Associate professor Chairperson of Hydrology and water Resources system Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Area of profession water Resources Engineering and management. Hydrological modeling, GIS, Hydroinformatics
Knowledge of spatiotemporal variability of rainfall magnitude, pattern and trend is fundamental f... more Knowledge of spatiotemporal variability of rainfall magnitude, pattern and trend is fundamental for understanding hydrological systems and runoff prediction for both gauged and ungauged catchments. These variables can be derived from rainfall-monitoring programmes with adequate spatial distribution and temporal coverage. However, rainfall-gauging stations in most developing countries are distributed sparsely. Remotely sensed rainfall datasets are becoming alternative rainfall data sources for larger area applications and are proven to have adequate spatiotemporal resolutions. Climate forecast system re-analysis (CFSR) is one such dataset provided by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). This dataset captures the rainfall pattern in Ethiopia but with s magnitude bias of over-and underestimations. In this study, magnitude bias correction of the CFSR dataset with a linear scaling technique resulted in a rainfall grid of the country with ∼38 km spatial resolution of a...
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2021
This study tried to investigate trends and variabilities in mean and extreme hydro-climatic varia... more This study tried to investigate trends and variabilities in mean and extreme hydro-climatic variables in Wabi Shebele River Basin using data based statistical approach. Linear trend investigation and Mann-kendall trend significance tests are performed as a preliminary analysis to see trends on mean discharges and climate variables, while Quantile Perturbation Method (QPM) analysis is conducted to detect clear oscillating patterns and trends in extremes. The result indicates that less increasing trend in mean annual discharge in the basin up to 0.58 Mm3/year, 1.49 Mm3/year, 0.94 Mm3/year and 11.06 Mm3/year in Maribo, Wabi at Dodola, Robe and Erer river respectively. Similarly, less increasing trend is observed in annual rainfall in western and eastern upper basin whereas decreasing trend in middle and lower part of the basin. Mean temperature shows significant increasing trend in upper and middle part of the basin, but decreasing trend in lower basin. The QPM analysis in flood and precipitation extremes indicates there is five/5/ year frequency of significant anomalies and general increasing trends in floods. In early 1980s, significant negative perturbation was observed in Maribo, Robe and Erer rivers. The precipitation extreme anomalies increase at Adaba station and decrease at Robe (Arsi) station. The correlation between discharges and precipitation decreases from West upper to lower basin part of the basin. Average correlation value (R2) of 0.23%, 0.027%, 0.02% and 0.08% are observed in Maribo, Robe, Tebel and Erer watersheds respectively.
Awash River Subbasin is one of the major river flood-prone areas in Ethiopia where the most signi... more Awash River Subbasin is one of the major river flood-prone areas in Ethiopia where the most significant part of the railway section is constructed. There is tendency of this railway line being affected by flooding. The study performed the flood risk analysis and flow variability at some selected drainage structures within Sebeta and Adama Section of this line. The climate and observed flow data were sourced from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia and the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy of Ethiopia respectively, and used for hydrological model parametrization, calibration, and validation. DMC, Linear Regression, and Thiessen Polygon were used for climate data consistency check, filling of missing data, and estimation of areal data respectively. The rainfall-runoff was simulated with an HEC-HMS hydrological model using a 20years (2000-2019) rainfall data. The model calibration and validation results using NSE, PBIAS, and R 2 , were found within the statistically acceptable range for the surface runoff simulation. This study developed Rainfall Intensity-Duration Frequency Curve for the selected catchment as an input for the flood frequency analysis in the model. The coefficient of variance was estimated to select the flood discharge structures with the flow variabilities. The flood risk was assessed by comparing the modeled and the as built designed Q100 (m 3 /s) extracted from the design documents. About 46% of the drainage structures are found prone to flooding at a T100years. This study recommends the use of the methodological procedure adopted in this study for other section of this line by other researchers.
Pressures on limited resources of water and energy in agriculture forced researchers to look for ... more Pressures on limited resources of water and energy in agriculture forced researchers to look for alternative approaches towards the solutions integrating the resources. Since the emancipation of WEF nexus concept, several methods including indicator approaches have been developed and in use to analyze their linkages. The aims of the study were to determine and categorically compare performances of sugarcane producing irrigation schemes and technologies in Awash basin of Ethiopia. Water applied, input energy used and productivity data of eleven irrigation schemes found in Wonji, Metehara and Kessem sugar factories were used for the for the study and performances of each scheme were evaluated. Then, based on statistical analyses, irrigation schemes were grouped into gravity surface, pump surface and pump sprinklers. After normalizing the original data through min-max, performance scores were determined based on equal weight and entropy methods. Categorical assessments revealed that gr...
Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading t... more Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading to influencing on sediment yield changes. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land-use changes on sediment load and lake depth reduction on Lake Ziway, Ethiopia using an integrated approach of Remote Sensing (RS), GIS and SWAT model. ERDAS IMAGINE 14 model was used to generate land-use maps from Landsat TM, ETM+, and Ls8 acquired, in 1988, 2002 and 2015 as representative for the periods of (1988-1998), (1998-2008) and (2008-2018), respectively. The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification applied to classify the basin land-use into seven land-use classes. The SWAT hydrological model with ArcGIS interface setup for the basin to evaluate the flow and sediment load with calibration and validation performance of the model range R2 (0.71 - 0.89) and NSE (0.57 - 0.87). As a result, the total average annual sediment yield from the sub-basins est...
Precipitation data is an intrinsic parameter of rainfall-runoff simulation, since it is strongly ... more Precipitation data is an intrinsic parameter of rainfall-runoff simulation, since it is strongly hooked into the accuracy of the spatial and temporal representation of the precipitation. In areas where rainfall gauging stations are scarce, additional data sources could also be needed. Satellite platforms have provided as a satisfactory alternative because of their global coverage. Although a good range of satellite-based estimations of precipitation is out there, not all the satellite products are suitable for all regions. In addition, in data-scarce areas where interpolation schemes are applied, it becomes difficult to get an accurate performance assessment; another comparison method is required as rainfal l-runoff models. Remotely-sensed estimates are to get realistic and reliable data to be accessed in water resource assessments. Therefore, there is a requirement to evaluate the accuracy of remote sensing techniques. Inter comparison between Satellite rainfall product and observe...
Ethiopia is endowed with water than many drought-prone countries in the world and yet is being ba... more Ethiopia is endowed with water than many drought-prone countries in the world and yet is being battered by extremes of drought affecting the livelihoods of many and increasing famine across the country. This chapter analyzes drought characteristics in Ethiopia based on meteorological variables. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) is used for temporal and spatial analyses of meteorological drought and the concept of drought magnitude using SPI is used to define hydrological drought by considering the dry spells and extent of drought intensity. The spatial assessment of meteorological drought showed multiple severity levels both dry and wet events, with respect to the areal extent for all years in the study period. Yearly analysis identified six prominent drought years using the SPI. The monthly drought analysis for all six prominent drought years showed that it was not the lack of precipitation throughout the drought years that caused the drastic effects, but the seasonal effect o...
Transboundary waters account for a significant portion of the global freshwater resource. Effecti... more Transboundary waters account for a significant portion of the global freshwater resource. Effective water resource management should ideally have transboundary water management at its core. However, two-thirds of the world’s transboundary rivers do not have a cooperative management framework. Nonetheless, numerous international treaties, laws, and principles have existed throughout history to govern transboundary water sharing. The principle of limited territorial sovereignty forms the basis for modern customary water laws. There are notable, widely accepted transboundary water management rules and principles based on limited territorial sovereignty, such as the Helsinki rules, the U.N. 1997 convention, and the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) in the case of the Nile basin. However, the contextualization and quantifications of the such rule to useable frameworks are still mostly lacking. This study outlines the evolution of transboundary water-sharing rules and principles and the history of water-sharing in the Nile basin. It then presents factors suggested by international water-sharing principles to determine equitable use. The study contextualizes, quantifies, and weighs these factors for the Nile basin to evaluate different scenarios, which can be a base for fair and equitable water sharing. Finally, the authors forward possible recommendations for equitable and sustainable water use in the basin to move forward collectively.
Ethiopia is endowed with water and has a high runoff generation area compared to many countries, ... more Ethiopia is endowed with water and has a high runoff generation area compared to many countries, but the total stored water only goes up to approximately 36BCM. The problem of water shortage in Ethiopia emanates from the seasonality of rainfall and the lack of infrastructure for storage to capture excess runoff during flood seasons. Based on this premise, a method for a syndicate use of topography, land use and vegetation was applied to locate potential surface water storing sites. The steady-state Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) was used to represent the spatial distribution of water flow and water stagnating across the study area and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to detect surface water through multispectral analysis. With this approach, a number of water storing sites were identified in three categories: primary sources (water bodies based), secondary sources (Swampy/wetland based) and tertiary sources (the land based). A sample volume analysis for th...
Flood events vary with sub-regions, sites and time and show complex characteristics. This study i... more Flood events vary with sub-regions, sites and time and show complex characteristics. This study investigated temporal variabilities in flood discharges and relationships with principal driving factors in data scarce Wabi Shebele River Basin. The preliminary analysis using exploratory data analysis (EDA) on annual and seasonal maximum discharge reveals that there are cycles of extreme flows at five-and ten-year intervals respectively throughout the basin. The statistical verification using the Mann-Kendall test and Quantile perturbation method indicates a significant trend in flood magnitude and frequency entire the basin in the early 21st century. For longest period (1980-2010) annual maximum stream flow shows significant positive trend (p-value < 0.05) in middle catchments and negative trend (p-value < 0.05) in eastern catchments. The years: 1986-1995, 2006-2010 are the years in which positive significant anomalies occurred in all seasons, while the years: 1980-1985, 1996-2005 are the occurrence years of significant negative anomalies. Rainfall from climate drivers; DA, BE, VS and fraction of sand from environmental background drivers; fraction of forest and population density from external factors were identified as the powerful driving factors of flood variabilities in the Wabi Shebele River Basin.
Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading t... more Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading to influencing on sediment yield changes. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land-use changes on sediment load and lake depth reduction on Lake Ziway, Ethiopia using an integrated approach of Remote Sensing (RS), GIS and SWAT model. ERDAS IMAGINE 14 model was used to generate land-use maps The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification applied to classify the basin land-use into seven land-use classes. The SWAT hydrological model with ArcGIS interface setup for the basin to evaluate the flow and sediment load with calibration and validation performance of the model range R 2 (0.71-0.89) and NSE (0.57-0.87). As a result, the total average annual sediment yield from the sub-basins estimated as 3.59 t/ha/yr, 4.36 t/ha/yr, and 4.89 t/ha/yr for three consecutive decadal periods 1988
Demand for fresh water, as one of the major natural resources, is increasing rapidly with increas... more Demand for fresh water, as one of the major natural resources, is increasing rapidly with increasing development and environmental degradation. The continued abstraction of water from Lake Ziway and its main feeder rivers Meki and Katar for irrigation indicates that the water demand may soon exceed the supply. To illustrate disparities in spatial distribution of water resources , the Upper Awash sub-basin, which shares a water-divide with the CRVL sub-basin, has large flow volumes particularly in the rainy season and suffers with seasonal flooding. The rationale behind regaining the water in CRVL relies on this non-uniform spatial distribution of fresh water, calling for a balance between water surplus and deficit regions. For this reason, Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) is suggested as a viable option to augment uti-lizable water resources of the Upper Awash sub-basin to reduce the significant pressure on the water supply of the rapidly developing urban and irrigation areas in the CRVL sub-basin. A water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model was used to quantify the amount of surplus water in the donor basin, when examining the hydrological dynamics of the basins. Furthermore, optimal flow diversion scenarios were generated by maintaining two baseline scenario constraints. The estimated surplus water in the rainy season is expected to contribute 18 million cubic meters (mcm), 88 mcm and 192 mcm in months June, July and August respectively under average conditions. The optimal amount of diverted water could potentially stabilize the environmental degradation of Lake Ziway and Lake Abijata by compensating for development driven abstraction and surface water evaporation respectively.
Knowledge of spatiotemporal variability of rainfall magnitude, pattern and trend is fundamental f... more Knowledge of spatiotemporal variability of rainfall magnitude, pattern and trend is fundamental for understanding hydrological systems and runoff prediction for both gauged and ungauged catchments. These variables can be derived from rainfall-monitoring programmes with adequate spatial distribution and temporal coverage. However, rainfall-gauging stations in most developing countries are distributed sparsely. Remotely sensed rainfall datasets are becoming alternative rainfall data sources for larger area applications and are proven to have adequate spatiotemporal resolutions. Climate forecast system re-analysis (CFSR) is one such dataset provided by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). This dataset captures the rainfall pattern in Ethiopia but with s magnitude bias of over-and underestimations. In this study, magnitude bias correction of the CFSR dataset with a linear scaling technique resulted in a rainfall grid of the country with ∼38 km spatial resolution of a...
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2021
This study tried to investigate trends and variabilities in mean and extreme hydro-climatic varia... more This study tried to investigate trends and variabilities in mean and extreme hydro-climatic variables in Wabi Shebele River Basin using data based statistical approach. Linear trend investigation and Mann-kendall trend significance tests are performed as a preliminary analysis to see trends on mean discharges and climate variables, while Quantile Perturbation Method (QPM) analysis is conducted to detect clear oscillating patterns and trends in extremes. The result indicates that less increasing trend in mean annual discharge in the basin up to 0.58 Mm3/year, 1.49 Mm3/year, 0.94 Mm3/year and 11.06 Mm3/year in Maribo, Wabi at Dodola, Robe and Erer river respectively. Similarly, less increasing trend is observed in annual rainfall in western and eastern upper basin whereas decreasing trend in middle and lower part of the basin. Mean temperature shows significant increasing trend in upper and middle part of the basin, but decreasing trend in lower basin. The QPM analysis in flood and precipitation extremes indicates there is five/5/ year frequency of significant anomalies and general increasing trends in floods. In early 1980s, significant negative perturbation was observed in Maribo, Robe and Erer rivers. The precipitation extreme anomalies increase at Adaba station and decrease at Robe (Arsi) station. The correlation between discharges and precipitation decreases from West upper to lower basin part of the basin. Average correlation value (R2) of 0.23%, 0.027%, 0.02% and 0.08% are observed in Maribo, Robe, Tebel and Erer watersheds respectively.
Awash River Subbasin is one of the major river flood-prone areas in Ethiopia where the most signi... more Awash River Subbasin is one of the major river flood-prone areas in Ethiopia where the most significant part of the railway section is constructed. There is tendency of this railway line being affected by flooding. The study performed the flood risk analysis and flow variability at some selected drainage structures within Sebeta and Adama Section of this line. The climate and observed flow data were sourced from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia and the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy of Ethiopia respectively, and used for hydrological model parametrization, calibration, and validation. DMC, Linear Regression, and Thiessen Polygon were used for climate data consistency check, filling of missing data, and estimation of areal data respectively. The rainfall-runoff was simulated with an HEC-HMS hydrological model using a 20years (2000-2019) rainfall data. The model calibration and validation results using NSE, PBIAS, and R 2 , were found within the statistically acceptable range for the surface runoff simulation. This study developed Rainfall Intensity-Duration Frequency Curve for the selected catchment as an input for the flood frequency analysis in the model. The coefficient of variance was estimated to select the flood discharge structures with the flow variabilities. The flood risk was assessed by comparing the modeled and the as built designed Q100 (m 3 /s) extracted from the design documents. About 46% of the drainage structures are found prone to flooding at a T100years. This study recommends the use of the methodological procedure adopted in this study for other section of this line by other researchers.
Pressures on limited resources of water and energy in agriculture forced researchers to look for ... more Pressures on limited resources of water and energy in agriculture forced researchers to look for alternative approaches towards the solutions integrating the resources. Since the emancipation of WEF nexus concept, several methods including indicator approaches have been developed and in use to analyze their linkages. The aims of the study were to determine and categorically compare performances of sugarcane producing irrigation schemes and technologies in Awash basin of Ethiopia. Water applied, input energy used and productivity data of eleven irrigation schemes found in Wonji, Metehara and Kessem sugar factories were used for the for the study and performances of each scheme were evaluated. Then, based on statistical analyses, irrigation schemes were grouped into gravity surface, pump surface and pump sprinklers. After normalizing the original data through min-max, performance scores were determined based on equal weight and entropy methods. Categorical assessments revealed that gr...
Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading t... more Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading to influencing on sediment yield changes. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land-use changes on sediment load and lake depth reduction on Lake Ziway, Ethiopia using an integrated approach of Remote Sensing (RS), GIS and SWAT model. ERDAS IMAGINE 14 model was used to generate land-use maps from Landsat TM, ETM+, and Ls8 acquired, in 1988, 2002 and 2015 as representative for the periods of (1988-1998), (1998-2008) and (2008-2018), respectively. The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification applied to classify the basin land-use into seven land-use classes. The SWAT hydrological model with ArcGIS interface setup for the basin to evaluate the flow and sediment load with calibration and validation performance of the model range R2 (0.71 - 0.89) and NSE (0.57 - 0.87). As a result, the total average annual sediment yield from the sub-basins est...
Precipitation data is an intrinsic parameter of rainfall-runoff simulation, since it is strongly ... more Precipitation data is an intrinsic parameter of rainfall-runoff simulation, since it is strongly hooked into the accuracy of the spatial and temporal representation of the precipitation. In areas where rainfall gauging stations are scarce, additional data sources could also be needed. Satellite platforms have provided as a satisfactory alternative because of their global coverage. Although a good range of satellite-based estimations of precipitation is out there, not all the satellite products are suitable for all regions. In addition, in data-scarce areas where interpolation schemes are applied, it becomes difficult to get an accurate performance assessment; another comparison method is required as rainfal l-runoff models. Remotely-sensed estimates are to get realistic and reliable data to be accessed in water resource assessments. Therefore, there is a requirement to evaluate the accuracy of remote sensing techniques. Inter comparison between Satellite rainfall product and observe...
Ethiopia is endowed with water than many drought-prone countries in the world and yet is being ba... more Ethiopia is endowed with water than many drought-prone countries in the world and yet is being battered by extremes of drought affecting the livelihoods of many and increasing famine across the country. This chapter analyzes drought characteristics in Ethiopia based on meteorological variables. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) is used for temporal and spatial analyses of meteorological drought and the concept of drought magnitude using SPI is used to define hydrological drought by considering the dry spells and extent of drought intensity. The spatial assessment of meteorological drought showed multiple severity levels both dry and wet events, with respect to the areal extent for all years in the study period. Yearly analysis identified six prominent drought years using the SPI. The monthly drought analysis for all six prominent drought years showed that it was not the lack of precipitation throughout the drought years that caused the drastic effects, but the seasonal effect o...
Transboundary waters account for a significant portion of the global freshwater resource. Effecti... more Transboundary waters account for a significant portion of the global freshwater resource. Effective water resource management should ideally have transboundary water management at its core. However, two-thirds of the world’s transboundary rivers do not have a cooperative management framework. Nonetheless, numerous international treaties, laws, and principles have existed throughout history to govern transboundary water sharing. The principle of limited territorial sovereignty forms the basis for modern customary water laws. There are notable, widely accepted transboundary water management rules and principles based on limited territorial sovereignty, such as the Helsinki rules, the U.N. 1997 convention, and the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) in the case of the Nile basin. However, the contextualization and quantifications of the such rule to useable frameworks are still mostly lacking. This study outlines the evolution of transboundary water-sharing rules and principles and the history of water-sharing in the Nile basin. It then presents factors suggested by international water-sharing principles to determine equitable use. The study contextualizes, quantifies, and weighs these factors for the Nile basin to evaluate different scenarios, which can be a base for fair and equitable water sharing. Finally, the authors forward possible recommendations for equitable and sustainable water use in the basin to move forward collectively.
Ethiopia is endowed with water and has a high runoff generation area compared to many countries, ... more Ethiopia is endowed with water and has a high runoff generation area compared to many countries, but the total stored water only goes up to approximately 36BCM. The problem of water shortage in Ethiopia emanates from the seasonality of rainfall and the lack of infrastructure for storage to capture excess runoff during flood seasons. Based on this premise, a method for a syndicate use of topography, land use and vegetation was applied to locate potential surface water storing sites. The steady-state Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) was used to represent the spatial distribution of water flow and water stagnating across the study area and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to detect surface water through multispectral analysis. With this approach, a number of water storing sites were identified in three categories: primary sources (water bodies based), secondary sources (Swampy/wetland based) and tertiary sources (the land based). A sample volume analysis for th...
Flood events vary with sub-regions, sites and time and show complex characteristics. This study i... more Flood events vary with sub-regions, sites and time and show complex characteristics. This study investigated temporal variabilities in flood discharges and relationships with principal driving factors in data scarce Wabi Shebele River Basin. The preliminary analysis using exploratory data analysis (EDA) on annual and seasonal maximum discharge reveals that there are cycles of extreme flows at five-and ten-year intervals respectively throughout the basin. The statistical verification using the Mann-Kendall test and Quantile perturbation method indicates a significant trend in flood magnitude and frequency entire the basin in the early 21st century. For longest period (1980-2010) annual maximum stream flow shows significant positive trend (p-value < 0.05) in middle catchments and negative trend (p-value < 0.05) in eastern catchments. The years: 1986-1995, 2006-2010 are the years in which positive significant anomalies occurred in all seasons, while the years: 1980-1985, 1996-2005 are the occurrence years of significant negative anomalies. Rainfall from climate drivers; DA, BE, VS and fraction of sand from environmental background drivers; fraction of forest and population density from external factors were identified as the powerful driving factors of flood variabilities in the Wabi Shebele River Basin.
Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading t... more Land-use change has been a factor that alters the hydrologic response of the watersheds leading to influencing on sediment yield changes. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land-use changes on sediment load and lake depth reduction on Lake Ziway, Ethiopia using an integrated approach of Remote Sensing (RS), GIS and SWAT model. ERDAS IMAGINE 14 model was used to generate land-use maps The maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification applied to classify the basin land-use into seven land-use classes. The SWAT hydrological model with ArcGIS interface setup for the basin to evaluate the flow and sediment load with calibration and validation performance of the model range R 2 (0.71-0.89) and NSE (0.57-0.87). As a result, the total average annual sediment yield from the sub-basins estimated as 3.59 t/ha/yr, 4.36 t/ha/yr, and 4.89 t/ha/yr for three consecutive decadal periods 1988
Demand for fresh water, as one of the major natural resources, is increasing rapidly with increas... more Demand for fresh water, as one of the major natural resources, is increasing rapidly with increasing development and environmental degradation. The continued abstraction of water from Lake Ziway and its main feeder rivers Meki and Katar for irrigation indicates that the water demand may soon exceed the supply. To illustrate disparities in spatial distribution of water resources , the Upper Awash sub-basin, which shares a water-divide with the CRVL sub-basin, has large flow volumes particularly in the rainy season and suffers with seasonal flooding. The rationale behind regaining the water in CRVL relies on this non-uniform spatial distribution of fresh water, calling for a balance between water surplus and deficit regions. For this reason, Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) is suggested as a viable option to augment uti-lizable water resources of the Upper Awash sub-basin to reduce the significant pressure on the water supply of the rapidly developing urban and irrigation areas in the CRVL sub-basin. A water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model was used to quantify the amount of surplus water in the donor basin, when examining the hydrological dynamics of the basins. Furthermore, optimal flow diversion scenarios were generated by maintaining two baseline scenario constraints. The estimated surplus water in the rainy season is expected to contribute 18 million cubic meters (mcm), 88 mcm and 192 mcm in months June, July and August respectively under average conditions. The optimal amount of diverted water could potentially stabilize the environmental degradation of Lake Ziway and Lake Abijata by compensating for development driven abstraction and surface water evaporation respectively.
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Papers by Belete B . Kidanewolde