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STARC: Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension

Yevgeni Berzak, Jonathan Malmaud, Roger Levy


Abstract
We present STARC (Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension), a new annotation framework for assessing reading comprehension with multiple choice questions. Our framework introduces a principled structure for the answer choices and ties them to textual span annotations. The framework is implemented in OneStopQA, a new high-quality dataset for evaluation and analysis of reading comprehension in English. We use this dataset to demonstrate that STARC can be leveraged for a key new application for the development of SAT-like reading comprehension materials: automatic annotation quality probing via span ablation experiments. We further show that it enables in-depth analyses and comparisons between machine and human reading comprehension behavior, including error distributions and guessing ability. Our experiments also reveal that the standard multiple choice dataset in NLP, RACE, is limited in its ability to measure reading comprehension. 47% of its questions can be guessed by machines without accessing the passage, and 18% are unanimously judged by humans as not having a unique correct answer. OneStopQA provides an alternative test set for reading comprehension which alleviates these shortcomings and has a substantially higher human ceiling performance.
Anthology ID:
2020.acl-main.507
Volume:
Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Month:
July
Year:
2020
Address:
Online
Editors:
Dan Jurafsky, Joyce Chai, Natalie Schluter, Joel Tetreault
Venue:
ACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
5726–5735
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.507
DOI:
10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.507
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Yevgeni Berzak, Jonathan Malmaud, and Roger Levy. 2020. STARC: Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 5726–5735, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
STARC: Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension (Berzak et al., ACL 2020)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.507.pdf
Video:
 http://slideslive.com/38928901
Code
 berzak/onestop-qa
Data
OneStopQAOneStopEnglishRACE