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MacOS Mojave:修订间差异

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'''macOS Mojave'''(讀音為{{IPAc-en|m|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɑː|v|i|,_|m|ə|-}} {{respell|mo|HAH|vee}},版本編號為 10.14)是[[蘋果公司]]用於第15代[[Mac系列]]電腦桌面[[作業系統]]的[[軟件版本號]]。Mojave於2018年6月4日舉行的[[蘋果公司全球軟體開發者年會|WWDC]]發布首個開發者預覽版,並於2018年9月24日公開發布正式版<ref>{{cite news |author1=Apple |title=Apple introduces macOS Mojave |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/06/apple-introduces-macos-mojave/ |accessdate=2018-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>。依循蘋果公司自[[OS X Mavericks]]起以[[加利福尼亞州]]的地理景觀命名慣例,這一版macOS命名自加州東南部的[[莫哈韋沙漠]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/macos-mojave-details-latest-update-download-apple-wwdc-ios-iphone-a8383506.html|title=Apple is changing how its Macs work. Here's how|work=The Independent|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609063509/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/macos-mojave-details-latest-update-download-apple-wwdc-ios-iphone-a8383506.html|archivedate=June 9, 2018}}</ref>。其前代是[[MacOS High Sierra]],而繼代是[[MacOS Catalina]]。
 
macOS Mojave把多個[[iOS]]應用程式帶到桌面作業系統,包括[[蘋果新聞]]、語音訊息及{{le|智能家居平台|HomeKit}}。它還包括更全面的{{le|暗黑模式|Light-on-dark color scheme}},並且macOS的終版本以后一个32位元[[應用程式]]的macOS版本<ref name="9to5mac.com">{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Chance |title=Hands-on with dark mode in macOS 10.14 Mojave [Gallery] |url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/06/05/macos-dark-mode-gallery/ |website=9to5Mac|date=June 5, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="32-bit app mojave">{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208436|title=Apple Support - 32-bit app compatibility with macOS High Sierra 10.13.4 and later|date=September 24, 2018|work=Apple Support|access-date=September 25, 2018|archivedate=June 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>。
 
macOS Mojave深受好評,並且在推出後輔以點數作為補充。
 
== 總覽 ==
2018年6月4日,macOS Mojave由蘋果公司於[[聖荷西 (加利福尼亞州)|聖荷西]]举办蘋果公司年度[[蘋果公司全球軟體開發者年會|全球軟體開發者年會(WWDC)]]上發布<ref name="release-date"/><ref name="keynote">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2018/|title=Watch the Apple WWDC Special Event|website=Apple|access-date=June 4, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604155953/https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2018/|archivedate=June 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="apple-mojave press release">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/06/apple-introduces-macos-mojave/|title=Apple introduces macOS Mojave|work=Apple Newsroom|access-date=June 5, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605000026/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/06/apple-introduces-macos-mojave/|archivedate=June 5, 2018}}</ref>。蘋果公司以[[莫哈韋沙漠]]的名字命名它為Mojave,並添加了「pro」的功能使所有用戶受惠。隨著同日,該操作系統的開發者預覽版本已於同日發布給開發者<ref name="apple-mojave press release"/>,[[軟件版本週期#Beta|Beta版本]]隨後也随后於6月26日推出<ref name="cnet-publicbetahandson">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/macos-mojave-beta-hands-on-with-dark-mode-continuity-camera-gallery-view-and-more/|title=MacOS Mojave beta: Hands-on with Dark Mode, Continuity Camera, Gallery View and more|first=Lori|last=Grunin|date=June 26, 2018|website=[[CNET]]}}</ref>。Mojave的零售版本於9月24日發布<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/09/24/apple-releases-macos-mojave-with-dark-mode-apple-news-and-homekit/|title=Apple releases macOS Mojave with Dark Mode, Apple News, and HomeKit|date=2018-09-24|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>。隨後有幾個更新點和補充更新,最近的安全更新在2020年3月24日發布<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple security updates|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201222|website=Apple Support|date=April 23, 2020|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.3, Security Update 2020-001 Mojave, Security Update 2020-001 High Sierra|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211100|website=Apple Support|date=April 16, 2020 |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>。
 
== 系統需求 ==
macOS Mojave需要[[Metal (API)]]支援的[[圖形處理器|GPU]]之Mac機型才可以使用,並且兼容[[macOS High Sierra]]比較前期的版本更具一系列系統的限制性<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/06/28/why-macos-mojave-requires-metal----and-deprecates-opengl|title=Why macOS Mojave requires Metal -- and deprecates OpenGL|last=Thursday|first=Daniel Eran Dilger|last2=June 28|website=AppleInsider|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19|last3=2018|last4=PT|first4=07:01 am}}</ref>。其兼容以下是其兼容的,運行[[OS X Mountain Lion]]或更高版本的[[Mac系列]]型號<ref name="apple-mojave upgrade">{{cite web|date=September 24, 2018|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201475|title=How to upgrade to macOS Mojave|website=Apple Support|accessdate=September 18, 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228023531/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201475|archivedate=February 28, 2019}}</ref>:
* 2015年初或更後期的[[MacBook (Retina显示屏)|MacBook]];
* 2012年中或更後期的[[MacBook Air]];
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=== 系統更新 ===
macOS Mojave棄用支援操作系統的一些舊功能。操作系統仍支援[[OpenGL]]及[[OpenCL]],但維持下去;開發人員獲鼓勵單獨使用蘋果公司的[[Metal (API)]]庫<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.imore.com/opengl-and-opencl-be-depreciated-ios-12-and-macos-mojave|title=OpenGL and OpenCL to be deprecated in iOS 12 and macOS Mojave|first=Anthony|last=Casella|date=June 5, 2018|work=iMore}}</ref>。OpenGL是一個為了支持各種處理器而設計的跨平台圖形框架。蘋果公司在1990年代末在放棄QuickDraw 3D之後,便選擇以OpenGL於Mac電腦中建立對圖形軟件渲染的支援。當時,轉至OpenGL容許蘋果公司用使現有的圖庫,而這些庫存在著各種不同的GPU上啟用了硬件加速的作用。隨著時間的推進,蘋果公司已將其工作重點轉至用於流動和桌面形式的硬件平台。Metal透過放棄抽象層和在「裸機」上運作的概念,以利用作為均質化的硬件。Metal減少了CPU的負載,把更多的任務移至GPU。它也減少了驅動程式的經常性開銷並改善了[[多線程]],讓每個CPU線程都能把向GPU發送指令<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/06/28/why-macos-mojave-requires-metal----and-deprecates-opengl|title=Why macOS Mojave requires Metal — and deprecates OpenGL|last=Dilger|first=Daniel E.|work=Apple Insider|date=June 28, 2018|access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>,從而使Mac在執行3D遊戲時更為順暢。
 
macOS本身不支援Khronos集團的OpenGL正式後繼[[Vulkan (API)]],{{le|MoltenVK|MoltenVK}}庫可以用作橋樑,把大部分Vulkan 1.0的API轉換為Metal API<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/02/vulkan-is-coming-to-macos-ios-but-no-thanks-to-apple/|title=Vulkan is coming to macOS and iOS, but no thanks to Apple|work=Ars Technica|access-date=June 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/12465/khronos-group-extends-vulkan-portability-with-opensource|title=Bringing Vulkan to Apple's Platforms: Khronos Group Announces Open Source MoltenVK 1.0 & SDKs|last=Oh|first=Nate|work=Anandtech|access-date=June 19, 2018}}</ref>。
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=== 應用程式 ===
Mojave對現有應用程式和新應用程式進行了一些變更。[[Finder]]現在可以透過「查看」﹥「顯示預覽」以及許多其他更新進入[[元數據]]預覽<ref name="martellaro">{{cite web |url=https://www.macobserver.com/reviews/quick-look/apples-macos-mojave-a-user-perspective-review/|title=Apple's macOS Mojave: A User Perspective & Review|author=John Martellaro|date=September 26, 2018}}</ref>,包括一個名為「畫廊視圖(Gallery)」的方式檢視(以取代[[Cover Flow]]),讓用戶可以直觀地瀏覽文件<ref name="announced-features">{{Cite news|url=http://osxdaily.com/2018/06/04/macos-mojave-announced-features/|title=MacOS Mojave Announced, Checkout the New Features|date=June 4, 2018|work=OS X Daily|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607183913/http://osxdaily.com/2018/06/04/macos-mojave-announced-features/|archivedate=June 7, 2018}}</ref>。跟[[iOS]]一樣,在屏幕被[[截圖]]後,圖像出現於屏幕的角落。現在,使用屏幕截圖軟件現在可以錄製視頻選擇儲存文件的位置,並透過{{keypress|Command|Shift|5}}來開啟<ref name="features-ranked">{{cite web |url=https://thenextweb.com/apple/2018/09/25/macos-mojave-apple-features-ranked/|title=We ranked macOS Mojave's new features from best to worst|author=Callum Booth|website=[[The Next Web]]|date=September 25, 2018}}</ref>;在「快速查看(Quick Look)」 中增加了標記功能;側邊欄中加入更詳細的資訊及快速動作,使用者可以對檔案進行快速處理,而快速動作可以在 Automator 中自定。
 
[[Safari]]的阻止追踪功能在可以防止社交媒體的「讚好」及「分享」的按鈕和評論小工具於未經許可下追踪用戶。瀏覽器還將關於用戶系統較少的信息發送至Web服務器,以減少基於系統配置被跟踪的機會<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/new-safari-privacy-features-on-macos-mojave-and-ios-12-crack-down-on-nosy-websites/|title=New Safari privacy features on MacOS Mojave and iOS 12 crack down on nosy websites|date=June 5, 2018|publisher=CNET|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606002001/https://www.cnet.com/news/new-safari-privacy-features-on-macos-mojave-and-ios-12-crack-down-on-nosy-websites/|archivedate=June 6, 2018}}</ref>。當用戶創建新的[[用户#用戶賬號|在線帳戶]]時,它還可以自動創建、自動填充和存儲強密碼。它還標記重複使用的密碼,以便用戶可以更改它們<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/3278253/security/apple-puts-privacy-and-security-foremost-in-ios-12-macos-mojave.html|title=Apple puts privacy and security foremost in iOS 12, macOS Mojave|work=MacWorld|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609063509/https://www.macworld.com/article/3278253/security/apple-puts-privacy-and-security-foremost-in-ios-12-macos-mojave.html|archivedate=June 9, 2018}}</ref>。
 
新的截圖截圖應用程式被到MacOS Mojave以取代Grab的應用程式。屏幕截圖可以捕捉已選的區域,一个視窗或整個屏幕,以及屏幕記錄已選區域或整個顯示。屏幕快照的應用程式就如Grab應用程式同樣位於<code>/Applications/Utilities/</code>的資料夾下,屏幕截圖及新增錄影功能也可以透過按下快速鍵{{keypress|Command|Shift|5}}來實現。
 
=== FaceTime ===
2018年10月30日發布的macOS 10.14.1增加了群組[[FaceTime]]的功能,可以讓用戶利用iPhone,iPad或Mac,又iPhone,iPad,Mac是於Apple Watch以視頻或音頻同時32人聊天,發言者的畫面會自動放大,而參與者可以對話中段加入<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2018/10/30/apple-releases-macos-10-14-1/|title=Apple Releases macOS 10.14.1 With Group FaceTime and New Emoji|author=Juli Clover|website=[[MacRumors]]|date=October 30, 2018|access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>。另外,它也支援即時視訊的[[Animoji]]及[[Memoji]]。
 
=== 應用程式商店 ===
[[Mac App Store]]從頭開始重寫的應用程式並且具有類似[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]]的新界面和編者內容。新的「發現」標籤突出顯示了最新和已更新的應用程式;創建、工作、玩樂和開發標籤協助使用者查找用於特定項目或目的之應用程式<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/4/17426444/app-store-redesign-mac-macos-mojave-apple-wwdc-2018|title=Apple is redesigning the Mac App Store in macOS Mojave|work=The Verge|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604195647/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/4/17426444/app-store-redesign-mac-macos-mojave-apple-wwdc-2018|archivedate=June 4, 2018}}</ref>。
 
=== 將iOS應用移植到macOS ===
四個從iOS移植至macOS Mojave的新應用程式([[蘋果新聞|新聞]]、股市、語音備忘錄和{{le|家居應用套件|HomeKit}}),)從iOS移植至macOS Mojave,當中家居應用套件可讓使用者藉此控制 HomeKit 配件,用戶無需離開自己的電腦也可以開關燈光或調校家居電器等設定<ref>{{cite web |title=iOS - 家庭 - Apple (台灣) |url=https://www.apple.com/tw/ios/home/ |website=Apple |accessdate=2018-06-20 |language=zh-TW}}</ref>。蘋果公司於桌面操作系統上實現了[[Cocoa Touch|UIKit]]的子集<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/06/04/new-apps-added-in-macos-mojave-apple-news-stocks-home-and-voice-memos/|title=New apps added in macOS Mojave: Apple News, Stocks, Home, and Voice Memos|date=June 4, 2018|work=9to5Mac|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609063509/https://9to5mac.com/2018/06/04/new-apps-added-in-macos-mojave-apple-news-stocks-home-and-voice-memos/|archivedate=June 9, 2018}}</ref>。第三方開發人員將能夠在2019年把iOS應用程式移植至macOS<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/4/17418994/iphone-app-mac-support-ios-macos-wwdc-2018|title=Apple will let developers port iOS apps to macOS in 2019|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=June 4, 2018|work=The Verge|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604215318/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/4/17418994/iphone-app-mac-support-ios-macos-wwdc-2018|archivedate=June 4, 2018}}</ref>。
 
== 用戶界面 ==
=== 深色模式與強調色彩 ===
{{main|{{le|深色照明配色方案|Light-on-dark color scheme}}}}
macOS Mojave引入了「深色模式(Dark Mode)」,那是一種淺色文字出現於深色用戶界面的配色方案,從而使內容於界面中脫穎而出<ref name="apple-darkmodesupportdoc">{{cite web |title=How to use Dark Mode on your Mac|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208976 |website=Apple Support|publisher=Apple|date= March 25, 2019|accessdate=17 August 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>。在安裝macOS Mojave時或安裝後,用戶可從系統偏好設置中選擇使用黑暗模式或明亮模式<ref name="pcmag-mojavereview"/>。蘋果公司的內置應用程式都支援深色模式<ref name="pcmag-mojavereview"/>應用程序開發者可以透過一個公共[[应用程序接口|應用程式介面]]於其應用程式中實現深色模式<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/04/apple-reveals-new-macos-at-wwdc-2018.html|title=Apple reveals MacOS Mojave and desktop dark mode|first=Anita|last=Balakrishnan|first2=Sara|last2=Salinas|date=June 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=June 6, 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605002952/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/04/apple-reveals-new-macos-at-wwdc-2018.html|archivedate=June 5, 2018}}</ref>。先前於[[OS X Yosemite]]中引入的深色模式僅影響Dock、選項欄及下拉選單<ref name="9to5mac.com"/>。
 
用戶可選擇更換為深色外觀,及使用白天或黑夜的莫哈韋沙漠桌面壁纸。Apple亦有提供API給予開發者將他們的應用程式改成深色外觀。
 
=== 桌面 ===
macOS Mojave从[[Mac OS X Leopard]]中引入[[堆疊 (macOS)|堆疊]]功能,現在用戶可根據文件屬性(如文件種類,上次打開日期,修改日期,創建日期,名稱和標籤)把桌面文件進行<ref name="announced-features"/><ref name="features-ranked"/>。使用者可透過「查看」﹥「使用堆疊」來進入設定<ref name="martellaro"/>。
 
macOS Mojave具有新的動態桌面,可隨著一天中時間的變化<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/04/macos-mojave-includes-dark-mode/|title=macOS Mojave's dark mode makes late-night computing less painful|last=Fingas|first=Jon|date=June 4, 2018|work=Engadget|access-date=June 6, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605225502/https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/04/macos-mojave-includes-dark-mode/|archivedate=June 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>而自動更改特定的桌面背景(其中包括兩個)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/10/01/how-to-create-your-own-dynamic-desktops-in-macos-mojave|title=How to create your own Dynamic Desktops in macOS Mojave|last=Gallagher|first=William|date=October 1, 2018|website=AppleInsider|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>。
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=== 接續互通 ===
在 Mac 上使用 Pages、 Keynote 等辦公軟體進行編輯時,可以使用 iPhone 來拍攝圖片者用 iPhone 來掃描文件,插入到媒體中。
 
== 招待會 ==
macOS Mojave廣泛受到科技記者和媒體的歡迎。《[[The Verge]]》的雅各布·卡斯特雷納克斯(Jacob Kastrenakes)認為Mojave是相對較小的更新<ref name="verge-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Kastrenakes, Jacob|date=September 24, 2018|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/24/17896252/mac-os-mojave-review-updates-dark-mode-new-features|title=MacOS Mojave Review: Dark Mode and a Preview of the Mac's Future|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=September 19, 2019|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>,但卡斯特雷納克斯及傑森·斯內爾(Jason Snell)認為該版本暗示了macOS的未來發展方向<ref name="sixcolors-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Snell, Jason|authorlink=Jason Snell|date=September 24, 2018|url=https://sixcolors.com/post/2018/09/mojave/|title=macOS Mojave review: At the inflection point|website=Six Colors|publisher=|accessdate=September 19, 2019|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>。相比之下,《[[Ars Technica]]》的安德魯·坎寧安(Andrew Cunningham)覺得「Mojave的感覺,即使不是完全具有變革性,也至少比較最近幾個macOS的版本所感覺到的『後果』為多。」坎寧安著重介紹了其生產力的提高以及在macOS的基礎上繼續開展的工作<ref name="arstechnica-mojavereview_1">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2018/09/macos-10-14-mojave-the-ars-technica-review/13/#h13|title=macOS 10.14 Mojave: The Ars Technica review|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=September 24, 2018|accessdate=September 18, 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=Condé Nast}}</ref>。
 
《[[TechCrunch]]》的布萊恩·希爾特(Brian Heater)將macOS Mojave稱為「可以說是最近記憶最集中的macOS版本」,使他們的專業用戶放心指它仍然致力於那裡的過程中起著重要作用<ref name="techcrunch-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Heater, Brian|date=September 24, 2018|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/24/macos-10-14-mojave-review/|title=MacOS 10.14 Mojave Review|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=Verizon Media|accessdate=July 23, 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>。
 
Mojave的新功能受到廣泛好評。評論家都歡迎新增的深色模式<ref name="macworlduk-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Haslam, Karen|date=January 18, 2019|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-software/macos-mojave-review-3681227/|title=MacOS Mojave review|website=[[Macworld|Macworld UK]]|publisher=International Data Group|accessdate=September 19, 2019|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref><ref name="laptopmag-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Casey, Henry|date=September 25, 2018|url=https://www.laptopmag.com/reviews/software/macos-mojave|title=macOS Mojave Review|website=Laptop Mag|publisher=Tom's Guide|accessdate=September 19, 2019|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref><ref name="pcmag-mojavereview">{{cite web|last1=Mendelson|first1=Edward|last2=Muchmore|first2=Michael|date=April 11, 2019|url=https://www.pcmag.com/review/362072/macos-mojave|title=Apple macOS Mojave|website=[[PC Magazine]]|publisher=Ziff Davis|accessdate=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="digitaltrends-mojavereview">{{cite web|author=Wagner, Jayce|date=September 24, 2018|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/macos-mojave-hands-on-review/|title=MacOS Mojave Hands-on Review|website=[[Digital Trends]]|publisher=Designtechnica|accessdate=September 25, 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>