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- Cesur et al. (2016) Sample period: 2001-2011 Context: Turkey GDP per capita: $13,455* Average PM10 Exposure: 66.19g/m3 Infant mortality rate: 9.2 death per 1,000 births21 Neonatal mortality rate: 13.0 deaths per 1,000 births* Measure of Exposure: Annual Post-Natal. Using an IV strategy they estimate that a 10 unit increase in PM10 is associated with an additional 3.017 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.22 Using the Turkey-wide ratio between the neonatal mortality rate and infant mortality rate we attribute 72% of the estimated deaths to neonatal mortality resulting in an additional 2.172 neonatal deaths per 1,000 births.
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- Chay and Greenstone (2003b) Sample period:1978-1984 Context: USA GDP per capita: $33,102 Average PM10 Exposure: 31.02g/m3 -39.11g/m3 (annual average) Infant mortality rate: 11.8 deaths per 1,000 births Neonatal mortality rate: 8.2 deaths per 1,000 births 19 0.007625Ã39 weeksÃ10 units = 2.97 (Table 3, Column 3). 20 The coefficients from columns 2 and 5 in Table 6 Measure of Exposure: Gestational. Using an IV strategy they find that a 10-unit drop in TSP is associated with 0.4 fewer neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. Using the TSP conversion metric this translates into 0.7 fewer neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births per 10 unit reduction in PM10.
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- Neonatal Mortality (deaths/1000 births) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month of Birth (d) Neonatal Mortality Notes: These figures plot: (a) average PM10 exposure during gestation (b), average thermal inversion exposure during gestation (c), average birthweight (d) and the average neonatal mortality rate by month of birth. Figure A2: Full Sample Time-Series Variation in Pollution, Thermal Inversions, Port Traffic, Neonatal Mortality and Birthweight 40 50 60 70 Average Exposure to PM10 (ug/m3) 2 0 0 1 m 1 2 0 0 3 m 1 2 0 0 5 m 1 2 0 0 7 m 1 2 0 0 9 m 1 2 0 1 1 m 1 2 0 1 3 m 1 2 0 1 5 m 1 Time (a) PM10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Gestational Exposure to Thermal Inversions 2 0 0 1 m 1 2 0 0 3 m 1 2 0 0 5 m 1 2 0 0 7 m 1 2 0 0 9 m 1 2 0 1 1 m 1 2 0 1 3 m 1 2 0 1 5 m 1
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Oster, E., A. Chen, and H. Williams, âWhy is Infant Mortality in the US Higher than in Europe,â American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2016, 8 (2), 89â124.
- Our study Sample period: 2001-2014 Context: Hong Kong GDP per capita: $41,764 Average PM10 Exposure: 54.31g/m3 Infant mortality rate: 1.5 deaths per 1,000 births Neonatal mortality rate: 1.15 deaths per 1,000 births Measure of Exposure: Gestational.
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- Using an IV strategy they find that a 10-unit drop in TSP is associated with 0.7-1.3 fewer infant deaths per 1,000 live births.20 . Following Knittel et al. (2016) we apply a commonly used conversion metric of 0.55TSP = PM10, a 10-unit increase in PM10 would be associated with 1.29 - 2.37 more infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Using the ratio between the neonatal mortality rate and infant mortality rate we attribute 76% of the estimated deaths to neonatal mortality, resulting in 0.98 - 1.80 fewer neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births.
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- Using an IV strategy they find that a 10-unit increase in PM10 is associated with an additional 2.97 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births (NMR).19 Chay and Greenstone (2003a) Sample period:1969-1974 Context: USA GDP per capita: $29,843 Average PM10 Exposure: 41.58g/m3 -51.81g/m3 (annual average) Infant mortality rate: 17.9 deaths per 1,000 births Neonatal mortality rate: 13.7 deaths per 1,000 births Measure of Exposure: Gestational.
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Wagner, D. and M. Layne, âThe Person Identification Validation System (PVS): Applying the Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications (CARRA) Record Linkage Software,â Mimeo, 2014.
- We find that a 10-unit increase in PM10 is associated with an additional 0.02 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. 21 As discussed in Cesur et al. (2016), official statistics on deaths, especially for infants, are incomplete in most developing countries, including turkey, due to under-reporting. The paper cites the infant mortality rates from other sources as well. According to WHO, the average mortality rate in the study period is 18.0 deaths per 1,000 births. 22 This estimate is calculated as a 1.15% increase in PM10 relative to the mean, resulting in a 1.45% increase in infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Using the Infant Mortality Rate this corresponds to 4.023 additional deaths. We then multiply this by 0.75 to correspond to 9 months of exposure, resulting in an estimate of 3.017.
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- WHO, âNewborns: Reducing Mortality Factsheet,â September 2019.
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