On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-calle... more On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-called “Teke Kale” which was built at a strategic point of Northern Caria for blocking military infiltration to interior Caria in the Hellenistic period. There is a very important necropolis around Teke Kale which suggests an association with some nearby settlements, perhaps Thasthara or Parpariotai which are small towns of Amyzon. The rock-cut necropolis also have some monumental tombs around Teke Kale. Two of them are pyramid tombs and eleven are Carian type rock-hewn trough graves. The trough graves are sunk into the outcrops of the bed- rock, which are worked out in Carian type. Especially one of them is the monu- mental Carian type rock-hewn trough grave which was surrounded by a wall con- structed by rectangular blokcs, and has rock hewn three-steps at the west side which makes transition to the smoothed front surface resembling a podium. The tomb was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of the Hellenistic fortress of Teke Kale; for this reson, the masonry of Teke Kale helps us to solve the problem of dating the tomb. A large number of fortification walls in Caria have been assigned to the period of Maussollos. This Maussollo-centric approach was questioned by L. Karlsson, and he suggested that the fortification walls in Caria were built not only in the peri- od of Maussollos, but olso built in the third century B.C. The masonry of the fortress of Teke Kale is isodomic ashlar with long stretchers and projected narrow headers, which point out to the third century B.C. Thus I suggested that the tomb which was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of Teke Kale was built before the construc- tion of the fortress, probably dating to the fourth or early third century B.C.
M. Çekilmez – M. Arinç Özyılmaz (Ed.), Aydın İli Antik Kentleri ve Arkeolojik Araştırmaları - I.Cumhuriyetimizin 100. Yılında AYDIN İLİ ANTİK KENTLERİ VE ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMALARI I, 2023
Ilıca Tepe is within the scope of Mycale surveys. The walls, which can be easily observed in the ... more Ilıca Tepe is within the scope of Mycale surveys. The walls, which can be easily observed in the northern, southern and eastern parts of the 540x315 m hill (Fig. 1-2), were built with massive stones with rough-hewn “Cyclopean” masonry, located right next to the Kuşadası-Davutlar high- way, were obtained from the bedrock of the hill (Fig. 3). The walls take advantage of the local topography as much as possible and built along a slight ridge of bedrock. The easiest way to climb the hill is via the stepped south-east slope, but there is no evidence of a gate along the south wall. The only other approach would be from the east, although on much steeper terrain. The eastern wall rises slightly to the north, taking advantage of the local increase in slope, and towards the middle of the eastern wall a gap was left, possibly for a doorway, or an offset, a vertical joint that marks a change in the course of a wall, such as a section of wall not being in line with its neighbour. Offsets are common but not uniform in Mycenaean wall structures.1 Archaeo-geological studies show that the hill is close to the sea coast and the hill extends towards the sea like a peninsula. In fact, the sea may even be circling almost the entire hill. Perhaps in the eastern part, access from the mainland to the hill was made through a very narrow isthmus. It is quite difficult to follow the walls on the west side facing the sea, as no archaeological excavations have been carried out on the hill. In this case, the easiest and most strategic way to reach the hill should be from the east. Of course, when these geological and strategic advantages combined with the monumental forti- fications surrounding the hill, Ilıcatepe was very difficult to capture, but it was like an observation post that could control its immediate surroundings. This strategic location of Ilıcatepe and the fact that there is a very important mound like Kadıkalesi 4km south of it suggests that there must be a relationship between them. Although Kadıkalesi is known for its Byzantine church today, it was actually a very important settlement from the Chalcolithic Age to the Bronze Age. Ilıcatepe and Kadıkalesi were located at the exit point of the strait between Samos Island and the Mykale peninsula. Ships passing through this strait were bound to sail by passing in front of Kadıkalesi and then Ilıcatepe, and Apasa, the capital of Arzawa country, was in the continuation of this sea route. We can add Çatallar Tepe, which is located on the Arinnanda/Mykale Mountain, 13 km south of Ilıcatepe, to this network of relations. Recent surveys suggest that the settlement at Çatallar Tepe may have been a Late Bronze Age settlement Puranda on the mountain known as Arinnanda (Mykale-Dilek Peninsula),2 named during the expedition of Murshili II to Arzawa around 1318- 1316 BC. After Murshili became the Hittite king, in the third year of his reign, he marched on Arzawa using the excuse of not returning the Hattian refugees who had fled from the Hittite lands to the Arzawa Kingdom. At that time, Uhhaziti was the king of the Arzawa.3 The Hittite army under the command of Murshili followed certain routes and came to the land called Arinnanda Mountain, which was the final destination. Based on the king's statements about this expedition, it is understood that some of the Arzawans fled to the Aegean islands, possibly to the island of Samos, before the Hittite army arrived. It is stated in the records that those who did not flee to the Aegean islands climbed Arinnanda Mountain and took refuge in Puranda, which is understood to be a fortified center, and prepared for war there. The sections in which Murshili narrates the struggle with those who fled to Mount Arinnanda are quite remarkable. In Murshili's annals, he tells “It is difficult to enter the aforementioned Mount Arinnanda. It extends into the sea like a peninsula. It is also very high, has no roads to travel, and is rocky. It is impossible to go up with horse-drawn carriages. The escaped slaves had taken the roads, and the soldiers had all piled up above. Since it was impossible to go up by chariots, I walked on foot to the top of Mount Arin- nanda before my great king’s army. I forced the slaves to go hungry and thirsty. When the hunger and thirst became intolerable, the slaves began to descend, and fell at my feet, Lord, do not destroy us! Our lord, accept us into slavery and take us to Hattuša!” they begged”.4 If the Puranda siege of Arinnanda Mountain, which is mentioned in Murshili's annals, really took place on Çatallar Tepe in Mykale Mountain, Ilıcatepe, 13km away, must have a part in Murshili's legendary siege story. Because while the Hittite army was approaching, some Arzawa people probably fled to the island of Samos. The escape and return story of the Luwian Prince Tapalazunawali,5 who probably es- caped to Samos Island while the siege continued and then returned to Puranda, to defend the city, could not have taken place without entering the viewpoint of a fortress surrounded by such mon- umental walls and dominating the sea route between Samos strait and Samos Apasa.
In 1994 a rescue excavation was carried out in the K›zöldün Tumulus at Gümüflçay district, near B... more In 1994 a rescue excavation was carried out in the K›zöldün Tumulus at Gümüflçay district, near Biga at the Persian regional satrapal capital of Daskyleion. In the tumulus, two seperate sarcophagi burials were found, the larger of the two sarcophagi made from fine marble, had been robbed in antiquity. Before being heaped with the earth of the tumulus, it had been covered by layers of pan tiles. Beneath the pan tiles at the west side of the sarcophagus, were found two sickled bronze wheels and a bronze harness or horse bit belonging to a war chariot trans- formed into the Persian harmamaksa. It certainly looks as if the Polyxena Sarcophagus was intended for a Girl, but the bones inside belongs to a 40 year old man. Polyxena Sarcophagus is the earliest marble sarcophagus with figural scenes ever to have been found in Anatolia. The main side of the sarcophagus includes a representation of the sacrifice of Polyxena by Neoptolemos, the son of Akhilleus. On the other side, the preparations and celebrations before the wedding between Akhilleus and Polyxena are represented just like the wedding ceremony on the Akhilleus-Polyxena Sarcophagus at Prado. Flavius Philostratos (170-249 A.D.) who quoted from the writers of the Homer time in Heroides, reports that: “Akhilleus loved Polyxena and was negotiating this marriage for himself with the understanding that he would make the Achaeans withdraw from Ilion. Polyxena also loved Akhilleus; they have seen one another during the ransom negotiations for Hektor. For when Priamos came to Akhilleus, he made his own child lead him by the hand, since she was the youngest of those. After Akhilleus died unarmed and when Akhilleus’ body had already been buried for three days, Polyxena ran to the tomb at night and leaned upon while speaking many words of pity and marriage”.Above the reliefs and the lid of the sarcophagus a model of an ionic gabled roof is imitated. It has dentils, which shows one of the earliest examples (with the examples from Daskyleion and Labraunda) of this architectural element in nonfunctional and ornamental using. There is no evidence for the using of dentils in ionic stone buildings at Asia Minor and aegean islands in the 6th century B.C.. For the present time in Asia Minor, dentils have been seen for the first time in Labraunda, Daskyleion and on the building represented in the relief of the Stele of Sinope. The roofing system made on the lid is the same to that of the Early Classical Building at Daskyleion which was built probably by an Ionian architect employed by Artabazos (477-468 B.C.), the satrap of Daskyleion. It is probable that the master of the lid of the Polyxena Sarcophagus was involved in the construction of an ionic building before working on the Sarcophagus, perhaps he was also an architect instead of an sculptor. There were ancient settlements near Daskyleion and Biga, like Miletouteikhos and Didymateikhe, probably found by Ionian migrants, coming to work in this region.
Günümüzde aynı zamanda Dilek Yarımadası olarak adlandırılan Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, B. Anadolu coğr... more Günümüzde aynı zamanda Dilek Yarımadası olarak adlandırılan Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, B. Anadolu coğrafyasının en özel alanlarından bir tanesidir ve bölgenin tarihin her döneminde önemli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu özel coğrafyada 2020 yılında ekibimiz tarafından yeni bir yüzey araştırması çalışmasına başlanılmıştır. Çalışmalar kapsamında Çatallar Tepe Mevkii'ndeki kalıntı ve buluntular da ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Söz konusu bölge, Samsun (Mykale) Dağı üzerindeki en stratejik alanlardan bir tanesidir. 857 m yüksekliğindeki alandan bakıldığında Kuşadası Körfezi ve bir zamanların Latmos Körfezi olan Söke Ovası çok net bir şekilde izlenebilmektedir. Bölgede geçmiş yıllarda yüzey araştırması ve kazı çalışmaları gerçekleştirmiş olan H. Lohmann, Çatallar Tepe'deki kalıntıların Melia Antik Kenti'ne ve Arkaik Panionion Kutsal Alanı'na ait olabileceğini iddia etmiştir. H. Lohmann, Herodotos'un "Panionion, Mykale Burnu'nda kutsal bir yerdir; kuzeye bakar…" ifadesinden yola çıkarak tapınağın Çatallar Tepe mevkiinde olması gerektiğini ifade etmiştir. Fakat bu lokalizasyon önerisini destekleyecek herhangi bir net buluntu yoktur. Çatallar Tepe'deki yerleşiminin kimliğinin anlaşılmasında Samsun (Mykale) Dağı'nın üzerindeki baskın kültsel merkez olan Priene gözden kaçırılıyor gibidir. Priene mevcut kalıntılarını gördüğümüz alana Geç Klasik Dönem'de kurulmuştur. Arkaik Priene'nin nerede olduğu konusu hala tartışmalıdır. Kentleşme süreçleri incelendiğinde yerleşimlerin yüksek noktalardan kıyılara indiği anlaşılmaktadır. Çatallar Tepe'deki mevcut kalıntılar ile Geç Klasik Dönem'de yeni bir arazide kurulan Priene kenti arası kuş uçuşu yaklaşık olarak 5.5 km'dir. H. Lohmann Çatallar Tepe'de gerçekleştirdiği kazı çalışmaları sırasında üzerinde ΠР]ΙΗΝΕ[ΩΝ (Priene..?) yazısı olan bir stroter (?) parçası bulmuştur. Bize göre yerleşimin kimliğini anlamamız açısından söz konusu buluntu oldukça önemlidir. Çatallar Tepe'deki kalıntıların Arkaik Priene'ye veya en azından tapınağın Arkaik Priene'nin kent dışı bir kutsal alanına ait olma olasılığı bize göre oldukça yüksektir. Çatallar Tepe Mevkii'nde yaptığımız incelemeler sırasında Arkaik Dönem surlarının yanı sıra daha erken tarihli olabileceğini düşündüğümüz sur kalıntıları da tespit edilmiştir Kalıntılardan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla bu özel coğrafya üzerinde yer alan Çatallar Tepe'deki yerleşimin kökleri iddia edilenden çok daha erkene, MÖ II. binyıla kadar uzanması oldukça olasıdır. Hitit Kralı II. Murşili'nin Arzawa Konfederasyonu üzerine düzenlediği sefer sırasında Puranda kentini almak için çok uğraştığı ilgili yıllıklardan anlaşılmaktadır. Puranda'nın lokalizasyonu konusunda çeşitli öneriler bulunmaktadır. Bazı dilbilimciler Puranda'nın Samsun Dağı üzerinde aranması gerektiğini ısrarla belirtmektedir. A. Ünal Puranda ve Priene isimleri arasındaki fonetik benzerliğe dikkat çekerek Puranda=Priene önerisini dile getirmiştir. Bize göre bu görüş olasıdır. Bölgede uzun yıllar araştırmalar ve kazılar gerçekleştiren sayın Lohmann ve ekibi bizce Arkaik Panionion'u değil, Puranda ve muhtemelen Arkaik Priene kentini ya da ona ait, kent dışı bir tapınağı keşfetmiş olmaları kuvvetle muhtemeldir.
On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-calle... more On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-called “Teke Kale” which was built at a strategic point of Northern Caria for blocking military infiltration to interior Caria in the Hellenistic period. There is a very important necropolis around Teke Kale which suggests an association with some nearby settlements, perhaps Thasthara or Parpariotai which are small towns of Amyzon. The rock-cut necropolis also have some monumental tombs around Teke Kale. Two of them are pyramid tombs and eleven are Carian type rock-hewn trough graves. The trough graves are sunk into the outcrops of the bed- rock, which are worked out in Carian type. Especially one of them is the monu- mental Carian type rock-hewn trough grave which was surrounded by a wall con- structed by rectangular blokcs, and has rock hewn three-steps at the west side which makes transition to the smoothed front surface resembling a podium. The tomb was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of the Hellenistic fortress of Teke Kale; for this reson, the masonry of Teke Kale helps us to solve the problem of dating the tomb. A large number of fortification walls in Caria have been assigned to the period of Maussollos. This Maussollo-centric approach was questioned by L. Karlsson, and he suggested that the fortification walls in Caria were built not only in the peri- od of Maussollos, but olso built in the third century B.C. The masonry of the fortress of Teke Kale is isodomic ashlar with long stretchers and projected narrow headers, which point out to the third century B.C. Thus I suggested that the tomb which was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of Teke Kale was built before the construc- tion of the fortress, probably dating to the fourth or early third century B.C.
KARİALILAR, Denizcilerden Kent Kuruculara. THE CARIANS From Seafarers to City Builders, 2020
The Sanctuary of Sinuri is located 15 km southeast of Milas district in Muğla province. The sanct... more The Sanctuary of Sinuri is located 15 km southeast of Milas district in Muğla province. The sanctuary is situated on a 540-m-high hill, known as Asar Tepe, which lies between Yukarı Kalınağıl and Çamlıbelen villages (Fig. 1). The sacred precinct of the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods covers an area of approximately 30 m x 60 m, and architectural re- mains dating to various periods from the Archaic to the Byzantine have also been identified within the boundaries of the sanctuary.
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Suppl. 54., 2016
RESUME
MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie).
Ce rapport pr... more RESUME MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY KEYWORDS Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie). Ce rapport préliminaire présente les terres cuites architecturales d’époque archaïque trouvées à Euromos, dans un bothros près de l’angle Nord-Ouest du temple de Zeus. Ce très riche ensemble de 800 fragments environ provient de trois au quatre bâtiments ioniques. De l’étude en cours ont été extraits, pour la présente contribution, les plaques de frise figurée, les fragments de frontons, les fragments de sima rampante et de rive, les fragments de frises décoratives et un acrotère. Euromos, Carie, époque archaïque, terre cuite architecturale, architecture ionique. This paper presents a preliminary report on the large collection (ca. 800 pieces) of Archaic architectural terracottas found at Euromus, in a bothros at the north-west corner of the Zeus temple. These terracottas indicate that perhaps three or four Ionic buildings were located in the same sanctuary. As the study of these architectural terracottas is on- going, this paper will concentrate only on the frieze plaques, the pedimental fragments, the fragments of the lateral and raking simas, the scroll fragments, and the acroterion.
Çarıklar Open-Air Sanctuary is located within the boundaries of Çarıklar village in the north- we... more Çarıklar Open-Air Sanctuary is located within the boundaries of Çarıklar village in the north- west of Aydın province. The sanctuary is in the northeast section of Germencik District (Figs. 1-6). It was discovered southwest of the village during a court expertise in 08.11.2013. It is built on a massive conglomerate rock, dominating the Menderes Plain located to its south. The archaeological remains were observed at an altitude of 380-400 m above sea level, concentrated on the eastern slopes of the hill, which is known as Kayaarası by the locals (Fig. 3). Kurt Tepe is located to the southwest and Eğlek Tepe to the northeast. The region is rich in water resources. One branch of the İnönü stream, passing right in front of the sanctuary, flows from the center of the area in an east-west direction. Another water source, called Çanak Pınarı by the locals, is located just south of the sanctuary. The area is also rich in thermal water resources; measure- ments document the presence of a thermal source at a temperature of 33°C. The last study pub- lished by the Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration reported that a Quaternary fault line has passed through the area where the village and the sanctuary are located. The thermal water source observed must originate with this fault line. The region is also known to be extraordinarily rich in clay and thin shaft used in brick-tile making, and it is possible to encounter raw material beds throughout the area. Çarıklar and its surroundings are also rich in vegetation. Among the dense bush cover, bay, oleander, thyme, wild lavender, fig and pine trees reflect the general flora of the land.
Im Jahr 1966 fand Hans Weber in seiner Ausgrabung
auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine arc... more Im Jahr 1966 fand Hans Weber in seiner Ausgrabung auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine archaisch-zyprische Kalksteinstatuette, die er in seinem ein Jahr später erschienenen Ausgrabungsbericht lediglich kurz erwähnte und mit einer schwarz-weißen Fotografie abbildete. Die Statuette wurde im Anschluss an die Ausgrabung mit den weiteren Funden in das Archäologische Museum von Aydın verbracht, in dessen Magazin sie sich bis heute befindet. Während die beiden archaischen Tempel in Myus, von denen der ältere mit einem Wagenlenkerfries geschmückt war, in der Forschung gut bekannt sind, haben das Heiligtum und die zahlreichen dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Die Studien von Murat Çekilmez und Suat Ateşlier zu den Terrakotten und Skulpturen aus Myus im Archäologischen Museum von Aydın und die Untersuchung von Sabine Neumann zu den von Theodor Wiegand in Myus gefundenen und nach Berlin verbrachten Skulpturen im Rahmen des Gesamtkatalogs der Skulpturen der Antikensammlung der Berliner Museen gaben Anlass, auch die von Weber gefundene zyprische Kalksteinstatuette genauer zu untersuchen. Im Folgenden soll die Statuette erstmals im Detail beschrieben, zeichnerisch dokumentiert und ikonographisch sowie chronologisch bestimmt werden. Bei der Statuette handelt es sich wohl um einen zyprischen Export und somit um ein Zeugnis interkultureller Kontakte der Ostägäis mit Zypern um die Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts vor Christus. Durch ihre Funktion als Votiv im Heiligtum von Myus stellen sich dabei insbesondere Fragen nach der religiösen Identität des/der Weihenden, denen hier näher nachgegangen werden sollen. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags sollen schließlich das Heiligtum von Myus in seiner topographischen und baulichen Gestalt näher betrachtet und die dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen kontextualisiert werden. Dazu wird am Ende ein Appendix aller uns bekannten aus Myus stammenden archaischen Skulpturen angeschlossen.
KARIA ARKHAIA La Carie, des origines à la période pré-hékatomnide Olivier HENRY / Koray KONUK (éds.), Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes, Istanbul., 2019
This study examines a kouros torso found in Euromos, which is today kept in the Bodrum Museum of ... more This study examines a kouros torso found in Euromos, which is today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The ruins of Euromos in Caria are located 2 km south of Selimiye, in the district of Milas, province of Muğla. Excavations and research studies were carried out in the ancient city by Prof. Dr. Ümit Serdaroğlu from 1969 to 1975. The excavations mostly focused in the center of the city and in the temple of Zeus Lepsynos. An Archaic period architectural terracotta group, consisting of 742 pieces, was unearthed in a bothros during the excavations of the terrace in the northwest side of the temple. These are architectural terracottas belonging to the upper part of more than one construction from the Archaic period and are today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The marble kouros torso examined in this study was found in 1973 in trench number IX on the terrace of the temple at level -123. Recorded in the inventory of the museum under number 57, this torso is 49 cm tall and 47 cm wide. Made of fine crystalline white marble, the sculpture was preserved in one piece from neck to waist, with the left arm as far as the wrist. Fifteen horizontal and five vertical strands of bead-hair falling onto the back can be observed. The head, neck, the right part of the body, and the part below the waist of the standing kouros, which is wearing a long chiton and himation, are missing. Comparisons carried out with similar examples show that the sculpture must be from the third quarter of the 6th century BC.
On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-calle... more On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-called “Teke Kale” which was built at a strategic point of Northern Caria for blocking military infiltration to interior Caria in the Hellenistic period. There is a very important necropolis around Teke Kale which suggests an association with some nearby settlements, perhaps Thasthara or Parpariotai which are small towns of Amyzon. The rock-cut necropolis also have some monumental tombs around Teke Kale. Two of them are pyramid tombs and eleven are Carian type rock-hewn trough graves. The trough graves are sunk into the outcrops of the bed- rock, which are worked out in Carian type. Especially one of them is the monu- mental Carian type rock-hewn trough grave which was surrounded by a wall con- structed by rectangular blokcs, and has rock hewn three-steps at the west side which makes transition to the smoothed front surface resembling a podium. The tomb was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of the Hellenistic fortress of Teke Kale; for this reson, the masonry of Teke Kale helps us to solve the problem of dating the tomb. A large number of fortification walls in Caria have been assigned to the period of Maussollos. This Maussollo-centric approach was questioned by L. Karlsson, and he suggested that the fortification walls in Caria were built not only in the peri- od of Maussollos, but olso built in the third century B.C. The masonry of the fortress of Teke Kale is isodomic ashlar with long stretchers and projected narrow headers, which point out to the third century B.C. Thus I suggested that the tomb which was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of Teke Kale was built before the construc- tion of the fortress, probably dating to the fourth or early third century B.C.
M. Çekilmez – M. Arinç Özyılmaz (Ed.), Aydın İli Antik Kentleri ve Arkeolojik Araştırmaları - I.Cumhuriyetimizin 100. Yılında AYDIN İLİ ANTİK KENTLERİ VE ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMALARI I, 2023
Ilıca Tepe is within the scope of Mycale surveys. The walls, which can be easily observed in the ... more Ilıca Tepe is within the scope of Mycale surveys. The walls, which can be easily observed in the northern, southern and eastern parts of the 540x315 m hill (Fig. 1-2), were built with massive stones with rough-hewn “Cyclopean” masonry, located right next to the Kuşadası-Davutlar high- way, were obtained from the bedrock of the hill (Fig. 3). The walls take advantage of the local topography as much as possible and built along a slight ridge of bedrock. The easiest way to climb the hill is via the stepped south-east slope, but there is no evidence of a gate along the south wall. The only other approach would be from the east, although on much steeper terrain. The eastern wall rises slightly to the north, taking advantage of the local increase in slope, and towards the middle of the eastern wall a gap was left, possibly for a doorway, or an offset, a vertical joint that marks a change in the course of a wall, such as a section of wall not being in line with its neighbour. Offsets are common but not uniform in Mycenaean wall structures.1 Archaeo-geological studies show that the hill is close to the sea coast and the hill extends towards the sea like a peninsula. In fact, the sea may even be circling almost the entire hill. Perhaps in the eastern part, access from the mainland to the hill was made through a very narrow isthmus. It is quite difficult to follow the walls on the west side facing the sea, as no archaeological excavations have been carried out on the hill. In this case, the easiest and most strategic way to reach the hill should be from the east. Of course, when these geological and strategic advantages combined with the monumental forti- fications surrounding the hill, Ilıcatepe was very difficult to capture, but it was like an observation post that could control its immediate surroundings. This strategic location of Ilıcatepe and the fact that there is a very important mound like Kadıkalesi 4km south of it suggests that there must be a relationship between them. Although Kadıkalesi is known for its Byzantine church today, it was actually a very important settlement from the Chalcolithic Age to the Bronze Age. Ilıcatepe and Kadıkalesi were located at the exit point of the strait between Samos Island and the Mykale peninsula. Ships passing through this strait were bound to sail by passing in front of Kadıkalesi and then Ilıcatepe, and Apasa, the capital of Arzawa country, was in the continuation of this sea route. We can add Çatallar Tepe, which is located on the Arinnanda/Mykale Mountain, 13 km south of Ilıcatepe, to this network of relations. Recent surveys suggest that the settlement at Çatallar Tepe may have been a Late Bronze Age settlement Puranda on the mountain known as Arinnanda (Mykale-Dilek Peninsula),2 named during the expedition of Murshili II to Arzawa around 1318- 1316 BC. After Murshili became the Hittite king, in the third year of his reign, he marched on Arzawa using the excuse of not returning the Hattian refugees who had fled from the Hittite lands to the Arzawa Kingdom. At that time, Uhhaziti was the king of the Arzawa.3 The Hittite army under the command of Murshili followed certain routes and came to the land called Arinnanda Mountain, which was the final destination. Based on the king's statements about this expedition, it is understood that some of the Arzawans fled to the Aegean islands, possibly to the island of Samos, before the Hittite army arrived. It is stated in the records that those who did not flee to the Aegean islands climbed Arinnanda Mountain and took refuge in Puranda, which is understood to be a fortified center, and prepared for war there. The sections in which Murshili narrates the struggle with those who fled to Mount Arinnanda are quite remarkable. In Murshili's annals, he tells “It is difficult to enter the aforementioned Mount Arinnanda. It extends into the sea like a peninsula. It is also very high, has no roads to travel, and is rocky. It is impossible to go up with horse-drawn carriages. The escaped slaves had taken the roads, and the soldiers had all piled up above. Since it was impossible to go up by chariots, I walked on foot to the top of Mount Arin- nanda before my great king’s army. I forced the slaves to go hungry and thirsty. When the hunger and thirst became intolerable, the slaves began to descend, and fell at my feet, Lord, do not destroy us! Our lord, accept us into slavery and take us to Hattuša!” they begged”.4 If the Puranda siege of Arinnanda Mountain, which is mentioned in Murshili's annals, really took place on Çatallar Tepe in Mykale Mountain, Ilıcatepe, 13km away, must have a part in Murshili's legendary siege story. Because while the Hittite army was approaching, some Arzawa people probably fled to the island of Samos. The escape and return story of the Luwian Prince Tapalazunawali,5 who probably es- caped to Samos Island while the siege continued and then returned to Puranda, to defend the city, could not have taken place without entering the viewpoint of a fortress surrounded by such mon- umental walls and dominating the sea route between Samos strait and Samos Apasa.
In 1994 a rescue excavation was carried out in the K›zöldün Tumulus at Gümüflçay district, near B... more In 1994 a rescue excavation was carried out in the K›zöldün Tumulus at Gümüflçay district, near Biga at the Persian regional satrapal capital of Daskyleion. In the tumulus, two seperate sarcophagi burials were found, the larger of the two sarcophagi made from fine marble, had been robbed in antiquity. Before being heaped with the earth of the tumulus, it had been covered by layers of pan tiles. Beneath the pan tiles at the west side of the sarcophagus, were found two sickled bronze wheels and a bronze harness or horse bit belonging to a war chariot trans- formed into the Persian harmamaksa. It certainly looks as if the Polyxena Sarcophagus was intended for a Girl, but the bones inside belongs to a 40 year old man. Polyxena Sarcophagus is the earliest marble sarcophagus with figural scenes ever to have been found in Anatolia. The main side of the sarcophagus includes a representation of the sacrifice of Polyxena by Neoptolemos, the son of Akhilleus. On the other side, the preparations and celebrations before the wedding between Akhilleus and Polyxena are represented just like the wedding ceremony on the Akhilleus-Polyxena Sarcophagus at Prado. Flavius Philostratos (170-249 A.D.) who quoted from the writers of the Homer time in Heroides, reports that: “Akhilleus loved Polyxena and was negotiating this marriage for himself with the understanding that he would make the Achaeans withdraw from Ilion. Polyxena also loved Akhilleus; they have seen one another during the ransom negotiations for Hektor. For when Priamos came to Akhilleus, he made his own child lead him by the hand, since she was the youngest of those. After Akhilleus died unarmed and when Akhilleus’ body had already been buried for three days, Polyxena ran to the tomb at night and leaned upon while speaking many words of pity and marriage”.Above the reliefs and the lid of the sarcophagus a model of an ionic gabled roof is imitated. It has dentils, which shows one of the earliest examples (with the examples from Daskyleion and Labraunda) of this architectural element in nonfunctional and ornamental using. There is no evidence for the using of dentils in ionic stone buildings at Asia Minor and aegean islands in the 6th century B.C.. For the present time in Asia Minor, dentils have been seen for the first time in Labraunda, Daskyleion and on the building represented in the relief of the Stele of Sinope. The roofing system made on the lid is the same to that of the Early Classical Building at Daskyleion which was built probably by an Ionian architect employed by Artabazos (477-468 B.C.), the satrap of Daskyleion. It is probable that the master of the lid of the Polyxena Sarcophagus was involved in the construction of an ionic building before working on the Sarcophagus, perhaps he was also an architect instead of an sculptor. There were ancient settlements near Daskyleion and Biga, like Miletouteikhos and Didymateikhe, probably found by Ionian migrants, coming to work in this region.
Günümüzde aynı zamanda Dilek Yarımadası olarak adlandırılan Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, B. Anadolu coğr... more Günümüzde aynı zamanda Dilek Yarımadası olarak adlandırılan Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, B. Anadolu coğrafyasının en özel alanlarından bir tanesidir ve bölgenin tarihin her döneminde önemli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu özel coğrafyada 2020 yılında ekibimiz tarafından yeni bir yüzey araştırması çalışmasına başlanılmıştır. Çalışmalar kapsamında Çatallar Tepe Mevkii'ndeki kalıntı ve buluntular da ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Söz konusu bölge, Samsun (Mykale) Dağı üzerindeki en stratejik alanlardan bir tanesidir. 857 m yüksekliğindeki alandan bakıldığında Kuşadası Körfezi ve bir zamanların Latmos Körfezi olan Söke Ovası çok net bir şekilde izlenebilmektedir. Bölgede geçmiş yıllarda yüzey araştırması ve kazı çalışmaları gerçekleştirmiş olan H. Lohmann, Çatallar Tepe'deki kalıntıların Melia Antik Kenti'ne ve Arkaik Panionion Kutsal Alanı'na ait olabileceğini iddia etmiştir. H. Lohmann, Herodotos'un "Panionion, Mykale Burnu'nda kutsal bir yerdir; kuzeye bakar…" ifadesinden yola çıkarak tapınağın Çatallar Tepe mevkiinde olması gerektiğini ifade etmiştir. Fakat bu lokalizasyon önerisini destekleyecek herhangi bir net buluntu yoktur. Çatallar Tepe'deki yerleşiminin kimliğinin anlaşılmasında Samsun (Mykale) Dağı'nın üzerindeki baskın kültsel merkez olan Priene gözden kaçırılıyor gibidir. Priene mevcut kalıntılarını gördüğümüz alana Geç Klasik Dönem'de kurulmuştur. Arkaik Priene'nin nerede olduğu konusu hala tartışmalıdır. Kentleşme süreçleri incelendiğinde yerleşimlerin yüksek noktalardan kıyılara indiği anlaşılmaktadır. Çatallar Tepe'deki mevcut kalıntılar ile Geç Klasik Dönem'de yeni bir arazide kurulan Priene kenti arası kuş uçuşu yaklaşık olarak 5.5 km'dir. H. Lohmann Çatallar Tepe'de gerçekleştirdiği kazı çalışmaları sırasında üzerinde ΠР]ΙΗΝΕ[ΩΝ (Priene..?) yazısı olan bir stroter (?) parçası bulmuştur. Bize göre yerleşimin kimliğini anlamamız açısından söz konusu buluntu oldukça önemlidir. Çatallar Tepe'deki kalıntıların Arkaik Priene'ye veya en azından tapınağın Arkaik Priene'nin kent dışı bir kutsal alanına ait olma olasılığı bize göre oldukça yüksektir. Çatallar Tepe Mevkii'nde yaptığımız incelemeler sırasında Arkaik Dönem surlarının yanı sıra daha erken tarihli olabileceğini düşündüğümüz sur kalıntıları da tespit edilmiştir Kalıntılardan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla bu özel coğrafya üzerinde yer alan Çatallar Tepe'deki yerleşimin kökleri iddia edilenden çok daha erkene, MÖ II. binyıla kadar uzanması oldukça olasıdır. Hitit Kralı II. Murşili'nin Arzawa Konfederasyonu üzerine düzenlediği sefer sırasında Puranda kentini almak için çok uğraştığı ilgili yıllıklardan anlaşılmaktadır. Puranda'nın lokalizasyonu konusunda çeşitli öneriler bulunmaktadır. Bazı dilbilimciler Puranda'nın Samsun Dağı üzerinde aranması gerektiğini ısrarla belirtmektedir. A. Ünal Puranda ve Priene isimleri arasındaki fonetik benzerliğe dikkat çekerek Puranda=Priene önerisini dile getirmiştir. Bize göre bu görüş olasıdır. Bölgede uzun yıllar araştırmalar ve kazılar gerçekleştiren sayın Lohmann ve ekibi bizce Arkaik Panionion'u değil, Puranda ve muhtemelen Arkaik Priene kentini ya da ona ait, kent dışı bir tapınağı keşfetmiş olmaları kuvvetle muhtemeldir.
On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-calle... more On the highest hill between Amyzon and Tralleis stands an admirably pre- served fortress so-called “Teke Kale” which was built at a strategic point of Northern Caria for blocking military infiltration to interior Caria in the Hellenistic period. There is a very important necropolis around Teke Kale which suggests an association with some nearby settlements, perhaps Thasthara or Parpariotai which are small towns of Amyzon. The rock-cut necropolis also have some monumental tombs around Teke Kale. Two of them are pyramid tombs and eleven are Carian type rock-hewn trough graves. The trough graves are sunk into the outcrops of the bed- rock, which are worked out in Carian type. Especially one of them is the monu- mental Carian type rock-hewn trough grave which was surrounded by a wall con- structed by rectangular blokcs, and has rock hewn three-steps at the west side which makes transition to the smoothed front surface resembling a podium. The tomb was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of the Hellenistic fortress of Teke Kale; for this reson, the masonry of Teke Kale helps us to solve the problem of dating the tomb. A large number of fortification walls in Caria have been assigned to the period of Maussollos. This Maussollo-centric approach was questioned by L. Karlsson, and he suggested that the fortification walls in Caria were built not only in the peri- od of Maussollos, but olso built in the third century B.C. The masonry of the fortress of Teke Kale is isodomic ashlar with long stretchers and projected narrow headers, which point out to the third century B.C. Thus I suggested that the tomb which was canceled by rock-hewn wall beds of Teke Kale was built before the construc- tion of the fortress, probably dating to the fourth or early third century B.C.
KARİALILAR, Denizcilerden Kent Kuruculara. THE CARIANS From Seafarers to City Builders, 2020
The Sanctuary of Sinuri is located 15 km southeast of Milas district in Muğla province. The sanct... more The Sanctuary of Sinuri is located 15 km southeast of Milas district in Muğla province. The sanctuary is situated on a 540-m-high hill, known as Asar Tepe, which lies between Yukarı Kalınağıl and Çamlıbelen villages (Fig. 1). The sacred precinct of the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods covers an area of approximately 30 m x 60 m, and architectural re- mains dating to various periods from the Archaic to the Byzantine have also been identified within the boundaries of the sanctuary.
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Suppl. 54., 2016
RESUME
MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie).
Ce rapport pr... more RESUME MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY KEYWORDS Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie). Ce rapport préliminaire présente les terres cuites architecturales d’époque archaïque trouvées à Euromos, dans un bothros près de l’angle Nord-Ouest du temple de Zeus. Ce très riche ensemble de 800 fragments environ provient de trois au quatre bâtiments ioniques. De l’étude en cours ont été extraits, pour la présente contribution, les plaques de frise figurée, les fragments de frontons, les fragments de sima rampante et de rive, les fragments de frises décoratives et un acrotère. Euromos, Carie, époque archaïque, terre cuite architecturale, architecture ionique. This paper presents a preliminary report on the large collection (ca. 800 pieces) of Archaic architectural terracottas found at Euromus, in a bothros at the north-west corner of the Zeus temple. These terracottas indicate that perhaps three or four Ionic buildings were located in the same sanctuary. As the study of these architectural terracottas is on- going, this paper will concentrate only on the frieze plaques, the pedimental fragments, the fragments of the lateral and raking simas, the scroll fragments, and the acroterion.
Çarıklar Open-Air Sanctuary is located within the boundaries of Çarıklar village in the north- we... more Çarıklar Open-Air Sanctuary is located within the boundaries of Çarıklar village in the north- west of Aydın province. The sanctuary is in the northeast section of Germencik District (Figs. 1-6). It was discovered southwest of the village during a court expertise in 08.11.2013. It is built on a massive conglomerate rock, dominating the Menderes Plain located to its south. The archaeological remains were observed at an altitude of 380-400 m above sea level, concentrated on the eastern slopes of the hill, which is known as Kayaarası by the locals (Fig. 3). Kurt Tepe is located to the southwest and Eğlek Tepe to the northeast. The region is rich in water resources. One branch of the İnönü stream, passing right in front of the sanctuary, flows from the center of the area in an east-west direction. Another water source, called Çanak Pınarı by the locals, is located just south of the sanctuary. The area is also rich in thermal water resources; measure- ments document the presence of a thermal source at a temperature of 33°C. The last study pub- lished by the Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration reported that a Quaternary fault line has passed through the area where the village and the sanctuary are located. The thermal water source observed must originate with this fault line. The region is also known to be extraordinarily rich in clay and thin shaft used in brick-tile making, and it is possible to encounter raw material beds throughout the area. Çarıklar and its surroundings are also rich in vegetation. Among the dense bush cover, bay, oleander, thyme, wild lavender, fig and pine trees reflect the general flora of the land.
Im Jahr 1966 fand Hans Weber in seiner Ausgrabung
auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine arc... more Im Jahr 1966 fand Hans Weber in seiner Ausgrabung auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine archaisch-zyprische Kalksteinstatuette, die er in seinem ein Jahr später erschienenen Ausgrabungsbericht lediglich kurz erwähnte und mit einer schwarz-weißen Fotografie abbildete. Die Statuette wurde im Anschluss an die Ausgrabung mit den weiteren Funden in das Archäologische Museum von Aydın verbracht, in dessen Magazin sie sich bis heute befindet. Während die beiden archaischen Tempel in Myus, von denen der ältere mit einem Wagenlenkerfries geschmückt war, in der Forschung gut bekannt sind, haben das Heiligtum und die zahlreichen dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Die Studien von Murat Çekilmez und Suat Ateşlier zu den Terrakotten und Skulpturen aus Myus im Archäologischen Museum von Aydın und die Untersuchung von Sabine Neumann zu den von Theodor Wiegand in Myus gefundenen und nach Berlin verbrachten Skulpturen im Rahmen des Gesamtkatalogs der Skulpturen der Antikensammlung der Berliner Museen gaben Anlass, auch die von Weber gefundene zyprische Kalksteinstatuette genauer zu untersuchen. Im Folgenden soll die Statuette erstmals im Detail beschrieben, zeichnerisch dokumentiert und ikonographisch sowie chronologisch bestimmt werden. Bei der Statuette handelt es sich wohl um einen zyprischen Export und somit um ein Zeugnis interkultureller Kontakte der Ostägäis mit Zypern um die Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts vor Christus. Durch ihre Funktion als Votiv im Heiligtum von Myus stellen sich dabei insbesondere Fragen nach der religiösen Identität des/der Weihenden, denen hier näher nachgegangen werden sollen. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags sollen schließlich das Heiligtum von Myus in seiner topographischen und baulichen Gestalt näher betrachtet und die dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen kontextualisiert werden. Dazu wird am Ende ein Appendix aller uns bekannten aus Myus stammenden archaischen Skulpturen angeschlossen.
KARIA ARKHAIA La Carie, des origines à la période pré-hékatomnide Olivier HENRY / Koray KONUK (éds.), Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes, Istanbul., 2019
This study examines a kouros torso found in Euromos, which is today kept in the Bodrum Museum of ... more This study examines a kouros torso found in Euromos, which is today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The ruins of Euromos in Caria are located 2 km south of Selimiye, in the district of Milas, province of Muğla. Excavations and research studies were carried out in the ancient city by Prof. Dr. Ümit Serdaroğlu from 1969 to 1975. The excavations mostly focused in the center of the city and in the temple of Zeus Lepsynos. An Archaic period architectural terracotta group, consisting of 742 pieces, was unearthed in a bothros during the excavations of the terrace in the northwest side of the temple. These are architectural terracottas belonging to the upper part of more than one construction from the Archaic period and are today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The marble kouros torso examined in this study was found in 1973 in trench number IX on the terrace of the temple at level -123. Recorded in the inventory of the museum under number 57, this torso is 49 cm tall and 47 cm wide. Made of fine crystalline white marble, the sculpture was preserved in one piece from neck to waist, with the left arm as far as the wrist. Fifteen horizontal and five vertical strands of bead-hair falling onto the back can be observed. The head, neck, the right part of the body, and the part below the waist of the standing kouros, which is wearing a long chiton and himation, are missing. Comparisons carried out with similar examples show that the sculpture must be from the third quarter of the 6th century BC.
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We can add Çatallar Tepe, which is located on the Arinnanda/Mykale Mountain, 13 km south of Ilıcatepe, to this network of relations. Recent surveys suggest that the settlement at Çatallar Tepe may have been a Late Bronze Age settlement Puranda on the mountain known as Arinnanda (Mykale-Dilek Peninsula),2 named during the expedition of Murshili II to Arzawa around 1318- 1316 BC. After Murshili became the Hittite king, in the third year of his reign, he marched on Arzawa using the excuse of not returning the Hattian refugees who had fled from the Hittite lands to the Arzawa Kingdom. At that time, Uhhaziti was the king of the Arzawa.3 The Hittite army under the command of Murshili followed certain routes and came to the land called Arinnanda Mountain, which was the final destination. Based on the king's statements about this expedition, it is understood that some of the Arzawans fled to the Aegean islands, possibly to the island of Samos, before the Hittite army arrived. It is stated in the records that those who did not flee to the Aegean islands climbed Arinnanda Mountain and took refuge in Puranda, which is understood to be a fortified center, and prepared for war there. The sections in which Murshili narrates the struggle with those who fled to Mount Arinnanda are quite remarkable. In Murshili's annals, he tells “It is difficult to enter the aforementioned Mount Arinnanda. It extends into the sea like a peninsula. It is also very high, has no roads to travel, and is rocky. It is impossible to go up with horse-drawn carriages. The escaped slaves had taken the roads, and the soldiers had all piled up above. Since it was impossible to go up by chariots, I walked on foot to the top of Mount Arin- nanda before my great king’s army. I forced the slaves to go hungry and thirsty. When the hunger and thirst became intolerable, the slaves began to descend, and fell at my feet, Lord, do not destroy us! Our lord, accept us into slavery and take us to Hattuša!” they begged”.4 If the Puranda siege of Arinnanda Mountain, which is mentioned in Murshili's annals, really took place on Çatallar Tepe in Mykale Mountain, Ilıcatepe, 13km away, must have a part in Murshili's legendary siege story. Because while the Hittite army was approaching, some Arzawa people probably fled to the island of Samos. The escape and return story of the Luwian Prince Tapalazunawali,5 who probably es- caped to Samos Island while the siege continued and then returned to Puranda, to defend the city, could not have taken place without entering the viewpoint of a fortress surrounded by such mon- umental walls and dominating the sea route between Samos strait and Samos Apasa.
MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie).
Ce rapport préliminaire présente les terres cuites architecturales d’époque archaïque trouvées à Euromos, dans un bothros près de l’angle Nord-Ouest du temple de Zeus. Ce très riche ensemble de 800 fragments environ provient de trois au quatre bâtiments ioniques. De l’étude en cours ont été extraits, pour la présente contribution, les plaques de frise figurée, les fragments de frontons, les fragments de sima rampante et de rive, les fragments de frises décoratives et un acrotère.
Euromos, Carie, époque archaïque, terre cuite architecturale, architecture ionique.
This paper presents a preliminary report on the large collection (ca. 800 pieces) of Archaic architectural terracottas found at Euromus, in a bothros at the north-west corner of the Zeus temple. These terracottas indicate that perhaps three or four Ionic buildings were located in the same sanctuary. As the study of these architectural terracottas is on- going, this paper will concentrate only on the frieze plaques, the pedimental fragments, the fragments of the lateral and raking simas, the scroll fragments, and the acroterion.
auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine archaisch-zyprische
Kalksteinstatuette, die er in seinem ein Jahr
später erschienenen Ausgrabungsbericht lediglich kurz
erwähnte und mit einer schwarz-weißen Fotografie
abbildete. Die Statuette wurde im Anschluss an die
Ausgrabung mit den weiteren Funden in das Archäologische
Museum von Aydın verbracht, in dessen
Magazin sie sich bis heute befindet. Während die beiden
archaischen Tempel in Myus, von denen der ältere
mit einem Wagenlenkerfries geschmückt war, in der
Forschung gut bekannt sind, haben das Heiligtum und
die zahlreichen dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen
bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Die Studien
von Murat Çekilmez und Suat Ateşlier zu den Terrakotten
und Skulpturen aus Myus im Archäologischen
Museum von Aydın und die Untersuchung von Sabine
Neumann zu den von Theodor Wiegand in Myus
gefundenen und nach Berlin verbrachten Skulpturen
im Rahmen des Gesamtkatalogs der Skulpturen der
Antikensammlung der Berliner Museen gaben Anlass,
auch die von Weber gefundene zyprische Kalksteinstatuette
genauer zu untersuchen. Im Folgenden soll
die Statuette erstmals im Detail beschrieben, zeichnerisch
dokumentiert und ikonographisch sowie chronologisch
bestimmt werden. Bei der Statuette handelt es
sich wohl um einen zyprischen Export und somit um
ein Zeugnis interkultureller Kontakte der Ostägäis mit
Zypern um die Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts vor Christus.
Durch ihre Funktion als Votiv im Heiligtum von Myus
stellen sich dabei insbesondere Fragen nach der religiösen
Identität des/der Weihenden, denen hier näher
nachgegangen werden sollen. Im zweiten Teil des
Beitrags sollen schließlich das Heiligtum von Myus in
seiner topographischen und baulichen Gestalt näher
betrachtet und die dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen
kontextualisiert werden. Dazu wird am Ende ein
Appendix aller uns bekannten aus Myus stammenden
archaischen Skulpturen angeschlossen.
of Euromos in Caria are located 2 km south of Selimiye, in the district
of Milas, province of Muğla. Excavations and research studies were carried out in the ancient city by Prof. Dr. Ümit Serdaroğlu from 1969
to 1975. The excavations mostly focused in the center of the city and in the temple of Zeus Lepsynos. An Archaic period architectural terracotta group, consisting of 742 pieces, was unearthed in a bothros during the excavations of the terrace in the northwest side of the temple. These are architectural terracottas belonging to the upper part of more than one construction from the Archaic period and are today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The marble kouros torso examined in this study was found in 1973 in trench number IX on the terrace of the temple at level -123. Recorded in the inventory of the museum under number 57, this torso is 49 cm tall and 47 cm wide. Made of fine crystalline white marble, the sculpture was preserved in one piece from neck to waist, with the left arm as far as the wrist. Fifteen horizontal and five vertical strands of bead-hair falling onto the back can be observed. The head, neck, the right part of the body, and the part below the waist of the standing kouros, which is wearing a long chiton and himation, are missing. Comparisons carried out with similar examples show that the sculpture must be from the third quarter of the 6th century BC.
We can add Çatallar Tepe, which is located on the Arinnanda/Mykale Mountain, 13 km south of Ilıcatepe, to this network of relations. Recent surveys suggest that the settlement at Çatallar Tepe may have been a Late Bronze Age settlement Puranda on the mountain known as Arinnanda (Mykale-Dilek Peninsula),2 named during the expedition of Murshili II to Arzawa around 1318- 1316 BC. After Murshili became the Hittite king, in the third year of his reign, he marched on Arzawa using the excuse of not returning the Hattian refugees who had fled from the Hittite lands to the Arzawa Kingdom. At that time, Uhhaziti was the king of the Arzawa.3 The Hittite army under the command of Murshili followed certain routes and came to the land called Arinnanda Mountain, which was the final destination. Based on the king's statements about this expedition, it is understood that some of the Arzawans fled to the Aegean islands, possibly to the island of Samos, before the Hittite army arrived. It is stated in the records that those who did not flee to the Aegean islands climbed Arinnanda Mountain and took refuge in Puranda, which is understood to be a fortified center, and prepared for war there. The sections in which Murshili narrates the struggle with those who fled to Mount Arinnanda are quite remarkable. In Murshili's annals, he tells “It is difficult to enter the aforementioned Mount Arinnanda. It extends into the sea like a peninsula. It is also very high, has no roads to travel, and is rocky. It is impossible to go up with horse-drawn carriages. The escaped slaves had taken the roads, and the soldiers had all piled up above. Since it was impossible to go up by chariots, I walked on foot to the top of Mount Arin- nanda before my great king’s army. I forced the slaves to go hungry and thirsty. When the hunger and thirst became intolerable, the slaves began to descend, and fell at my feet, Lord, do not destroy us! Our lord, accept us into slavery and take us to Hattuša!” they begged”.4 If the Puranda siege of Arinnanda Mountain, which is mentioned in Murshili's annals, really took place on Çatallar Tepe in Mykale Mountain, Ilıcatepe, 13km away, must have a part in Murshili's legendary siege story. Because while the Hittite army was approaching, some Arzawa people probably fled to the island of Samos. The escape and return story of the Luwian Prince Tapalazunawali,5 who probably es- caped to Samos Island while the siege continued and then returned to Puranda, to defend the city, could not have taken place without entering the viewpoint of a fortress surrounded by such mon- umental walls and dominating the sea route between Samos strait and Samos Apasa.
MOTS CLEFS SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Terres cuites architecturales d’Euromos (Carie).
Ce rapport préliminaire présente les terres cuites architecturales d’époque archaïque trouvées à Euromos, dans un bothros près de l’angle Nord-Ouest du temple de Zeus. Ce très riche ensemble de 800 fragments environ provient de trois au quatre bâtiments ioniques. De l’étude en cours ont été extraits, pour la présente contribution, les plaques de frise figurée, les fragments de frontons, les fragments de sima rampante et de rive, les fragments de frises décoratives et un acrotère.
Euromos, Carie, époque archaïque, terre cuite architecturale, architecture ionique.
This paper presents a preliminary report on the large collection (ca. 800 pieces) of Archaic architectural terracottas found at Euromus, in a bothros at the north-west corner of the Zeus temple. These terracottas indicate that perhaps three or four Ionic buildings were located in the same sanctuary. As the study of these architectural terracottas is on- going, this paper will concentrate only on the frieze plaques, the pedimental fragments, the fragments of the lateral and raking simas, the scroll fragments, and the acroterion.
auf der unteren Tempelterrasse in Myus eine archaisch-zyprische
Kalksteinstatuette, die er in seinem ein Jahr
später erschienenen Ausgrabungsbericht lediglich kurz
erwähnte und mit einer schwarz-weißen Fotografie
abbildete. Die Statuette wurde im Anschluss an die
Ausgrabung mit den weiteren Funden in das Archäologische
Museum von Aydın verbracht, in dessen
Magazin sie sich bis heute befindet. Während die beiden
archaischen Tempel in Myus, von denen der ältere
mit einem Wagenlenkerfries geschmückt war, in der
Forschung gut bekannt sind, haben das Heiligtum und
die zahlreichen dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen
bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Die Studien
von Murat Çekilmez und Suat Ateşlier zu den Terrakotten
und Skulpturen aus Myus im Archäologischen
Museum von Aydın und die Untersuchung von Sabine
Neumann zu den von Theodor Wiegand in Myus
gefundenen und nach Berlin verbrachten Skulpturen
im Rahmen des Gesamtkatalogs der Skulpturen der
Antikensammlung der Berliner Museen gaben Anlass,
auch die von Weber gefundene zyprische Kalksteinstatuette
genauer zu untersuchen. Im Folgenden soll
die Statuette erstmals im Detail beschrieben, zeichnerisch
dokumentiert und ikonographisch sowie chronologisch
bestimmt werden. Bei der Statuette handelt es
sich wohl um einen zyprischen Export und somit um
ein Zeugnis interkultureller Kontakte der Ostägäis mit
Zypern um die Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts vor Christus.
Durch ihre Funktion als Votiv im Heiligtum von Myus
stellen sich dabei insbesondere Fragen nach der religiösen
Identität des/der Weihenden, denen hier näher
nachgegangen werden sollen. Im zweiten Teil des
Beitrags sollen schließlich das Heiligtum von Myus in
seiner topographischen und baulichen Gestalt näher
betrachtet und die dort gefundenen archaischen Skulpturen
kontextualisiert werden. Dazu wird am Ende ein
Appendix aller uns bekannten aus Myus stammenden
archaischen Skulpturen angeschlossen.
of Euromos in Caria are located 2 km south of Selimiye, in the district
of Milas, province of Muğla. Excavations and research studies were carried out in the ancient city by Prof. Dr. Ümit Serdaroğlu from 1969
to 1975. The excavations mostly focused in the center of the city and in the temple of Zeus Lepsynos. An Archaic period architectural terracotta group, consisting of 742 pieces, was unearthed in a bothros during the excavations of the terrace in the northwest side of the temple. These are architectural terracottas belonging to the upper part of more than one construction from the Archaic period and are today kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The marble kouros torso examined in this study was found in 1973 in trench number IX on the terrace of the temple at level -123. Recorded in the inventory of the museum under number 57, this torso is 49 cm tall and 47 cm wide. Made of fine crystalline white marble, the sculpture was preserved in one piece from neck to waist, with the left arm as far as the wrist. Fifteen horizontal and five vertical strands of bead-hair falling onto the back can be observed. The head, neck, the right part of the body, and the part below the waist of the standing kouros, which is wearing a long chiton and himation, are missing. Comparisons carried out with similar examples show that the sculpture must be from the third quarter of the 6th century BC.