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- The Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar was a fifty-cent piece struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint. Bearing portraits of former U.S. Presidents James Monroe and John Quincy Adams, the coin was issued in commemoration of the centennial of the Monroe Doctrine and was produced at the San Francisco Mint in 1923. Sculptor Chester Beach is credited with the design, although the reverse closely resembles an earlier work by Raphael Beck. In 1922, the motion picture industry was faced with a number of scandals, including manslaughter charges against star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle. Although Arbuckle was eventually acquitted, motion picture executives sought ways of getting good publicity for Hollywood. One means was an exposition, to be held in Los Angeles in mid-1923. To induce Congress to issue a commemorative coin as a fundraiser for the fair, organizers associated the exposition with the 100th anniversary of the Monroe Doctrine, and legislation for a commemorative half dollar for the centennial was passed. The exposition was a financial failure. The coins did not sell well, and the bulk of the mintage of over 270,000 was released into circulation. Beach faced accusations of plagiarism because of the similarity of the reverse design to a work by Beck, though he and fellow sculptor James Earle Fraser denied any impropriety. Many of the pieces that had been sold at a premium and saved were spent during the Depression; most surviving coins show evidence of wear. (en)
- 门罗主义百年纪念半美元（英語：Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar）是美国铸币局生产的一种50美分面额硬币，其正面刻有两位前总统詹姆斯·门罗和约翰·昆西·亚当斯的头像，旨在纪念门罗主义100周年，由旧金山铸币局在1923年铸造。纪念币由雕塑家切斯特·比奇设计，不过硬币背面与拉斐尔·贝克之前的另一作品非常相似。 1922年，美国电影业因包括丑闻在内的多种不利因素身陷泥潭，罗斯科·阿巴克尔受过失杀人罪指控，虽然最终获判罪名不成立，但仍对整个行业造成不利影响，电影公司巨头于是寻求手段来为好莱坞争取正面宣传，1923年中期在洛杉矶举行的博览会就是这样一种宣传手段。为了促使国会同意发行纪念币来为展会筹资，组织员将博览会与门罗主义100周年联系起来，国会于是通过法案，授权制作半美元银质纪念币。 博览在成本上入不敷出，硬币销售状况欠佳，共计生产的27万枚中绝大部分都进入市场流通。贝克指控比奇设计的背面剽窃了他多年前设计的印章，但比奇和另一位雕塑家詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽对此予以否认。以发行价买下的银币中又有许多在大萧条期间消费掉了，大部分现存的这种纪念币都存在一定程度磨损。 (zh)
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- Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar (en)
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- S . Located under date on obverse. (en)
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- Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar obverse.jpg (en)
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- Conjoined heads of former presidents James Monroe and John Quincy Adams (en)
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- Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar reverse.jpg (en)
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- Stylized figures representing North and South America touch at the Panama Canal. (en)
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- Chester Beach; resembling a design by Raphael Beck (en)
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- 门罗主义百年纪念半美元（英語：Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar）是美国铸币局生产的一种50美分面额硬币，其正面刻有两位前总统詹姆斯·门罗和约翰·昆西·亚当斯的头像，旨在纪念门罗主义100周年，由旧金山铸币局在1923年铸造。纪念币由雕塑家切斯特·比奇设计，不过硬币背面与拉斐尔·贝克之前的另一作品非常相似。 1922年，美国电影业因包括丑闻在内的多种不利因素身陷泥潭，罗斯科·阿巴克尔受过失杀人罪指控，虽然最终获判罪名不成立，但仍对整个行业造成不利影响，电影公司巨头于是寻求手段来为好莱坞争取正面宣传，1923年中期在洛杉矶举行的博览会就是这样一种宣传手段。为了促使国会同意发行纪念币来为展会筹资，组织员将博览会与门罗主义100周年联系起来，国会于是通过法案，授权制作半美元银质纪念币。 博览在成本上入不敷出，硬币销售状况欠佳，共计生产的27万枚中绝大部分都进入市场流通。贝克指控比奇设计的背面剽窃了他多年前设计的印章，但比奇和另一位雕塑家詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽对此予以否认。以发行价买下的银币中又有许多在大萧条期间消费掉了，大部分现存的这种纪念币都存在一定程度磨损。 (zh)
- The Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar was a fifty-cent piece struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint. Bearing portraits of former U.S. Presidents James Monroe and John Quincy Adams, the coin was issued in commemoration of the centennial of the Monroe Doctrine and was produced at the San Francisco Mint in 1923. Sculptor Chester Beach is credited with the design, although the reverse closely resembles an earlier work by Raphael Beck. (en)
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- Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar (en)
- 门罗主义百年纪念半美元 (zh)
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