officeholder

While there is no constitutional requirement to swear an oath by religious or secular text, to do so has become customary for nearly all U.S. officeholders.

"Democratic officeholders are much likelier to do what voters want than Republican officeholders," he writes, noting that GOP-controlled state governments "routinely ignore voter preferences" but Democratic majorities "work much harder to do what voters want."

Under city ethics laws, some officeholders are barred from accepting donations from high-ranking officials of companies that have large contracts with the city.

Under the current process, new district maps are reviewed, debated, modified and approved by a committee appointed by current officeholders.

They will hold up Harris, a statewide officeholder for more than a dozen years, as the prime example of its destructive ruling class.