Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

Muslims

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Muslim" redirects here. Not to be confused with muslin. For other uses, see Muslims (disambiguation).
"Musalman" redirects here. For the newspaper, see The Musalman. For the character, see Musalman (character). For the film, see Musalman (film). For other uses, see Mussulman.

Muslims
Prayer in Cairo (1865)
Drawing by Jean-Léon Gérôme.
Total population
c. 1.9 billion[1]
(25% of the global population)Increase[2][3][4]
(Worldwide, 2020 Pew Research Center)
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia244,410,757[5]
Pakistan231,690,000[6]
India194,810,000[7]
Bangladesh153,700,000[8]
Nigeria99,100,000[9]
Egypt95,000,000[10]
Iran82,900,000[11]
Turkey82,800,000[12]
Algeria42,000,000[13]
Sudan40,400,000[14][15]
Religions
80–90% Sunni Islam[16][17]
10–20% Shia Islam[18][19][20]
~1% Ahmadiyya[21]
~1% Other Islamic traditions[22]
Languages
Arabic (also Sacred), Bengali,[23] Hindustani, Indonesian, Persian, other South Asian languages, African languages, Southeast Asian languages, Turkic languages, Iranian languages, and other Muslim world languages[24][25][26][27]

Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون, romanized: al-Muslimūn, lit. 'submitters [to God]')[28] are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet.[29] Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam.[30] The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[31]

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of the world's total population.[1] In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at:[32] 45% of Africa, 25% of Asia and Oceania collectively,[33] 6% of Europe,[34] and 1% of the Americas.[35][36][37][38] Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa,[39][40][41] 90% of Central Asia,[42][43][44] 65% of the Caucasus,[45][46][47][48][49][50] 42% of Southeast Asia,[51][52] 32% of South Asia,[53][54] and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa.[55][56]

While, there are several Islamic schools and branches, as well as non-denominational Muslims, the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims)[57] and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims).[18][19][20] By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population.[58][59] By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world, holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide;[60][61] with Pakistan having the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.[62] Outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively.[63][64][65] Due to high Muslim population growth, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.[66][67][68] Muslims have experienced persecution of varying severity, especially in China, India, some parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia.[69][70][71][72]

Etymology

See also: Islam § Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ (MUZZ-lim, MUUZ-lim, MUUSS-lim) or moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/ (MOZ-ləm, MOSS-ləm)[73]) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[74][75] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[76]). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word aẓ-ẓālim (الظَّالِم), meaning "the oppressor".[77] In the United States, the Associated Press instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it the most common spelling thereafter.[78][79] The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the Daily Mail, which switched to "Muslim" in 2004.[77]

The word Mosalman or Mussulman (Persian: مسلمان, romanized: mosalmân, alternatively musalmān) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[80] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[81] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[82] and Muslimist.[83] In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philologist Ibn al-Anbari said:

a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is ‘salima’ to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way ‘Islām’ means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[84]

In several places in the Quran, the word muslim conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of Muhammad, for example:[85]

"Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim [مُّسۡلِمࣰا], and he was not a polytheist." -- Quran 3:67 [86]

"Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims [مُسۡلِمُونَ].'" -- Quran 3:52 [87]

Until the 8th century, the term muslim was more inclusive, including anyone who was considered to be submitting to God (e.g. Christians and Jews), and the term mu'min was instead used to refer to believers in Islam as a distinct religion.[88]

Qualifier

Part of a series on
Islam and Iman
Individuals
Groups
Terms
  • Din – Religion

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada in front of Muslim witnesses,[89] one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[90] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[91]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[92] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[93] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[94]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[95]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).[citation needed]

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[96][97]

In Islamic theology

Main article: Prophets and messengers in Islam

The majority of theological traditions of Islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the Khawārij developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.[98]

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the Istit̲h̲nāʾ, for example, "in-sha'allah I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person.[99] Among Asharites, it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life.[100]

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an.[101] The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel,[102] the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.[103]

Demographics

Main article: Islam § Demographics
See also: List of countries by Muslim population
World Muslim population by percentage (2012)

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[104] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).[60] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims.[104][105] Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world,[106] followed by Bengalis,[107][108] and Punjabis.[109]

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni.[16][17] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%,[18][19][20] and 1%[21] respectively. While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.[110]

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of earth's population,[111] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world,[112] primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[113] with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[114][113]

As of 2010, 49 countries countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population.[114] In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.[114] A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslims population live in non-Muslim-majority developed countries.[114] India's Muslim population is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population).[114] Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million).[113] Sizable minorities are also found in the Americas (5.2 million or 0.6%), Australia (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of Europe (44 million or 6%).[114]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[115] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[115] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[115] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[115]

Culture

Main article: Islamic culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Indonesian, Pakistani (Punjabi, Pashtun, Baloch Kashmiri, Sindhi), Hindustani, Bengali, Nigerian, Egyptian, Persian, Turkic, Caucasian, Malay, Somali, Berber, and Moro cultures.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 7 October 2009.
  3. ^ "Muslim Population By Country 2021". World Population Review. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  4. ^ Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine" (data analysis). Fact Tank. US: Pew Research Center.
  5. ^ "Satu Data - Kementerian Agama RI".
  6. ^ "TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023" (PDF).
  7. ^ "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research. 1 April 2019.
  8. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  9. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  10. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  11. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  12. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  13. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  14. ^ "SUDAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). State Department. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Sudan". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
  16. ^ a b See:
  17. ^ a b From Sunni Islam: See:
  18. ^ a b c "Shiʿi, Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 January 2022. In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
  19. ^ a b c "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...
  20. ^ a b c Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center (Report). October 2009. p. 1. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.
  21. ^ a b See:
    • Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate
    • DeVries, Larry; Baker, Don & Overmyer, Dan (1 January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world
    • Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2014. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million
    • "Ahmadiyya Muslims". pbs.org. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
    • A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also Ahmadiyya by country.
  22. ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  23. ^ Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. England: Kube Publishing. p. 2. Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs
  24. ^ Talbot & Singh 2009, p. 27, footnote 3.
  25. ^ Grim, Brian J.; Johnson, Todd M. (2013). Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 (PDF) (Report). Wiley. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  26. ^ "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  27. ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011). "Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.
  28. ^ "Muslim". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015.
  29. ^ Welch, Alford T, Moussalli, Ahmad S, Newby, Gordon D (2009). "Muḥammad". In Esposito JL (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017. The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ "Global Connections . Religion | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  31. ^ The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad: Selections Annotated & Explained. SkyLight Paths Publishing. 2007. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-59473-222-5. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Center of Muslim Population Studies (CoMPS)". Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  33. ^ "Region: Asia-Pacific". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  34. ^ "Region: Europe". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  35. ^ "Region: Americas". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  36. ^ Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). "Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  37. ^ "Muslim Population". IslamicPopulation.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  38. ^ "Field Listing Religions". Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  39. ^ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  40. ^ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  41. ^ "Middle East-North Africa Overview". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  42. ^ "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF). Pew. December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  43. ^ Rowland, Richard H. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  44. ^ Rowland, Richard H. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  45. ^ "Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  46. ^ "The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus". Eurasianet. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  47. ^ "Statistical Service of Armenia" (PDF). Armstat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  48. ^ "Armenia Population". countrymeters.info. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  49. ^ humans.txt. "Azərbaycan əhalisinin sayı 10 milyon nəfərə çatıb". /. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  50. ^ "Middle East :: Georgia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  51. ^ "Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  52. ^ Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring". Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  53. ^ "Region: Asia-Pacific". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  54. ^ Burke, Daniel Burke, ed. (29 July 2016). "The moment American Muslims were waiting for". CNN Religion. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  55. ^ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  56. ^ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  57. ^ * "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2013. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.
  58. ^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9780415448512.
  59. ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (8 January 2016). "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  60. ^ a b "Number of Muslim by country". nationmaster.com. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  61. ^ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  62. ^ Singh, Y P (2016). Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789385505638. Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.
  63. ^ "Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population", The National, 21 April 2018, archived from the original on 14 January 2019, retrieved 13 January 2019
  64. ^ "Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  65. ^ "Islam in Russia". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  66. ^ "Main Factors Driving Population Growth". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  67. ^ Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." CNN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  68. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (7 April 2008). "No God But God". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2013. Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.
  69. ^ Dabashi, Hamid. "Muslim cleansing: A global pandemic?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  70. ^ "Discrimination and Persecution Against Muslims Worldwide | Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission". humanrightscommission.house.gov. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  71. ^ Ochab, Dr Ewelina U. "Muslims Have Become A Persecuted Minority In India, Experts Warn". Forbes. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  72. ^ "China: Draconian repression of Muslims in Xinjiang amounts to crimes against humanity". Amnesty International. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  73. ^ "Muslim" Archived 20 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/; moslem Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/
  74. ^ Burns & Ralph, World Civilizations, 5th ed., p. 371.
  75. ^ Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1.
  76. ^ Muslimah Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2016
  77. ^ a b Baker, Paul, Costas Gabrielatos, and Tony McEnery. "Muslim or Moslem? Differences between newspapers: Vanishing Moslems", Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pages 76-78.
  78. ^ "Term 'Moslem' becomes 'Muslim', San Angelo Standard-Times, January 1, 1991, page 11A, via Newspapers.com. See also Newspapers.com search results for the word "Moslem", which show a sharp decline immediately after the AP's decision.
  79. ^ Chen, Yii-Ann Christine. "Why Do People Say Muslim Now Instead of Moslem?", History News Network, July 8, 2002, Web. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
  80. ^ See for instance the second edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H. W. Fowler, revised by Ernest Gowers (Oxford, 1965).
  81. ^ Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1969). Mohammedanism: an historical survey. Oxford University Press. p. 1. Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.
  82. ^ "Muslimite". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  83. ^ Abbas, Tahir (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure. pp. 50.
  84. ^ Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation. Brill. p. 154. ISBN 9789004461765.
  85. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, footnote p. 146
  86. ^ "Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:67". www.islamawakened.com.
  87. ^ "Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:52". www.islamawakened.com.
  88. ^ Donner, Fred M. (23 January 2018). "Talking about Islam's origins". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 81 (1): 6. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17001409. ISSN 0041-977X.
  89. ^ Galonnier, Juliette. "Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process1." Moving in and out of Islam. University of Texas Press, 2018. 44-66.
  90. ^ "Pillars of Islam". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  91. ^ Gordon, Matthew; Gordon, Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S (2009). Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, Islam, Info base Publishing, 2009. Infobase. p. 87. ISBN 9781438117782. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  92. ^ Lindsay, p. 140–141
  93. ^ Cornell, p. 9
  94. ^ Michael Anthony Sells (1999). Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations. White Cloud Press. p. 151. ISBN 9781883991265. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  95. ^ The Later Mughals by William Irvine p. 130
  96. ^ Hooker, Richard (14 July 1999). "arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion". United States: Washington State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  97. ^ "Religions". The World Factbook. United States: Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  98. ^ Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a sacred law: legal and ethical norms in the Muslim fiqh. Vol. 7. Brill, 1999.
  99. ^ Madelung, Wilferd (1970). "Early Sunni Doctrine concerning Faith as Reflected in the "Kitab al-Iman" of Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam (d. 224/839)". Studia Islamica (32): 233–254. doi:10.2307/1595222. JSTOR 1595222.
  100. ^ Watt, W. Montgomery. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: al-Taftazani on the Creed of al-Nasafi. Translated, with introduction and notes, by Earl Edgar Elder, pp. xxxii+ 187. New York: Columbia University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 1950. 30s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 83.1-2 (1951): 129-129.
  101. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie. "Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  102. ^ Lang 2015, p. 98.
  103. ^ "The Books of Islam". Yusuf / Cat Stevens. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  104. ^ a b "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017. Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims.
  105. ^ Esposito, John L. (15 October 2002). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. and Esposito, John (2005). Islam : the straight path (Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 43. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8.
  106. ^ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252, page xxiii, 14
  107. ^ Richard Eaton (8 September 2009). "Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal". In Barbara D. Metcalf (ed.). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4008-3138-8.
  108. ^ Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (30 April 2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822353188. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  109. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0..
  110. ^ Seyfi, Siamak; Michael Hall, C. (28 September 2020). Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices. Routledge. ISBN 9781000177169.
  111. ^ "The Changing Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  112. ^ Burke, Daniel. "The fastest growing religion in the world is ..." CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  113. ^ a b c The Future of the Global Muslim Population (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
  114. ^ a b c d e f The Future of the Global Muslim Population (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
  115. ^ a b c d "Religion and Education Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 13 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Look up مسلمان in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Wikisaurus:Muslim in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muslims.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Muslims.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslims&oldid=1263441080"