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- الشُرطة في اللغة تعني الخير؛ لأن شرطة كل شيء خياره، وقيل أشراط الشئ أوائله، منه أشراط الساعة، وقيل: الأشراط: الأشراف(لسان العرب). (ar)
- Xurta (àrab Shurta) és el nom de la policia als territoris històricament musulmans. Es va donar des dels primers temps a unes forces d'elit encarregades d'imposar la llei i l'orde. A l'Àndalus hi havia fins a tres classes de xurta segons l'historiador i arabista Levi-Provençal. (ca)
- Shurṭa (Arabic: شرطة) is the common Arabic term for police, although its precise meaning is that of a "picked" or elite force. Bodies termed shurṭa were established in the early days of the Caliphate, perhaps as early as the caliphate of Uthman (644–656). In the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the shurṭa had considerable power, and its head, the ṣāḥib al-shurṭa (Arabic: صاحب الشرطة), was an important official, whether at the provincial level or in the central government. The duties of the shurṭa varied with time and place: it was primarily a police and internal security force and also had judicial functions, but it could also be entrusted with suppressing brigandage, enforcing the ḥisbah, customs and tax duties, rubbish collection, acting as a bodyguard for governors, etc. In the Abbasid East, the chief of police also supervised the prison system. From the 10th century, the importance of the shurṭa declined, along with the power of the central government: the army—now dominated by foreign military castes (ghilmān or mamālīk)—assumed the internal security role, while the cities regained a measure of self-government and appropriated the more local tasks of the shurṭa such as that of the night watch. (en)
- Syurṭah (bahasa Arab: شرطة) adalah istilah Arab umum untuk polisi, meskipun pengartian pastinya adalah pasukan elit. Badan-badan yang disebut syurṭah didirikan pada masa-masa awal Kekhalifahan, mungkin seawal-awalnya pada zaman kekhalifahan Utsman (644–656). (in)
- Xurta ou churta (em árabe: شرطة; romaniz.: xurṭa) é um termo árabe comum para polícia, embora seu significado preciso é de força "selecionada" ou de elite. Corpos determinados como "xurta" foram estabelecidos já no Califado Ortodoxo, talvez tão cedo quanto o reinado de Otomão (r. 644–656). Nos tempos omíada e abássida, possuía considerável poder e seu chefe, chamado " da xurta" (em árabe: صاحب الشرطة; romaniz.: ṣāḥib al-xurṭa), era um oficial importante, quer ao nível provincial ou no governo central. Os deveres da xurta variaram com o tempo e lugar: foi primordialmente uma polícia e força de e também possuía funções judiciais, podendo também receber como missão a supressão de depredação, fazer cumprir a , costumes e deveres fiscais, recolher lixo, atuar como corpo de guarda dos governadores, etc. Desde o século X, a importância da xurta declinou, junto com o poder do governo central: o exército - agora dominado por castas militares estrangeiras (gulans ou mamelucos) - assumiu o papel de segurança interna, enquanto as cidades readquiriram uma forma de alto-governo e apropriaram-se das tarefas mais locais da xurta como a vigília noturna. (pt)
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- الشُرطة في اللغة تعني الخير؛ لأن شرطة كل شيء خياره، وقيل أشراط الشئ أوائله، منه أشراط الساعة، وقيل: الأشراط: الأشراف(لسان العرب). (ar)
- Xurta (àrab Shurta) és el nom de la policia als territoris històricament musulmans. Es va donar des dels primers temps a unes forces d'elit encarregades d'imposar la llei i l'orde. A l'Àndalus hi havia fins a tres classes de xurta segons l'historiador i arabista Levi-Provençal. (ca)
- Syurṭah (bahasa Arab: شرطة) adalah istilah Arab umum untuk polisi, meskipun pengartian pastinya adalah pasukan elit. Badan-badan yang disebut syurṭah didirikan pada masa-masa awal Kekhalifahan, mungkin seawal-awalnya pada zaman kekhalifahan Utsman (644–656). (in)
- Shurṭa (Arabic: شرطة) is the common Arabic term for police, although its precise meaning is that of a "picked" or elite force. Bodies termed shurṭa were established in the early days of the Caliphate, perhaps as early as the caliphate of Uthman (644–656). In the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the shurṭa had considerable power, and its head, the ṣāḥib al-shurṭa (Arabic: صاحب الشرطة), was an important official, whether at the provincial level or in the central government. The duties of the shurṭa varied with time and place: it was primarily a police and internal security force and also had judicial functions, but it could also be entrusted with suppressing brigandage, enforcing the ḥisbah, customs and tax duties, rubbish collection, acting as a bodyguard for governors, etc. In the Abbasid E (en)
- Xurta ou churta (em árabe: شرطة; romaniz.: xurṭa) é um termo árabe comum para polícia, embora seu significado preciso é de força "selecionada" ou de elite. Corpos determinados como "xurta" foram estabelecidos já no Califado Ortodoxo, talvez tão cedo quanto o reinado de Otomão (r. 644–656). Nos tempos omíada e abássida, possuía considerável poder e seu chefe, chamado " da xurta" (em árabe: صاحب الشرطة; romaniz.: ṣāḥib al-xurṭa), era um oficial importante, quer ao nível provincial ou no governo central. (pt)
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