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1. ———. 2012. “Africa Can Help Feed Africa: Removing Barriers to Regional Trade in Food Staples.” Washington, DC Zhang, Y., D. Parker, and C. Kirkpatrick. 2008. “Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries: An Econometric Assessment of the Effects of Privatization, Competition and Regulation.” Journal of Regulatory Economics, 33(2): 159–78. 28 TABLES Table 1. Sub-Saharan Africa: Country Coverage of the WEF Competition Index Source: World Economic Forum.
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3. Aghion, P., and R. Griffith, 2005. “Competition and Growth: Reconciling Theory and Evidence.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Alesina, A., D. Furceri, J. Ostry, C. Papageorgiou, and D. Quinn. Forthcoming. “The Impact of Structural Reforms on Electoral Outcomes: Using a New Database of Regulatory Stances and Major Policy Changes,” IMF Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.
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13. Figure 3. Selected Groups of Countries: Competition Indicators (BTI), 2008–18 Source: Bertelsmann Stiftung Transformation Index (BTI). Note: Higher values indicate greater competition. The difference between the average in sub-Saharan Africa and advanced and emerging market economies is statistically significant in both periods. DEV = Developing countries; SSA = sub-Saharan Africa. 3 4 5 6 Advanced Emerging DEV excl. SSA SSA Advanced Emerging DEV excl. SSA SSA Advanced Emerging DEV excl.
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17. Markup Emerging market and developing economies (excl. SSA) Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Firm Profitability 2. Firm Markup y = 0.14***x + 0.344 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Profitability Share of firms reporting fewer than 5 competitors Sub-Saharan Africa Emerging market economics and developing countries (excl. SSA) y = 0.31***x + 0.475 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Markup Share of firms reporting fewer than 5 competitors Sub-Saharan Africa Emerging market economics and developing countries (excl. SSA) 45 Figure 10. Sub-Saharan Africa: Firm Markups, 2002–17 Source: IMF staff estimates based on the Orbis database. Note: The series show averages over all firms for each year. Figure 11. Selected Groups of Countries: Markup by Firm type Source: IMF staff estimates.
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21. Note: Index ranges from 1 to 7, with higher values indicating more comprehensive anti-monopoly policy enforcement. 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1973 77 81 85 89 93 97 01 05 09 13 Index Trade Financial market Current account Capital account Product market (telecom, electricity) 0 25 50 75 100 Does the jurisdiction have an independent competition/anti-trust agency? Does the jurisdiction have a formal competition policy? Is the implementation of competition policy in the jurisdiction centralized ? Does the jurisdiction have a competition law or unified legal framework ? Share of positive answers 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 2006 2017 Index Oil exporters Other resource-intensive countries Non-resource-intensive countries
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22. Ostry, J., A. Prati, and A. Spilimbergo. 2009. “Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in Advanced and Developing Countries.” IMF Occasional Paper 268, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.
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25. Saggay, A., A. Heshmati, and M. Dhif. 2007. “Effects of Trade Liberalization on Domestic prices Some Evidence from Tunisian Manufacturing.” International Review of Economics, 54: 148–75.

26. Schumpeter, J. 1942. “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.” New York: Harper & Brothers.
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27. SSA SSA Index Average 2008–12 Average 2014–18 43 Figure 4. Selected Groups of Countries: Revised WEF Competition Indicators, 2018 Source: World Economic Forum. Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. Note: Higher values indicate greater competition. DEV = Developing countries; SSA = sub-Saharan Africa.
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28. SSA SSA Overall competition Domestic competition Foreign competition Index Average 2013–17 Average 2007–12 14 13 14 10 9 9 7 7 7 2 2 2 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Overall competition Domestic competition Foreign competition Share of countries Firstquartile Second quartile Third quartile Fourth quartile 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Advanced Emerging Developing excl. SSA SSA Advanced Emerging Developing excl.
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29. Table 2. Components of the World Economic Forum's Competition Index Source: World Economic Forum, 2018, Methodology and Computation of the Global Competitiveness Index 2017–18. Table 3. Sub-Saharan Africa: Country Coverage of the BTI Source: Bertelsmann Stiftung Foundation. Note: Data available every two years.
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31. Wagner, J. 2012, “International Trade and Firm Performance: A Survey of Empirical Studies since 2006.” Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 148 (2): 235–267 World Bank. 2016. “Breaking Down Barriers: Unlocking Africa's Potential through Vigorous Competition Policy.” World Bank: Washington, D.C. ———. 2016. “Breaking Down Barriers, Unlocking Africa’s Potential through Vigorous Competition Policy.” Washington, DC.

1. Investment, firm-specific uncertainty, and market power in South Africa. (2021). Rakeeb, Fathima Roshan ; Noikokyris, Emmanouil ; Chortareas, Georgios.
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2. Competition policy and labor productivity growth: some new evidence. (2020). Katsoulacos, Yannis ; Makri, Galateia ; Kyriazidou, Ekaterini ; Benetatou, Kelly.
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3. Competition, Competitiveness and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. (2020). Yoon, Jung Eun ; Yenice, Mustafa ; Yang, Yuanchen ; Gonzalez-Garcia, Jesus R ; Fang, Xiangming ; Dhungana, Sandesh ; Cherif, Reda.
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4. The relationship among enterprise clustering, prices, and productivity in Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector. (2020). Soderbom, Mans ; Siba, Eyerusalem ; Gebreeyesus, Mulu ; Bigsten, Arne.
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5. Trade liberalization and South African manufacturing: Looking back with data. (2019). Driver, Ciaran ; Ciaran, Driver.
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6. Competencia económica : reflexiones sobre los diez años de la Ley 1340 de 2009. (2019). Beltran, Editor Ismael ; Maria, Editor Ana.
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7. Are economic rents good for development? Evidence from the manufacturing sector. (2018). Schwab, Daniel ; Werker, Eric .
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8. Exploring unbalanced growth: Understanding the sectoral structure of the South African economy. (2018). Fedderke, Johannes.
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9. Export profitability, competition and technology. (2017). Marjit, Sugata ; Ray, Moushakhi .
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10. Estimating South Africas Output Gap and Potential Growth Rate. (2017). Fedderke, Johannes ; Mengisteab, Daniel K.
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11. Schumpeterian and semi-endogenous productivity growth explanations. (2017). Fedderke, Johannes ; Liu, Yang.
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12. Total factor productivity in South African manufacturing firms. (2016). Newman, Carol ; Kreuser, Friedrich C.
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13. Competition, Innovation, and the Number of Firms. (2016). Bento, Pedro.
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14. Competition, Innovation, and the Number of Firms. (2016). Bento, Pedro.
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15. Inflation in South Africa: An Assessment of Alternative Inflation Models. (2016). Fedderke, Johannes ; Liu, Yang.
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16. Inflation in South Africa- An Assessment of Alternative Inflation Models. (2016). Fedderke, Johannes ; Liu, Yang.
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17. Does trade liberalization help to reduce gender inequality? A cross-country panel data analysis of wage gap. (2016). Kimura, Nozomi .
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18. Institutions and Creative Destruction in CEECs: Determinants of Inefficient Use of Assets. (2015). Fidrmuc, Jarko ; Siddiqui, Martin.
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19. Mark-ups and competition: a comparison of the profitability of listed South African industrial companies. (2015). Katzke, Nico ; Du Plessis, Stan ; Hart, Chris ; Gilbert, Evan .
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20. Analysing the Price Cost Markup and Its Behaviour over the Business Cycles in Case of Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan. (2015). Javid, Attiya ; Ahmad, Salman.
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21. Institutions and Creative Destruction in CEECs: Determinants of Inefficient Use of Assets. (2015). Fidrmuc, Jarko ; Siddiquiy, Martin .
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22. African Growth, Non-Linearities and Strong Dependence: An Empirical Study. (2015). Gil-Alana, Luis ; Caporale, Guglielmo Maria ; Balprad, Borja ; Gil-Alaa, Luis Alberiko .
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23. South Africa Economic Update : Focus on Export Competitiveness. (2014). Bank, World.
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24. Competition as a Discovery Procedure: Schumpeter Meets Hayek in a Model of Innovation. (2013). Bento, Pedro.
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25. PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND COMPETITION IN TUNISIAN MANUFACTURING FIRMS. (2013). Amri, Fethi ; Mouelhi, Rim.
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26. Capital Structure, Product Market Competition and Firm Performance: Evidence from South Africa. (2013). Fosu, Samuel.
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27. Capital structure, product market competition and firm performance: Evidence from South Africa. (2013). Fosu, Samuel.
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28. Testing creative destruction in an opening economy. (2013). Viegi, Nicola ; Howitt, Peter ; Fedderke, Johannes ; Aghion, Philippe.
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29. Enterprise Agglomeration, Output Prices, and Physical Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Ethiopia. (2012). Bigsten, Arne ; Gebreeyesus, Mulu ; Soderbom, Mans ; Måns Soderbom, .
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30. Enterprise Agglomeration, Output Prices, and Physical Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Ethiopia. (2012). Gebreeyesus, Mulu ; Bigsten, Arne ; Soderbom, Mns.
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31. Enterprise Agglomeration, Output Prices, and Physical Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Ethiopia. (2012). Gebreeyesus, Mulu ; Bigsten, Arne ; Soderbom, Mns ; Siba, Eyerusalem.
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32. The Cost of Rigidity: The Case of the South African Labor Market. (2012). Fedderke, Johannes.
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33. Decisiones financieras, competencia en el mercado y desempeño de las empresas: Evidencia empírica para Iberoamérica/Financial Decisions, Market Competition and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence . (2012). SaNCHEZ-VALADEZ, MANUEL .
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34. Trade policy in a growth model with technology gap dynamics and simulations for South Africa. (2012). Stokke, Hildegunn ; Rattso, Jorn.
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35. An analysis of industry concentration in South African manufacturing, 1972-2001. (2011). Fedderke, Johannes ; Naumann, Dietmar .
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36. South Africa; The Cyclical Behavior of the Markups and its Implications for Monetary Policy. (2011). Klein, Nir.
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37. South Africa: 2011 Article IV Consultation - Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Africa; Sout. (2011). International Monetary Fund, .
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38. Productivity and Competition from a Global Point of View. (2011). Plasmans, Joseph .
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39. How to Increase the Growth Rate in South Africa?. (2010). Rossouw, Stephanie ; Pacheco, Gail.
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40. Firm Level Productivity under Imperfect Competition in Output and Labor Markets. (2010). Plasmans, Joseph ; Kort, Peter ; Amoroso, Sara ; Melenberg, Bertrand ; Vancauteren, Mark.
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41. Industrial labour productivities and tariffs in South Africa. (2010). Rattso, Jorn ; Harding, Torfinn.
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42. Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in south Africa. (2009). Robinson, Sherman ; Go, Delfin ; Korman, Vijdan ; Kearney, Marna ; Thierfelder, Karen.
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43. Industrial labor productivities and tariffs in South Africa. Identification based on multilateral liberalization reform. (2009). Rattso, Jorn ; Harding, Torfinn.
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44. Industrial labor productivities and tariffs in South Africa: Identification based on multilateral liberalization reform. (2009). Rattso, Jorn ; Harding, Torfinn.
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45. Looking Abroad, but Lagging Behind: How the World Technology Frontier Affects South Africa. (2009). Rattso, Jorn ; Harding, Torfinn.
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46. Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment-productivity-trade interaction. (2009). Stokke, Hildegunn ; Rattso, Jorn.
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47. Testing Creative Destruction in an Opening Economy : the Case of the South African Manufacturing Inudstries. (2008). Viegi, Nicola ; Howitt, Peter ; Fedderke, Johannes ; Aghion, Philippe ; Kularatne, Chandana .
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48. South African trade policy matters. (2008). Lawrence, Robert ; Edwards, Lawrence.
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49. Competition, Innovation, and the Number of Firms. (). Bento, Pedro.
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50. Inflation, Output and Monetary Policy in South Africa. (). Komba, Coretha ; Ngalawa, Harold.
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