of their attractive and colorful flowers, many species from the genus Aster serve as gard... more Because of their attractive and colorful flowers, many species from the genus Aster serve as garden plants. Chrysanthemum owes its popularity to its ornamental and medicinal herb value. It can be used as a cut flower, potted plant, vegetable, and herbal tea. Plant breeders have attempted to identify the available species and produce new cultivars to improve the quality of chrysanthemum for commercial purposes. The use of cytogenetic studies has paved the way for identifying compatibility, ancestry, and other useful information for this undertaking. Thus, an investigation was conducted into the chromosome numbers of 23 wild Asteraceae species in Republic of Korea to determine their genetic characteristics and variations. The somatic chromosome spread has been used for chromosome counting. The results revealed that Asteraceae species have a chromosome range from 18 (diploid) to 54 (hexaploid). These findings provide primary and important information on the chromosome numbers in chrysanthemum plants that can be used to select the right variety for cultivation.
Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental plant worldwide, and several of its species are used as he... more Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental plant worldwide, and several of its species are used as herbal tea, medicinal plants, and dietary supplements, among others. Commercial cultivars have been developed through interspecific hybridization and artificial selection to improve the characteristics, production quality, and environmental adaptation for enhancing ornamental value. To better understand the recent research in cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum, we examined studies concerning polyploidy, karyotyping, banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, and inter/intraspecific hybridization. Ploidy level is important in genomic characteristics and has a significant value to horticulturists and plant breeders. Studies have reported that flow cytometry analysis and single-dose molecular markers can be used to determine the chrysanthemum ploidy level. As for karyotyping, a better understanding of karyomorphological relationships and evolution of chrysanthemum and its closely related genera has already been gained. Moreover, karyotype parameters in chrysanthemum studies play a critical role in cultivar identification, classification, and genetic analysis. The FISH technique in chrysanthemum research provides more information on chromosome identification, sequences distribution, and evolution for expediting the development and improvement of plant species. The genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique can also be used to test hybridization in chrysanthemum breeding. Hence, this review of molecular cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum will help us to have a better understanding and knowledge of the taxa breeding and the development and improvement of new cultivars.
Succulents are ornamental plants that are popularly used in landscaping and as potted plants. Min... more Succulents are ornamental plants that are popularly used in landscaping and as potted plants. Miniatureplants that are planted in miniature pots for small spaces or tables, or in elaborateaccessories such as key chains, key holders or hanging pots, have recently become more popular. Their unique characteristics and aesthetic appeal have increased their demand especially for those species that do not grow extensively during transport or for special cases in which they are placed into tiny containers to be used in key chains. This study investigated the effects of the plant growth inhibitors chlormequat, paclobutrazol, and daminozide, on two Echeveria species, Echeveria ‘A Grimme One’ and Echeveria ‘Little Rose’. Results revealed that the plant growth inhibitors successfully controlled the growth of Echeveria species at specific concentrations. Among the inhibitors applied to the succulents, paclobutrazol at 100 ppm was found to be the most effective treatment for both the species.
Few studies have reported how temperature influences growth and development of succulents, includ... more Few studies have reported how temperature influences growth and development of succulents, including anthocyanin production, which could fetch better prices in the market, and understanding the factors influencing such pigments would benefit farmers. The present study investigated the effect of temperature (10°C, 20°C, and 30°C) on the growth, development, and anthocyanin concentrations in Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. In E. agavoides, similar growth performance was observed at 10°C and 20°C based on plant height and diameter. However, subjecting the species to a high temperature of 30°C resulted in a decrease in plant height. In E. marcus, optimal growth performance was observed at 20°C. Different temperatures did not significantly affect succulent quality and color hues. Only L* values were significantly different among the Hunter’s Lab values. Similar results were observed following anthocyanin and image analyses, both of which were not significantly affected by temperature. However, an intense red pigment was observed at 20°C compared with the green pigment observed at 10°C and 30°C based on the image analysis. The results suggest that temperature influences growth, development, and anthocyanin content of Echeveria succulents, and 20°C could be the optimal temperature for the cultivation of the species.
Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/dise... more Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/disease and environmental tolerance and desirable ornamental traits. Among the tools used in mutation breeding, chemical mutation is the most inexpensive way to develop novel plants. Succulents have gained popularity with high market demand because they require minimal watering and have plastic-like visuals. Ornamental succulents with rare leaf morphologies are costly. An LD50 study was conducted beforehand to determine the survival rates of colchicine-treated Echeveria ‘Peerless’. Mutants in the first generation (MV1) were identified and analyzed. Determining whether mutagenic characteristics are carried to the subsequent generation (MV2) is a key component in breeding programs. Additional investigation was performed by producing MV2 plants through vegetative propagation to determine mutagenic retention. For MV2, mutants exhibited shortened leaves, increased leaf width and thickness, and fe...
Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 2022
Sisymbrium irio (2n = 2x = 14) is a wild plant with traits that can offer economic and ecological... more Sisymbrium irio (2n = 2x = 14) is a wild plant with traits that can offer economic and ecological benefits, yet it has received scant attention compared to its closely related species. There is no substantial genomic information generated from this species, thus highlighting the need for molecular cytogenetic analyses. The information provided from karyotypic investigation is essential for developing cytogenetic maps. In the present study, asymmetry/symmetry indexes classified S. irio as having a moderately symmetric karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques were implemented as important cytogenetic tools for the direct detection of chromosomal targets and the study of the evolutionary relationship of crops. Repetitive DNA sequences such as ribosomal DNA (rDNA), C 0 t DNA, telomeric repeats, satellite repeats, and genomic DNA sequences were used as markers for the cytomolecular characterization of S. irio . The linked arrangement of 5 and 18 S rDNA units was found to be located at the terminal regions of the two chromosomes. Arabidopsis -type telomere repeats were detected in the terminal regions. Interestingly, labeled self-gDNA and C 0 t DNA hybridized in the pericentromeric and rDNA regions signifying the preferential distribution of the major repeats. Comparative GISH assays revealed the degree of genomic relationships among S. irio , Raphanus sativus , and Brassica diploids. The cytogenetic maps generated in this study are essential for understanding the genomic organization of S. irio and could be utilized for future validation of its genome assembly.
Mutation breeding is an important tool for developing new cultivars in horticulture. Among the ma... more Mutation breeding is an important tool for developing new cultivars in horticulture. Among the many methods of mutation breeding, chemical mutation is highly effective and can be performed easily. Compared to natural breeding methods, higher mutation rates and the faster induction of desirable characteristics have been reported with the use of chemical mutagens. Succulents have recently gained popularity because of their unique geometrical shapes and their ability to survive with minimal watering. Succulents that have peculiar shapes and colors demand higher prices. In this study, we used colchicine, a chemical mutagen, and tested its application on three Echeveria succulent species. A phenotypic evaluation was conducted on the mutant succulents produced from the application of colchicine on propagated leaf cuttings. Phenotypic evaluation included plant parameters and morphological analysis. Ploidy analysis was conducted to confirm the effects of the mutagen treatments. In all selec...
The prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), native to Mexico, has grown in popularity and is locally grown... more The prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), native to Mexico, has grown in popularity and is locally grown and adapted on Jeju Island. The fruits of this cactus species are in particular widely employed as raw materials, which are then processed into various food and medicinal items, including chocolates and vitamins, for purposes of human consumption. Because this crop has been dubbed one of Jeju’s iconic agricultural crops, research studies elucidating the prickly pear cactus’ medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity, of this particular plant and related cultivated species have demonstrated high value to the scientific community. Currently, consumers do not purchase products f or c onsumption a lone, but in a ddition f or t heir added health benef its. The present study in particular honed in on two species of prickly pear cactus that are cultivated on Jeju Island which include: ‘Baeknyeoncho’ (Opuntia ficus-indica) and ‘Cheonnyeoncho’ (Opuntia humifusa). From these species, s pecif ci p lant p arts i ncluding t he f lower, mature and y oung stems, roots, a nd f ruit w ere subjected to further antioxidant analysis, which included the determination of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and anthocyanin levels. These particular antioxidants were determined during two seasons, over the course of the summer and winter. Results revealed that the antioxidant activity for both species was more active during the summer season. Antioxidant levels occurred at the highest rates within t he flowers o f the c actus plants. However, of significant note was that the cactus stem, in both mature and young plants, possessed higher antioxidant activity compared to those of the fruit that is currently employed for commercial purposes.
Because of their attractive and colorful flowers, many species from the genus Aster serve as gard... more Because of their attractive and colorful flowers, many species from the genus Aster serve as garden plants. Chrysanthemum owes its popularity to its ornamental and medicinal herb value. It can be used as a cut flower, potted plant, vegetable, and herbal tea. Plant breeders have attempted to identify the available species and produce new cultivars to improve the quality of chrysanthemum for commercial purposes. The use of cytogenetic studies has paved the way for identifying compatibility, ancestry, and other useful information for this undertaking. Thus, an investigation was conducted into the chromosome numbers of 23 wild Asteraceae species in Republic of Korea to determine their genetic characteristics and variations. The somatic chromosome spread has been used for chromosome counting. The results revealed that Asteraceae species have a chromosome range from 18 (diploid) to 54 (hexaploid). These findings provide primary and important information on the chromosome numbers in chrysanthemum plants that can be used to select the right variety for cultivation.
Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental plant worldwide, and several of its species are used as he... more Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental plant worldwide, and several of its species are used as herbal tea, medicinal plants, and dietary supplements, among others. Commercial cultivars have been developed through interspecific hybridization and artificial selection to improve the characteristics, production quality, and environmental adaptation for enhancing ornamental value. To better understand the recent research in cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum, we examined studies concerning polyploidy, karyotyping, banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, and inter/intraspecific hybridization. Ploidy level is important in genomic characteristics and has a significant value to horticulturists and plant breeders. Studies have reported that flow cytometry analysis and single-dose molecular markers can be used to determine the chrysanthemum ploidy level. As for karyotyping, a better understanding of karyomorphological relationships and evolution of chrysanthemum and its closely related genera has already been gained. Moreover, karyotype parameters in chrysanthemum studies play a critical role in cultivar identification, classification, and genetic analysis. The FISH technique in chrysanthemum research provides more information on chromosome identification, sequences distribution, and evolution for expediting the development and improvement of plant species. The genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique can also be used to test hybridization in chrysanthemum breeding. Hence, this review of molecular cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum will help us to have a better understanding and knowledge of the taxa breeding and the development and improvement of new cultivars.
Succulents are ornamental plants that are popularly used in landscaping and as potted plants. Min... more Succulents are ornamental plants that are popularly used in landscaping and as potted plants. Miniatureplants that are planted in miniature pots for small spaces or tables, or in elaborateaccessories such as key chains, key holders or hanging pots, have recently become more popular. Their unique characteristics and aesthetic appeal have increased their demand especially for those species that do not grow extensively during transport or for special cases in which they are placed into tiny containers to be used in key chains. This study investigated the effects of the plant growth inhibitors chlormequat, paclobutrazol, and daminozide, on two Echeveria species, Echeveria ‘A Grimme One’ and Echeveria ‘Little Rose’. Results revealed that the plant growth inhibitors successfully controlled the growth of Echeveria species at specific concentrations. Among the inhibitors applied to the succulents, paclobutrazol at 100 ppm was found to be the most effective treatment for both the species.
Few studies have reported how temperature influences growth and development of succulents, includ... more Few studies have reported how temperature influences growth and development of succulents, including anthocyanin production, which could fetch better prices in the market, and understanding the factors influencing such pigments would benefit farmers. The present study investigated the effect of temperature (10°C, 20°C, and 30°C) on the growth, development, and anthocyanin concentrations in Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. In E. agavoides, similar growth performance was observed at 10°C and 20°C based on plant height and diameter. However, subjecting the species to a high temperature of 30°C resulted in a decrease in plant height. In E. marcus, optimal growth performance was observed at 20°C. Different temperatures did not significantly affect succulent quality and color hues. Only L* values were significantly different among the Hunter’s Lab values. Similar results were observed following anthocyanin and image analyses, both of which were not significantly affected by temperature. However, an intense red pigment was observed at 20°C compared with the green pigment observed at 10°C and 30°C based on the image analysis. The results suggest that temperature influences growth, development, and anthocyanin content of Echeveria succulents, and 20°C could be the optimal temperature for the cultivation of the species.
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