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Osijek

Coordinates: 45°33′20″N 18°41′40″E / 45.55556°N 18.69444°E / 45.55556; 18.69444
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"Mursa" redirects here. For the genus of moths, see Mursa (moth). For the barbel species, see Luciobarbus mursa.

Osijek
City
Grad Osijek
City of Osijek
Clockwise, from top: Tvrđa, Tram on Ante Starčević Square, Postal palace, Ante Starčević Square, Pedestrian bridge, European Avenue, Gradski vrt Hall and Palace of Slavonian General Command
Flag of Osijek
Flag
Coat of arms of Osijek
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Grad na Dravi (City on Drava), Nepokoreni grad (Unconquered City), Slavonska metropola (Slavonian metropolis)
Osijek is located in Osijek-Baranja County
Osijek
Osijek
Location of Osijek in Croatia
Osijek is located in Croatia
Osijek
Osijek
Osijek (Croatia)
Osijek is located in Europe
Osijek
Osijek
Osijek (Europe)
Coordinates: 45°33′20″N 18°41′40″E / 45.55556°N 18.69444°E / 45.55556; 18.69444
CountryCroatia
CountyOsijek-Baranja
Government
 • MayorIvan Radić (HDZ)
 • City Council
31 members
Area
 • City
174.85 km2 (67.51 sq mi)
 • Urban
59.11 km2 (22.82 sq mi)
Elevation
94 m (308 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • City
96,848
 • Density550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
 • Urban
75,916
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
31000
Area code31
Vehicle registrationOS
ClimateCfb
Websitewww.osijek.hr

Osijek (Croatian pronunciation: [ôsijeːk] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in Croatia, with a population of 96,848 in 2021.[1] It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja County. Osijek is located on the right bank of the Drava River, 25 km (16 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Danube, at an elevation of 94 m (308 ft).

Name

The name was given to the city due to its position on elevated ground, which prevented the city being flooded by the local swamp waters. Its name "Osijek" derives from the Croatian word oseka, which means "ebb tide". Due to its history within the Habsburg monarchy and briefly in the Ottoman Empire, as well as the presence of German, Hungarian, and Serbian minorities throughout its history, Osijek has (or had) its names in other languages, Осек/Osek or Осијек/Osijek in Serbian, Hungarian: Eszék, Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-tr, Template:Lang-la. It is also spelled Esgek.[2]

Its ancient name was Mursa and is supposed to come from the Proto-Indo-European word *móri (sea, marshland). The same root is perhaps seen in the toponyms "Marsonia" and "Mariniana".[3][unreliable source?]

History

Origins

Osijek Co-cathedral
St. Michael's Church, in Osijek's Baroque Tvrđa
Hungarian stamp of 1900 cancelled Lower town in both languages
Ante Starčević Square
War of Independence memorial
Crveni fićo installation

The origins of human habitation of Osijek date back to Neolithic times, with the first known inhabitants belonging to the Illyrians and later invading Celtic tribes. After the conquest of Pannonia, Osijek, known at the time as Mursa, was under the administration and protection of the Roman 7th legion, which maintained a military castrum at the colony and a bridge over the river Drava. The Roman emperor Hadrian raised the old settlement of Mursa to the status of a colony with special privileges in 131. After that, Mursa had a turbulent history, with several decisive battles taking place at its immediate proximity, among which the most notable are the battle between Aureolus and Ingenuus in 260 and especially brutal and bloody Battle of Mursa Major in 351. These battles, especially the latter one, had long-term consequences for the colony and the region, which was already under ever-increasing pressure from the invading Goths and other invading tribes. After the fall of Western Roman Empire and the destruction of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in sixth century, this area was resettled by Slavic tribes.

The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196.[4] The town was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472. After the death of the last Kórógyi, King Matthias Corvinus granted it to the Rozgonyi family. The city was almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors on 8 August 1526.[4] The Turks rebuilt it in Ottoman oriental style and it was mentioned in the Turkish census of 1579. In 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent built a famous, 8-km-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the world.[5] In Ottoman Empire, Osijek was part of the Budin Eyalet.

Following the Battle of Mohács in 1687, Osijek was liberated by the Habsburg monarchy on 29 September 1687.[6]

Habsburg Empire

Osijek was restored to western rule on 29 September 1687, when the Turks were ousted and the city was occupied by the Habsburg Empire.[7] Between 1712 and 1715, Austrian authorities built a new fortress, outer walls, and all five planned bastions (authored by the architect Maximilian de Gosseau) known as Tvrđa,[8] in the heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the building of the Military Command, on the west by the Main Guard building and on the east by the Magistrate building (presently Museum of Slavonia). In the middle of the square, a monument to the plague was erected in 1729 by General Maximilian Petras' widow.[9]

The Gornji Grad ("Upper Town") was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad ("Lower Town") followed on 1698 settled mostly by the inhabitants from swampy area of Baranja. Tvrđa, Gornji Grad, and Donji Grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786, when they were united into a single entity.[10] In late 18th century, it took over from Virovitica as the centre of the Virovitica County. The Habsburg empire also facilitated the migration and settlement of German immigrants into the town and region during this period.[11] A particular German city dialect, Essekerisch, formed.[12][11]

In 1809, Osijek was granted the title of a Free Royal City, and during the early 19th century, it was the largest city in Croatia.[13] The city developed along the lines of other central European cities, with cultural, architectural and socioeconomic influences filtering down from Vienna and Buda.[citation needed] At the beginning of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the town was held by the Hungarians, but on 4 February 1849, it was taken by the Austrians under General Baron Trebersberg.[14]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Osijek was the seat of the Virovitica County[14] of the autonomous territory Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary.[15]

During the 19th century, cultural life mostly revolved around the theatre, museums (the first museum, Museum of Slavonia, was opened in 1877 by private donations), collections, and printing houses (the Franciscans).[16] City society, whose development was accompanied by a prosperous economy and developed trade relations, was related to religious festivals, public events (fairs), entertainment, and sports. The Novi Grad (New Town) section of the city was built in the 19th century, as well as Retfala to the west.[citation needed]

Twentieth century

The newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac Ivana Meštrovića, Novi Grad and Jug II, which were built in the 20th century. The city's geographical riverside location, and noted cultural and historical heritage – particularly the baroque Tvrđa, one of the most immediately recognizable structures in the region – facilitated the development of tourism. The Osijek oil refinery was a strategic bombing target of the Oil Campaign of World War II.[17]

After the war, the local German-speaking populace was expelled. The daily newspaper Glas Slavonije was relocated to Osijek and has been printed there ever since. A history archive was established in the city in 1947 and GISKO (city library) in 1949. A children's theatre and an art gallery were open in 1950. As a continuation of the tradition of promoting national heritage, especially in music, society of culture and art, "Pajo Kolarić" was established on 21 March 1954.[citation needed]

Osijek has been connected with the Croatian republic's capital Zagreb and the previous federal capital Belgrade by a modern paved road since 1958. The new Drava bridge to the north was built in 1962.

The first faculty opened in Osijek was Faculty of Economy (in 1959 as Centre for economic studies of the Faculty of Economy in Zagreb),[18] followed immediately by a high school of agriculture, later renamed as Faculty of Agriculture[19] and Faculty of Philosophy.[20] The Faculty of Law was established in 1975.[21] thus becoming the first new member of newly established University of Osijek.

As part of further development as a regional food industry and agricultural centre, a major (working) collective for agriculture and industry was established in 1962. During the 1980s, a new pedestrian suspension bridge over the Drava was built. A regional centre of National Television JRT was also opened.[citation needed]

Croatian War of Independence

Main articles: Osijek in Croatian War of Independence and Battle of Osijek

During the war in Croatia, from 1991 to 1995, the city sustained damage by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serbs, especially to the centre and Co-cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul[22] and to the periphery. About 800 people were killed in the shelling of the town that occurred from August 1991 to June 1992.[23] Overall, a total of 1,724 people from Osijek were killed over the course of the war, including 1,327 soldiers and 397 civilians.[24] At least five Croatian officials were condemned for war crimes against Serb civilians in Osijek, including General Branimir Glavaš.[25]

Climate

Osijek had a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Due to relatively strong global warming in the Pannonian Basin and its average temperature in the coldest month having risen above 0 degrees, while the mean temperature in the warmest month is now above 22 degrees, its climate is now subtropical, as in nearby cities like Novi Sad and Budapest.

Climate data for Osijek (1971–2000, extremes 1899–2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.9
(80.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		36.0
(96.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.3
(104.5) 		40.3
(104.5) 		37.1
(98.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		40.3
(104.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		16.5
(61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −27.1
(−16.8) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−21
(−6) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−3
(27) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−27.1
(−16.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41.4
(1.63) 		35.1
(1.38) 		40.5
(1.59) 		51.0
(2.01) 		59.2
(2.33) 		82.0
(3.23) 		65.4
(2.57) 		61.9
(2.44) 		51.0
(2.01) 		56.6
(2.23) 		61.7
(2.43) 		49.1
(1.93) 		654.9
(25.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.3 10.6 11.2 13.0 13.3 13.4 10.6 9.9 9.4 10.5 11.7 12.3 137.2
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 10.3 7.8 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 6.5 28.9
Average relative humidity (%) 87.5 81.9 74.1 71.3 70.1 70.9 69.6 71.8 76.2 79.2 86.1 88.5 77.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.9 96.1 145.7 171.0 217.0 231.0 260.4 251.1 189.0 142.6 69.0 55.8 1,887.6
Percent possible sunshine 20 34 42 45 52 55 60 61 53 44 25 21 45
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[26][27]

Population

Historical population
of Osijek
YearPop.±%
1880 25,260—    
1890 27,801+10.1%
1900 33,407+20.2%
1910 40,106+20.1%
1921 42,930+7.0%
1931 51,871+20.8%
1948 58,046+11.9%
1953 66,073+13.8%
1961 84,652+28.1%
1971 109,189+29.0%
1981 123,944+13.5%
1991 129,792+4.7%
2001 114,616−11.7%
2011 108,048−5.7%
2021 96,848−10.4%
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005
Suburban houses

According to the 1910 census, the city had 31,388 inhabitants. The official Austrian census lists 12,625 as Croats, 11,269 as Germans or Danube Swabians, 3,729 as Hungarians, 2,889 as Serbs and 876 others. According to religion, there were 24,976 Roman Catholics, 2,943 Orthodox Christians, 2,340 Jews, 594 Reformed (Calvinists), 385 Evangelicals, 122 Greek Catholics and 28 others.[28][29] After World War II a large part of the Danube Swabian population were expelled as a revenge for their presumed participation in German occupation of Yugoslavia. Their property has become publicly owned and redistributed to the World War II victims.

According to the 1981 census, the total population of the city had reached 104,775, including 63,373 (60.48%) Croats, 13,716 (13.09%) Serbs and 1,521 (1.45%) Hungarians.[30]

Prior to the Croatian War of Independence, the 1991 census recorded a total population of 165,253, composed of 110,934 (67.1%) Croats, 33,146 (20.0%) Serbs, 3,156 (1.9%) Hungarians, 276 (0.16%) Germans, and 17,741 (10.7%) people categorised as Yugoslavs or 'others'.[31]

According to the census of 2001, the total population of Osijek dropped to 114,616. Croats made up the majority of Osijek's citizens, comprising 86.58 per cent of the city's population. Other ethnicities include 8,767 (7.65%) Serbs, 1,154 (1.01%) Hungarians, 480 (0.42%) Albanians, 211 (0.18%) Bosniaks, 175 (0.15%) Montenegrins, 178 (0.16%) ethnic Macedonians, 124 (0.11%) Romani, and others including 24 Jews.[32]

Osijek's population in 2001 included 96,600 (84.28%) Roman Catholics, 78 (0.07%) Eastern-rite Catholics, 8,619 (7.52%) Orthodox Christians, and 966 (0.84%) Muslims and others.[33]

In the census of 2011, the following settlements were recorded:[1]

City of Osijek: Population trends 1857–2021
population
20858
24863
25260
27801
33407
40106
42930
51871
58063
66073
84652
109189
123944
129792
114616
108048
96848
18571869188018901900191019211931194819531961197119811991200120112021
Sources: Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications

Institutions and industries

Portanova Shopping Center

Major institutions in the city include the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek (established in 1975), the Croatian National Theatre, the Museum of Slavonia (established in 1877), and the printing house dating to 1735. The city also has several gymnasiums, the oldest of which dates to 1729, a drawing school from the 19th century, a zoological garden, a centre for the promotion of livestock breeding, and an institute for sugar beet farming.[citation needed]

The Saponia chemical factory is the largest factory located in the Osijek area. It is a major producer of detergents, soap and cosmetics whose products are recognized throughout the region as being of quality.[34] It is by far the largest exporter in the city area. Other industries include a regional brewery, the Pivovara Osijek (first Croatian beer), a sugar processing plant, as well as a candy factory Kandit. The Niveta brush factory founded as Siva in 1922 still operates.

The Osijek area used to be much more industrialised and a broad range of goods and products were being manufactured there. One of the earliest factories was the Drava match factory, established in 1856, which no longer exists.[35]

Other industries included production of synthetic materials, agricultural machinery, metal furniture, wood and timber, textiles, footwear, and silk, as well as metal processing and printing. However, the 1990s saw most of these industries decline and in some cases close completely. However, the city remains at the centre of an important agricultural region.[citation needed]

Politics

At the November 2007 elections, no party held a majority, which is not unusual for Croatia as local elections have proportional representation. However, the three mathematically possible coalitions had political problems that made coalition building unusually difficult. The November elections were early (izvanredne) elections caused by the breakdown of the coalition of the two main parties, the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) and the Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja (HDSSB). The cause of the breakdown was disagreement over the building of a new sports stadium.[36][37]

At the elections held on 25 November 2007, the HSP and the HDSSB gained 7 seats each, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) 6 seats, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 4, and the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS) 1.[38]

A possible coalition between HDSSB and SDP provoked criticism of the Social Democrats for lack of principle such as from Damir Kajin, who called it a 'sellotape coalition', alluding to the charges of war crimes that the HDSSB leader Branimir Glavaš is facing.[39] After the parties failed to agree on a coalition, the Croatian government called new elections for the city.[37] These elections took place on 9 March 2008 and gave the HSP 9 councilors, the HDSSB 6, HDZ, 5, SDP, 3 and a coalition of HNS and two smaller parties 2. Anto Đapić has expressed his hope for a coalition with the HDZ.[40]

Society and culture

European Avenue
Gradski vrt Hall
Gradski Vrt Stadium
Hotel Osijek

Cultural events

Numerous events take place in the city throughout the year. The most important of them are the Croatian Tambura Music Festival (in May), attended by tambura orchestras from all over Croatia and the Osijek Summer Nights (during June, July and August), a series of cultural and entertainment programs in the open, accompanied by excellent food and fairs. The Day of the City of Osijek is celebrated with a cultural and artistic activities and exhibitions.

The surroundings of Osijek provide opportunities for hunting and angling on the Drava river and its backwaters. Hunting in the area known as Kopački Rit (in Baranja) is famous beyond the borders of Croatia.

Cuisine

The abundance of game and agriculture has made Osijek the country's semi-official gastronomical capital. Local dishes include traditional Slavonian-style specialities (kulen, paprika-flavoured sausage, other kinds of sausages, ham, bacon, dairy products), as well as venison and fish dishes such as the famous riblji paprikaš (fish stew made with paprika). The two brands of beer brewed in Osijek are Osječko and Esseker.

Sports

The recreational and sports centre Copacabana, opened in 1980, located on the left bank of the Drava river, provides opportunities for various water sports (outdoor swimming pools and a sand beach with various facilities) during the summer months. The city offers various playgrounds: football, handball, basketball, tennis courts, etc. NK Osijek are the city's main football team, which are followed by their supporters group called Kohorta Osijek, playing in the Croatian First League at Gradski vrt stadium. The city is also home to a number of smaller teams including NK Grafičar Vodovod and NK Metalac. Before the Second World War, the city's most successful club was Slavija Osijek, which collapsed in 1941.

A new sports hall (Dvorana Gradski vrt) was built as the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship venue. Osijek hosts an extreme sports contest called the "Pannonian challenge", which features competitions in skateboarding, inline skating, freestyle BMX and MTB dirt racing.[41] Osijek hosted the 2017 Davis Cup World Group between Croatia and Spain at the Gradski vrt Hall in February 2017.

Tourism, sights and attractions

Osijek remains a popular domestic tourist destination for its Baroque style, open spaces and ample recreational opportunities. The most important sights in the city include the main square, Ante Starčević Square, Tvrđa the 18th century Baroque citadel, the promenade along the Drava ("promenada"), and the suspension pedestrian bridge toward Baranja.[citation needed]

The Municipal Park of King Petar Krešimir IV and the Tomislav Park date from the beginning of the 20th century, and are protected national landmarks. Osijek is also home to one of the few Croatian zoological gardens, along the Drava river. The city is home to a monument to Ante Starčević.[42]

The Co-cathedral of St. Peter and Paul is a Neo-Gothic structure with the second highest tower in Croatia after the Zagreb Cathedral. The tower measures 90 m (295.28 ft) and can be seen from throughout Osijek. Because of its size most locals refer to it as the cathedral but it is only a parish church. The Church of St Peter and St Paul was designed by Franz Langenberg and contains 40 stained glass windows, although they are not all intact after the bombing in the 1990s. The church also contains sculptures by Eduard Hauser.[citation needed]

A panoramic view of the pedestrian bridge over the Drava

Transport

Osijek bus station
Osijek tram
Osijek promenade
See also: Osijek tram system

Transport links to and from Osijek include major railway and highway junctions, a river port, and Osijek Airport. International flights from the airport to Cologne/Bonn Airport in Germany commenced in March 2008.[43] A four-lane highway, part of the Pan-European Corridor Vc, linking Osijek to the rest of the Croatian modern highway network, was completed and opened in April 2009. From Osijek, it is possible to take the train and bus to numerous destinations including Zagreb, Rijeka, Požega, Virovitica, Našice, Slavonski Brod, Erdut, Vrpolje, Dalj and Đakovo.[citation needed]

A small tram network runs through the city, which has been in continuous operation since 1884 and is the only tram network still in operation in Croatia outside of Zagreb. The network is currently being completely overhauled and more than doubled in length, and the city's old trams have been thoroughly modernized.[citation needed]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Osijek

Notable people who were born or have lived in Osijek include Matija Petar Katančić, an 18th-century Croatian writer, professor of archaeology, translator of the Bible into Croatian, and author of the first paper on archaeology in Croatia), Josip Juraj Strossmayer,[44] a Croatian Maecenas bishop, Franjo Šeper, Archbishop of Zagreb from 1960 to 1968, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from 1968 to 1981, Francis, Duke of Teck, a German prince, sculptor Oscar Nemon, painters Adolf Waldinger and Bela Čikoš Sesija, musicologist Franjo Kuhač, violinist Franjo Krežma, musicians Miroslav Škoro, Branko Mihaljević and Krunoslav Slabinac, historian Ferdo Šišić, linguist Snježana Kordić,[44] TV journalist Vladimir Herzog, Hollywood producer Branko Lustig,[44] footballers Davor Šuker, Franjo Glaser and Borna Barišić, sport shooter Jasna Šekarić and tennis players Jelena Dokić and Donna Vekić. Nobel Prize winners Lavoslav (Leopold) Ružička and Vladimir Prelog also lived in the city, as did meteorologist and seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, mathematician and climatologist Milutin Milanković, and Mijo Kišpatić [hr], famous Croatian mineralogist and petrologist, first doctor of science (Ph.D.) in the field of natural sciences at the University of Zagreb. The croatian singer Mia Dimšić also comes from Osijek. She represented Croatia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia

Osijek is twinned with:[45]

References

Bibliography

  • Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Osijek". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  2. ^ Lewis, Charlton T. (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1178. ISBN 978-0-19-864201-5.
  3. ^ "Croatian toponyms - Linguist Forum".
  4. ^ a b Stallaerts, Robert (28 February 2010). Historical dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8108-6750-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  5. ^ Dorling, Kindersley; Zopp, Leandro (6 June 2011). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Croatia. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4053-6071-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  6. ^ "Osijek after the Turks". City of Osijek. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  7. ^ Bousfield, Jonathan (July 2003). Rough guide to Croatia. Rough Guides. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-84353-084-8. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  8. ^ Oliver, Jeanne (15 March 2005). Croatia. Lonely Planet. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-74059-487-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  9. ^ Olson, Karen Tormé; Olson, Sanja Bazulic (14 April 2006). Frommer's Croatia. Frommer's. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-7645-9898-2. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  10. ^ Osijek-history
  11. ^ a b Kordić, Snježana (1991). "Germanizmi u osječkom govoru danas" [Germanisms in modern Osijek speech] (PDF). In Andrijašević, Marin; Vrhovac, Yvonne (eds.). Prožimanje kultura i jezika (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Hrvatsko društvo za primijenjenu lingvistiku. p. 89. OCLC 443222199. S2CID 64774247. SSRN 3434569. CROSBI 447532. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  12. ^ Hans Gehl: Die deutschen Stadtsprachen in Temeswar und Esseg. In: Velimir Petrović (Hrsg.): Essekerisch. Das Osijeker Deutsch. Edition Praesens, Wien 2001, S. 127–144.
  13. ^ Dorling, Kindersley; Zopp, Leandro (6 June 2011). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Croatia. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4053-6071-5. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  14. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Esseg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 778.
  15. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Croatia-Slavonia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 471.
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