Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex biological process that occurs under inductiv... more Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex biological process that occurs under inductive conditions and causes fully differentiated cells to be reprogrammed to an embryo like state. In order to get a better insight about molecular basis of the SE in Crocus sativus L. and to characterize differentially accumulated proteins during the process, a proteomic study based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry has been carried out. Results: We have compared proteome profiles of non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli with native corm explants. Total soluble proteins were phenol-extracted and loaded on 18 cm IPG strips for the first dimension and 11.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels for the second dimension. Fifty spots with more than 1.5-fold change in abundance were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis for further characterization. Among them 36 proteins could be identified, which are classified into defense and stress response, protein synthesis and processing, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, secondary metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. Conclusion: Our results showed that diverse cellular and molecular processes were affected during somatic to embryogenic transition. Differential proteomic analysis suggests a key role for ascorbate metabolism during early stage of SE, and points to the possible role of ascorbate-glutathione cycle in establishing somatic embryos.
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a monocotyledonous plant propagated via corms, but recently severa... more Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a monocotyledonous plant propagated via corms, but recently several alternative methods have been reported. To find the conditions suitable for saffron shoot formation from corms, the effect of different concentrations of the plant growth regulatory cytokinins N 6-benzyladenine (BA) and N-phenyl-1, 2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea, commonly known as thidiazuron (TDZ), were compared. In all corm explants, an average of 39.5 ± 5.1 shoots per corm were induced by 4.54 μM TDZ, whereas only 3.6-11.4% by BA. The outstanding result in the shoot formation stage is the generation of globular, translucent structures that are morphologically similar to globular embryos. To optimize the plant regeneration from the induced adventitious shoots obtained from the TDZ treatment, the shoots were transferred to MS and B5 media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of NAA and BA. The highest rate of plant regeneration from developing shoots was observed in the B5 medium containing 2.22 μM NAA and 2.68 μM BA. With optimized hormonal conditions, an average of 19.55 ± 5.75 shoots and 3.18 ± 1.5 roots per explants were obtained. Based on this experiment, a simple, new and efficient protocol is presented to produce numerous plants from induced corm explants of saffron.
Grain size is a main component of rice appearance quality. In this study, we performed the SSR ma... more Grain size is a main component of rice appearance quality. In this study, we performed the SSR mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling grain size (grain length and breadth) and shape (length/breadth ratio) using an F 2 population of a cross between two Iranian cultivars, Domsephid and Gerdeh, comprising of 192 individuals. A linkage map with 88 markers was constructed, which covered 1367.9 cM of the rice genome with an average distance of 18 cM between markers. Interval mapping procedure was used to identify the QTLs controlling three grain traits, and QTLs detected were further confirmed using composite interval mapping. A total of 11 intervals carrying 18 QTLs for three traits were identifed, that included five QTLs for grain length, seven QTLs for grain breadth, and six QTLs for grain shape. A major QTL for grain length was detected on chromosome 3, that explained 19.3% of the phenotypic variation. Two major QTLs for grain breadth were mapped on chromosomes 3 and 8, which explained 34.1% and 20% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Another two major QTLs were identified for grain shape on chromosomes 3 and 8, which accounted for 27.1% and 20.5% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The two QTLs that were mapped for grain shape coincided with the major QTLs detected for grain length and grain breadth. Intrestingly, gs2 QTL specific to grain shape was detected on chromosome 2 that explained 15% of the phenotypic variation.
The objectives of this study were to obtain and use information on the nature of relationships be... more The objectives of this study were to obtain and use information on the nature of relationships between agronomic traits and rice grain shape for developing selection indices in rice breeding programs. An F 2 population consisting of 294 individuals derived from a cross between the Iranian rice cultivar Domsephid and the Japonica rice cultivar Kanto 51, was used to estimate genetic parameters of 11 traits. Broad-sense heritability was estimated. Panicles per plant (PP) and 100-grain weight (GW) explained the lowest and highest heritability, respectively. Grain shape (GS) was positively correlated with grain length (GL), plant height (PH), and panicle length (PL), and was negatively correlated with grain breadth (GB), and GW. Path analysis, which provides useful information in developing selection criteria, showed that GB and PH had negative path coefficients on GS, while GL had a positive path coefficient on GS. Selection indices were developed based on path analysis results. The selection indices indicated that selecting for GL, GB, and PH by using their path coefficients as economic weights, together with GS having an economic weight of one, would improve rice grain shape, and would be an effective selection criterion.
Two diploid sugar beet genotypes of agronomical importance were transformed using Agrobactrium tu... more Two diploid sugar beet genotypes of agronomical importance were transformed using Agrobactrium tumefaciens harboring pBI35Scry containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene. Leaf blade with attached shoot bases, a highly regenerative tissue, were used as explant substratum for transformation. PCR screening with cry1Ab-specific primers showed the presence of transgene in more than 50% of the regenerated kanamycin-resistant plants after treatment with the antibiotic. A transformation rate of 8.8–12.2% (depending on genotype) was achieved as revealed by genomic DNA dot blotting. The intact integration of transgene cassette into the genome was furthermore confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The expression of the cry1Ab gene encoding a truncated endotoxin (67 kDa) at about 0.1% of total soluble protein was achieved in the leaves of transgenic plants as shown by Western blot analysis. Bioassays under in vitro conditions with Spodoptera littoralis, one of the most important pests in sugar beet fields, demonstrated enhanced resistance against this pest. The inheritance of the inserted transgene was confirmed in F 1 plants obtained through crossing of T 0 plants with a cytoplasmic male sterile line. Transgenic plants are currently grown in a greenhouse and will be subjected to further bioassay analyses against other lepidopteran pests of sugar beet.
Calli were successfully induced from style explants of Crocus sativus L. on Murashige and Skoog's... more Calli were successfully induced from style explants of Crocus sativus L. on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with-naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Then they were divided into three different types based on developmental stages and pigmentation progress in induced stigma-like structures. RT-PCR method was set up using calli in different developmental stages to detect expression levels of CsLYC, CsBCH1, CsZCD and CsUGT2 genes for apocarotenoids biosynthesis via mevalonic acid pathway in C. sativus. The results obtained from in vitro investigation of CsUGT2 expression levels in all three developmental stages were analyzed and compared with the expression levels of selected genes carried out on intact stigmas in vivo. Apparently, this gene was only expressed in the stage III of the three in vitro different SLSs developmental stages. Furthermore, the expression levels of CsLYC, CsBCH1, CsZCD were detected in stage III with fully developed SLSs and were comparable with those of in red intact stigmas.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that reduces the yield, quality and economic ... more Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that reduces the yield, quality and economic value of wheat. For quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of resistance to FHB, F 3 plants and F 3:5 lines, derived from a ÔWangshuibaiÕ (resistant)/ÔSeri82Õ (susceptible) cross, were spray inoculated during 2001 and 2002, respectively. Artificial inoculation was carried out under field conditions. Of 420 markers, 258 amplified fragment length polymorphism and 39 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mapped and yielded 44 linkage groups covering a total genetic distance of 2554 cM. QTL analysis was based on the constructed linkage map and area under the disease progress curve. The analyses revealed a QTL in the map interval Xgwm533–Xs18/m12 on chromosome 3BS accounting for up to 17% of the phenotypic variation. In addition, a QTL was detected in the map interval Xgwm539–Xs15/m24 on chromosome 2DL explaining up to 11% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL alleles originated from ÔWangshui-baiÕ and were tagged with SSR markers. Using these SSR markers would facilitate marker-assisted selection to improve FHB resistance in wheat.
A rapid and one-step protocol for direct regeneration of shoots from cumin embryo explants has be... more A rapid and one-step protocol for direct regeneration of shoots from cumin embryo explants has been developed. Embryo explants with shoot meristems were cultured on shoot regeneration medium for 15 – 22 d. After embryo culture, shoots were regenerated from the area adjacent to the region between the cotyledons and embryo axis within 2 wk, without any intermediate callus phase. Shoot proliferation and elongation were achieved on shoot regeneration medium without subculture. Among the different combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine, a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) tested, 0.8 mg l 21 (4.3 mM) NAA in combination with 0.3 mg l 21 (1.71 mM) IAA in the B5 medium resulted in the most efficient direct shoot regeneration. No significant difference was detected for the number of regenerated explants when different heterogeneous endemic varieties were compared. This plant regeneration procedure was applicable to different cumin genotypes and regenerated plants were phenotypically normal.
Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to impr... more Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to improve by traditional methods because of the loss of quality characters upon sexual hybridization. Their low-tillering plant type predis-poses them to economic loss from attack by stem borers, a group of insects to which they are susceptible. We report here the enhancement of stem borer resistance in cv. Tarom Molaii through transformation by microprojectile bombardment. Embryogenic calli derived from mature seeds were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid pCIB4421, carrying a synthetic truncated toxin gene based on the cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringi-ensis, and plasmid pHygII, carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) selectable marker gene. Inclusion of 50 mg/l hygromycin B in culture media from bombardment through to rooting of plantlets eliminated escapes. The procedure generated three independent hpt transformants of which two also contained the cryIA(b) gene. One such line (No. 827) produced truncated (67 kDa) CryIA(b) protein equivalent to about 0.1% of total soluble protein. The cryIA(b) gene was controlled by the promoter of the maize C 4 PEP carboxylase gene and was expressed in leaf blades but was not expressed to a detectable level in dehulled mature grain. Line 827 contained about 3 copies of the cryIA(b) gene which segregated as a single dominant Mendelian locus in the second (T 1) and third (T 2) generations and co-segregated with enhanced resistance to first-instar larvae of striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). T 2 line 827-6 homozygous for the cryIA(b) gene showed no dead hearts or whiteheads after infestation with stem borers, whereas T 2 line 827-25 lacking the gene averaged 7 dead hearts per plant and 2.25 whiteheads per plant. These results establish that transformation of high-quality rices of group V is a feasible alternative to sexual hybridization.
Different varieties of two plant species, Canola and Alfalfa were grown at exactly same laborator... more Different varieties of two plant species, Canola and Alfalfa were grown at exactly same laboratory conditions and bio-reduction of Au (III) to Au (0) was studied. Subsequently, production of gold nano-particles of various morphologies and sizes were characterized. Plant seeds were grown in a culture medium that contained gold ions from KAuCl 4. Gold nano-particle formation was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the plants pull up gold ions from KAuCl 4 and form gold particles in nano sizes due to chemical behaviour of the gold. Significant differences in the nature of nano-particles were observed when particles synthesized by these two plant species were compared. The size range of gold nano-particles synthesized by Canola was 20-128 nm, while it was 8-48 nm by Alfalfa.
Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) facilitate the conversion of a genetic map into a physical map, prov... more Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) facilitate the conversion of a genetic map into a physical map, provide a common basis for the comparison of diverse types of mapping data, are stored and disseminated as electronic data, and are amplified from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STSs find application as DNA markers in breeding programs and germplasm management because they offer
... in spite of the registration of thousands of rice accession in National Gene Bank of Iran und... more ... in spite of the registration of thousands of rice accession in National Gene Bank of Iran under the Ministry of Agriculture, currently there are ... Shariah Compliance backcrossing the biotech Tarom Molaii with several local cultivars such as Khazar, Nemat, Neda, Sepid Rood, Sadri ...
Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex biological process that occurs under inductiv... more Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex biological process that occurs under inductive conditions and causes fully differentiated cells to be reprogrammed to an embryo like state. In order to get a better insight about molecular basis of the SE in Crocus sativus L. and to characterize differentially accumulated proteins during the process, a proteomic study based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry has been carried out. Results: We have compared proteome profiles of non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli with native corm explants. Total soluble proteins were phenol-extracted and loaded on 18 cm IPG strips for the first dimension and 11.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels for the second dimension. Fifty spots with more than 1.5-fold change in abundance were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis for further characterization. Among them 36 proteins could be identified, which are classified into defense and stress response, protein synthesis and processing, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, secondary metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. Conclusion: Our results showed that diverse cellular and molecular processes were affected during somatic to embryogenic transition. Differential proteomic analysis suggests a key role for ascorbate metabolism during early stage of SE, and points to the possible role of ascorbate-glutathione cycle in establishing somatic embryos.
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a monocotyledonous plant propagated via corms, but recently severa... more Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a monocotyledonous plant propagated via corms, but recently several alternative methods have been reported. To find the conditions suitable for saffron shoot formation from corms, the effect of different concentrations of the plant growth regulatory cytokinins N 6-benzyladenine (BA) and N-phenyl-1, 2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea, commonly known as thidiazuron (TDZ), were compared. In all corm explants, an average of 39.5 ± 5.1 shoots per corm were induced by 4.54 μM TDZ, whereas only 3.6-11.4% by BA. The outstanding result in the shoot formation stage is the generation of globular, translucent structures that are morphologically similar to globular embryos. To optimize the plant regeneration from the induced adventitious shoots obtained from the TDZ treatment, the shoots were transferred to MS and B5 media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of NAA and BA. The highest rate of plant regeneration from developing shoots was observed in the B5 medium containing 2.22 μM NAA and 2.68 μM BA. With optimized hormonal conditions, an average of 19.55 ± 5.75 shoots and 3.18 ± 1.5 roots per explants were obtained. Based on this experiment, a simple, new and efficient protocol is presented to produce numerous plants from induced corm explants of saffron.
Grain size is a main component of rice appearance quality. In this study, we performed the SSR ma... more Grain size is a main component of rice appearance quality. In this study, we performed the SSR mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling grain size (grain length and breadth) and shape (length/breadth ratio) using an F 2 population of a cross between two Iranian cultivars, Domsephid and Gerdeh, comprising of 192 individuals. A linkage map with 88 markers was constructed, which covered 1367.9 cM of the rice genome with an average distance of 18 cM between markers. Interval mapping procedure was used to identify the QTLs controlling three grain traits, and QTLs detected were further confirmed using composite interval mapping. A total of 11 intervals carrying 18 QTLs for three traits were identifed, that included five QTLs for grain length, seven QTLs for grain breadth, and six QTLs for grain shape. A major QTL for grain length was detected on chromosome 3, that explained 19.3% of the phenotypic variation. Two major QTLs for grain breadth were mapped on chromosomes 3 and 8, which explained 34.1% and 20% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Another two major QTLs were identified for grain shape on chromosomes 3 and 8, which accounted for 27.1% and 20.5% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The two QTLs that were mapped for grain shape coincided with the major QTLs detected for grain length and grain breadth. Intrestingly, gs2 QTL specific to grain shape was detected on chromosome 2 that explained 15% of the phenotypic variation.
The objectives of this study were to obtain and use information on the nature of relationships be... more The objectives of this study were to obtain and use information on the nature of relationships between agronomic traits and rice grain shape for developing selection indices in rice breeding programs. An F 2 population consisting of 294 individuals derived from a cross between the Iranian rice cultivar Domsephid and the Japonica rice cultivar Kanto 51, was used to estimate genetic parameters of 11 traits. Broad-sense heritability was estimated. Panicles per plant (PP) and 100-grain weight (GW) explained the lowest and highest heritability, respectively. Grain shape (GS) was positively correlated with grain length (GL), plant height (PH), and panicle length (PL), and was negatively correlated with grain breadth (GB), and GW. Path analysis, which provides useful information in developing selection criteria, showed that GB and PH had negative path coefficients on GS, while GL had a positive path coefficient on GS. Selection indices were developed based on path analysis results. The selection indices indicated that selecting for GL, GB, and PH by using their path coefficients as economic weights, together with GS having an economic weight of one, would improve rice grain shape, and would be an effective selection criterion.
Two diploid sugar beet genotypes of agronomical importance were transformed using Agrobactrium tu... more Two diploid sugar beet genotypes of agronomical importance were transformed using Agrobactrium tumefaciens harboring pBI35Scry containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene. Leaf blade with attached shoot bases, a highly regenerative tissue, were used as explant substratum for transformation. PCR screening with cry1Ab-specific primers showed the presence of transgene in more than 50% of the regenerated kanamycin-resistant plants after treatment with the antibiotic. A transformation rate of 8.8–12.2% (depending on genotype) was achieved as revealed by genomic DNA dot blotting. The intact integration of transgene cassette into the genome was furthermore confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The expression of the cry1Ab gene encoding a truncated endotoxin (67 kDa) at about 0.1% of total soluble protein was achieved in the leaves of transgenic plants as shown by Western blot analysis. Bioassays under in vitro conditions with Spodoptera littoralis, one of the most important pests in sugar beet fields, demonstrated enhanced resistance against this pest. The inheritance of the inserted transgene was confirmed in F 1 plants obtained through crossing of T 0 plants with a cytoplasmic male sterile line. Transgenic plants are currently grown in a greenhouse and will be subjected to further bioassay analyses against other lepidopteran pests of sugar beet.
Calli were successfully induced from style explants of Crocus sativus L. on Murashige and Skoog's... more Calli were successfully induced from style explants of Crocus sativus L. on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with-naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Then they were divided into three different types based on developmental stages and pigmentation progress in induced stigma-like structures. RT-PCR method was set up using calli in different developmental stages to detect expression levels of CsLYC, CsBCH1, CsZCD and CsUGT2 genes for apocarotenoids biosynthesis via mevalonic acid pathway in C. sativus. The results obtained from in vitro investigation of CsUGT2 expression levels in all three developmental stages were analyzed and compared with the expression levels of selected genes carried out on intact stigmas in vivo. Apparently, this gene was only expressed in the stage III of the three in vitro different SLSs developmental stages. Furthermore, the expression levels of CsLYC, CsBCH1, CsZCD were detected in stage III with fully developed SLSs and were comparable with those of in red intact stigmas.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that reduces the yield, quality and economic ... more Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that reduces the yield, quality and economic value of wheat. For quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of resistance to FHB, F 3 plants and F 3:5 lines, derived from a ÔWangshuibaiÕ (resistant)/ÔSeri82Õ (susceptible) cross, were spray inoculated during 2001 and 2002, respectively. Artificial inoculation was carried out under field conditions. Of 420 markers, 258 amplified fragment length polymorphism and 39 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mapped and yielded 44 linkage groups covering a total genetic distance of 2554 cM. QTL analysis was based on the constructed linkage map and area under the disease progress curve. The analyses revealed a QTL in the map interval Xgwm533–Xs18/m12 on chromosome 3BS accounting for up to 17% of the phenotypic variation. In addition, a QTL was detected in the map interval Xgwm539–Xs15/m24 on chromosome 2DL explaining up to 11% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL alleles originated from ÔWangshui-baiÕ and were tagged with SSR markers. Using these SSR markers would facilitate marker-assisted selection to improve FHB resistance in wheat.
A rapid and one-step protocol for direct regeneration of shoots from cumin embryo explants has be... more A rapid and one-step protocol for direct regeneration of shoots from cumin embryo explants has been developed. Embryo explants with shoot meristems were cultured on shoot regeneration medium for 15 – 22 d. After embryo culture, shoots were regenerated from the area adjacent to the region between the cotyledons and embryo axis within 2 wk, without any intermediate callus phase. Shoot proliferation and elongation were achieved on shoot regeneration medium without subculture. Among the different combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine, a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) tested, 0.8 mg l 21 (4.3 mM) NAA in combination with 0.3 mg l 21 (1.71 mM) IAA in the B5 medium resulted in the most efficient direct shoot regeneration. No significant difference was detected for the number of regenerated explants when different heterogeneous endemic varieties were compared. This plant regeneration procedure was applicable to different cumin genotypes and regenerated plants were phenotypically normal.
Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to impr... more Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to improve by traditional methods because of the loss of quality characters upon sexual hybridization. Their low-tillering plant type predis-poses them to economic loss from attack by stem borers, a group of insects to which they are susceptible. We report here the enhancement of stem borer resistance in cv. Tarom Molaii through transformation by microprojectile bombardment. Embryogenic calli derived from mature seeds were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid pCIB4421, carrying a synthetic truncated toxin gene based on the cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringi-ensis, and plasmid pHygII, carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) selectable marker gene. Inclusion of 50 mg/l hygromycin B in culture media from bombardment through to rooting of plantlets eliminated escapes. The procedure generated three independent hpt transformants of which two also contained the cryIA(b) gene. One such line (No. 827) produced truncated (67 kDa) CryIA(b) protein equivalent to about 0.1% of total soluble protein. The cryIA(b) gene was controlled by the promoter of the maize C 4 PEP carboxylase gene and was expressed in leaf blades but was not expressed to a detectable level in dehulled mature grain. Line 827 contained about 3 copies of the cryIA(b) gene which segregated as a single dominant Mendelian locus in the second (T 1) and third (T 2) generations and co-segregated with enhanced resistance to first-instar larvae of striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). T 2 line 827-6 homozygous for the cryIA(b) gene showed no dead hearts or whiteheads after infestation with stem borers, whereas T 2 line 827-25 lacking the gene averaged 7 dead hearts per plant and 2.25 whiteheads per plant. These results establish that transformation of high-quality rices of group V is a feasible alternative to sexual hybridization.
Different varieties of two plant species, Canola and Alfalfa were grown at exactly same laborator... more Different varieties of two plant species, Canola and Alfalfa were grown at exactly same laboratory conditions and bio-reduction of Au (III) to Au (0) was studied. Subsequently, production of gold nano-particles of various morphologies and sizes were characterized. Plant seeds were grown in a culture medium that contained gold ions from KAuCl 4. Gold nano-particle formation was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the plants pull up gold ions from KAuCl 4 and form gold particles in nano sizes due to chemical behaviour of the gold. Significant differences in the nature of nano-particles were observed when particles synthesized by these two plant species were compared. The size range of gold nano-particles synthesized by Canola was 20-128 nm, while it was 8-48 nm by Alfalfa.
Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) facilitate the conversion of a genetic map into a physical map, prov... more Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) facilitate the conversion of a genetic map into a physical map, provide a common basis for the comparison of diverse types of mapping data, are stored and disseminated as electronic data, and are amplified from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STSs find application as DNA markers in breeding programs and germplasm management because they offer
... in spite of the registration of thousands of rice accession in National Gene Bank of Iran und... more ... in spite of the registration of thousands of rice accession in National Gene Bank of Iran under the Ministry of Agriculture, currently there are ... Shariah Compliance backcrossing the biotech Tarom Molaii with several local cultivars such as Khazar, Nemat, Neda, Sepid Rood, Sadri ...
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