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General Gregor MacGregor (24 December 1786 – 4 December 1845) was a Scottish soldier, adventurer, and confidence trickster who attempted from 1821 to 1837 to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory that he claimed to rule as "Cazique". Hundreds invested their savings in supposed Poyaisian government bonds and land certificates, while about 250 emigrated to MacGregor's invented country in 1822–23 to find only an untouched jungle; more than half of them died. Seen as a contributory factor to the "Panic of 1825", MacGregor's Poyais scheme has been called one of the most brazen confidence tricks in history.

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dbo:abstract
  • Gregor MacGregor (* 24. Dezember 1786 in Edinburgh; † 3. Dezember 1845 in Caracas) war General in den südamerikanischen Befreiungskriegen. Später wurde er als Betrüger und Hochstapler bekannt, der als „Fürst von Poyais“ das vermeintliche mittelamerikanische Fürstentum mit der Hauptstadt St. Joseph frei erfunden und vermarktet hat. (de)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 de diciembre de 1786-Caracas, 4 de diciembre de 1845) fue un comandante distinguido en la guerra de independencia de Venezuela donde fue llamado el Jenofonte de América.​ A partir de 1820, llegó a autoproclamarse príncipe del imaginario estado de Poyais (supuestamente situado en la costa de Mosquitos), organizando un fraude a gran escala de venta de tierras que contribuiría a agudizar la crisis económica de 1825. (es)
  • General Gregor MacGregor (24 December 1786 – 4 December 1845) was a Scottish soldier, adventurer, and confidence trickster who attempted from 1821 to 1837 to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory that he claimed to rule as "Cazique". Hundreds invested their savings in supposed Poyaisian government bonds and land certificates, while about 250 emigrated to MacGregor's invented country in 1822–23 to find only an untouched jungle; more than half of them died. Seen as a contributory factor to the "Panic of 1825", MacGregor's Poyais scheme has been called one of the most brazen confidence tricks in history. From the Clan Gregor, MacGregor was an officer in the British Army from 1803 to 1810; he served in the Peninsular War. He joined the republican side in the Venezuelan War of Independence in 1812, quickly became a general and, over the next four years, operated against the Spanish on behalf of both Venezuela and its neighbour New Granada. His successes included a difficult month-long fighting retreat through northern Venezuela in 1816. He captured Amelia Island in 1817 under a mandate from revolutionary agents to conquer Florida from the Spanish, and there proclaimed a short-lived "Republic of the Floridas". He then oversaw two calamitous operations in New Granada during 1819 that each ended with his abandoning British volunteer troops under his command. On his return to Britain in 1821, MacGregor claimed that King George Frederic Augustus of the Mosquito Coast in the Gulf of Honduras had created him Cazique of Poyais, which he described as a developed colony with a community of British settlers. When the British press reported on MacGregor's deception following the return of fewer than 50 survivors in late 1823, some of his victims leaped to his defence, insisting that the general had been let down by those whom he had put in charge of the emigration party. A French court tried MacGregor and three others for fraud in 1826 after he attempted a variation on the scheme there, but convicted only one of his associates. Acquitted, MacGregor attempted lesser Poyais schemes in London over the next decade. In 1838, he moved to Venezuela, where he was welcomed back as a hero. He died in Caracas in 1845, aged 58, and was buried with full military honours in Caracas Cathedral. (en)
  • Gregor MacGregor, né le 24 décembre 1786 dans le Stirlingshire et mort le 4 décembre 1845 à Caracas, est un soldat, mercenaire, aventurier et escroc écossais. (fr)
  • 将官グレガー・マグレガー(General Gregor MacGregor、1786年12月24日 - 1845年12月4日)はスコットランドの兵士、冒険家、そして信用詐欺師である。彼は1821年から1837年まで、イギリスとフランスの投資家らや入植者らを、自分が「族長」("Cazique")として支配すると主張した架空の中央アメリカの領土「ポウヤイズ」("Poyais")に引き寄せようとした。何百人もの人々が貯蓄をポウヤイズ政府債券とされるものと土地証明書に投資し、1822年から23年に約250人がマグレガーの捏造国に移住すると、手つかずのジャングルだけであった。彼らの半分以上が死亡した。マグレガーのポウヤイズ計画は、歴史上最もあつかましい信用詐欺の1つと呼ばれてきた。 1803年から1810年までグレガー族(Clan Gregor)から、マグレガーはイギリス軍の将校であった。半島戦争で働いた。1812年にベネズエラ独立戦争で共和政側に加わり、すぐに将官になり、次の4年間で、ベネズエラとその隣国ヌエバ・グラナダとの両方を代表してスペインに反対する活動をした。その成功には、1816年にベネズエラ北部を通過する、困難な1か月間の戦闘しながらの撤退が含まれていた。1817年に、革命的なエージェントらからスペイン人からフロリダを征服するという命令の下でアメリア島を占領し、同地で短命な「フロリダ共和国」("Republic of the Floridas")を宣言した。その後、1819年にヌエバ・グラナダで2回の悲惨な作戦行動を監督し、それぞれで、彼の指揮下にあるイギリス志願兵部隊を遺棄することで終了した。 マグレガーは1821年にイギリスに戻るや、ホンジュラス湾のモスキートス海岸のジョージ・フレデリック・オーガスタス1世が自分をポウヤイズの族長にした、と主張した。ポウヤイズをイギリス人入植者コミュニティーを持つ開発されたコロニーであると説明した。イギリスの報道が1823年後半に50人未満の生存者の帰還につづくマグレガーの詐欺について報じたとき、犠牲者の何人かは彼の弁護に飛びつき、将官は自分が移出民団を担当させた人々によって失望させられた、と主張した。フランスの裁判所は、1826年にマグレガーと他の3人を詐欺で公判に付し、その後、彼は同地で計画の変更を試みたが、しかし彼の仲間の1人だけが有罪判決を受けた。マグレガーは無罪判決を受けて、次の10年間、ロンドンでもっと少ないポウヤイズ計画を試みた。1838年に、ベネズエラに移り、同地で英雄として歓迎された。1845年にカラカスで58歳で死亡し、カラカス大聖堂に完全な軍事的名誉をもって埋葬された。 (ja)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 dicembre 1786 – Caracas, 3 dicembre 1845) è stato un militare, avventuriero e truffatore britannico. Dopo aver combattuto nelle guerre d'indipendenza sudamericane, tornò in Inghilterra nel 1820, dove si fece passare per cacicco di "Poyais" (nota anche come Principato di Poyais, Territorio di Poyais, Repubblica di Poyais), un'inesistente nazione dell'America centrale da lui inventata, grazie alla quale truffò diversi investitori e aspiranti pionieri. (it)
  • Gregor MacGregor (ur. 1786, zm. 1845) – brytyjski żołnierz i oszust. (pl)
  • Грегор Макгрегор (англ. Gregor MacGregor, 24 декабря 1786 — 4 декабря 1845) — шотландский военнослужащий, путешественник и мошенник из клана Макгрегор. (ru)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 de dezembro de 1786 - Caracas, 4 de dezembro de 1845) foi um militar, aventureiro e vigarista escocês. Lutou na Guerra de independência da Venezuela, ficou conhecido como ladrão e impostor, por se declarar "Príncipe de Poyais", um país fictício usado para atrair investidores e até mesmo colonos. Filho do Capitão Daniel MacGregor e de Ann Austin, com 17 anos juntou-se à Marinha Britânica para lutar contra Napoleão Bonaparte. Aos 25 anos ficou sabendo dos movimentos de independência na América do Sul. Junto com Simon Bolivar decidiu lutar pela independência da Venezuela para ser livre da Espanha. Conseguiu o cargo de Coronel logo na chegada em virtude de já ter lutado junto à Inglaterra, sendo promovido a General em 1817, quando já estava casado com uma prima de Bolívar. Em 1820, ele retornou à Grã-Bretanha. Por muitos é considerado o maior trambiqueiro da história, com sua lábia e astúcia conseguiu enganar muitos ingleses após inventar Poyais, uma monarquia latino-americana com instituições sólidas, economia moderna, um exército respeitável e grandes recursos naturais. Através de uma campanha publicitária elaborada, ele conseguiu persuadir as pessoas não só para investir as suas poupanças nos títulos de um governo não-existente, mas também emigrar para um país fictício. Assim, viveu durante anos vendendo terras e cargos de Poyais. Após a morte da sua esposa voltou à Venezuela, onde se aposentou com pensão de general. Gregor faleceu no dia 4 de dezembro de 1845, uma quinta-feira, aos 58 anos, em Caracas. (pt)
dbo:allegiance
  • (1803–10)
  • (1816–17, 1839–45)
  • New Granada(1813–15, 1818–19)
  • Venezuela(1812)
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  • right (en)
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  • Venezuela (en)
  • (en)
  • New Granada (en)
dbp:almaMater
dbp:alt
  • A map. See description. (en)
  • A man with dark hair and side-burns, wearing a dark, early-19th-century general's uniform. (en)
dbp:alternativemap
  • Middle America location map.svg (en)
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  • 1786-12-24 (xsd:date)
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  • Amelia Island's location in modern Florida. Inset: the Green Cross flag raised by MacGregor, later the flag was reused by MacGregor as the flag of the fraudulent country of Poyais (en)
  • General Gregor MacGregor; mezzotint by Samuel William Reynolds, after Simon Jacques Rochard, c. 1820–35 (en)
  • Supposed location of Poyais and places relevant to MacGregor's prior exploits (en)
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  • 1845-12-04 (xsd:date)
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  • Involved in Amelia Island affair of 1817. Claimed to be Cazique of Poyais from 1821 to 1837. (en)
dbp:name
  • Gregor MacGregor (en)
dbp:placeofburial
  • Caracas, Venezuela (en)
dbp:placeofburialLabel
  • Place of burial (en)
dbp:quote
  • We'll a' gang to Poyais thegither, We'll a' gang ower the seas thegither, To fairer lands and brighter skies, Nor sigh again for Hieland heather. (en)
  • ... disease seized upon them and spread rapidly. Lack of proper food and water, and failure to take the requisite sanitary precautions, brought on intermittent fever and dysentery. ... Whole families were ill. Most of the sufferers lay on the ground without other protection from the sun and rain than a few leaves and branches thrown across some sticks. Many were so weak as to be unable to crawl to the woods for the common offices of nature. The stench arising from the filth they were in was unendurable. (en)
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  • 1 (xsd:integer)
dbp:rank
dbp:source
  • The Poyais emigrants' situation, as described by Alfred Hasbrouck in 1927 (en)
  • Chorus of "The Poyais Emigrant", one of the ballads composed to advertise Poyais (en)
dbp:title
  • The Poyais Emigrant (en)
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  • Gregor MacGregor (* 24. Dezember 1786 in Edinburgh; † 3. Dezember 1845 in Caracas) war General in den südamerikanischen Befreiungskriegen. Später wurde er als Betrüger und Hochstapler bekannt, der als „Fürst von Poyais“ das vermeintliche mittelamerikanische Fürstentum mit der Hauptstadt St. Joseph frei erfunden und vermarktet hat. (de)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 de diciembre de 1786-Caracas, 4 de diciembre de 1845) fue un comandante distinguido en la guerra de independencia de Venezuela donde fue llamado el Jenofonte de América.​ A partir de 1820, llegó a autoproclamarse príncipe del imaginario estado de Poyais (supuestamente situado en la costa de Mosquitos), organizando un fraude a gran escala de venta de tierras que contribuiría a agudizar la crisis económica de 1825. (es)
  • Gregor MacGregor, né le 24 décembre 1786 dans le Stirlingshire et mort le 4 décembre 1845 à Caracas, est un soldat, mercenaire, aventurier et escroc écossais. (fr)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 dicembre 1786 – Caracas, 3 dicembre 1845) è stato un militare, avventuriero e truffatore britannico. Dopo aver combattuto nelle guerre d'indipendenza sudamericane, tornò in Inghilterra nel 1820, dove si fece passare per cacicco di "Poyais" (nota anche come Principato di Poyais, Territorio di Poyais, Repubblica di Poyais), un'inesistente nazione dell'America centrale da lui inventata, grazie alla quale truffò diversi investitori e aspiranti pionieri. (it)
  • Gregor MacGregor (ur. 1786, zm. 1845) – brytyjski żołnierz i oszust. (pl)
  • Грегор Макгрегор (англ. Gregor MacGregor, 24 декабря 1786 — 4 декабря 1845) — шотландский военнослужащий, путешественник и мошенник из клана Макгрегор. (ru)
  • General Gregor MacGregor (24 December 1786 – 4 December 1845) was a Scottish soldier, adventurer, and confidence trickster who attempted from 1821 to 1837 to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory that he claimed to rule as "Cazique". Hundreds invested their savings in supposed Poyaisian government bonds and land certificates, while about 250 emigrated to MacGregor's invented country in 1822–23 to find only an untouched jungle; more than half of them died. Seen as a contributory factor to the "Panic of 1825", MacGregor's Poyais scheme has been called one of the most brazen confidence tricks in history. (en)
  • 将官グレガー・マグレガー(General Gregor MacGregor、1786年12月24日 - 1845年12月4日)はスコットランドの兵士、冒険家、そして信用詐欺師である。彼は1821年から1837年まで、イギリスとフランスの投資家らや入植者らを、自分が「族長」("Cazique")として支配すると主張した架空の中央アメリカの領土「ポウヤイズ」("Poyais")に引き寄せようとした。何百人もの人々が貯蓄をポウヤイズ政府債券とされるものと土地証明書に投資し、1822年から23年に約250人がマグレガーの捏造国に移住すると、手つかずのジャングルだけであった。彼らの半分以上が死亡した。マグレガーのポウヤイズ計画は、歴史上最もあつかましい信用詐欺の1つと呼ばれてきた。 (ja)
  • Gregor MacGregor (Edimburgo, 24 de dezembro de 1786 - Caracas, 4 de dezembro de 1845) foi um militar, aventureiro e vigarista escocês. Lutou na Guerra de independência da Venezuela, ficou conhecido como ladrão e impostor, por se declarar "Príncipe de Poyais", um país fictício usado para atrair investidores e até mesmo colonos. (pt)
rdfs:label
  • Gregor MacGregor (en)
  • Gregor MacGregor (de)
  • Gregor MacGregor (es)
  • Gregor MacGregor (fr)
  • Gregor MacGregor (it)
  • グレガー・マグレガー (ja)
  • Gregor MacGregor (pl)
  • Gregor MacGregor (pt)
  • Макгрегор, Грегор (ru)
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  • Gregor MacGregor (en)
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