Certified Graduate Animal Scientist Supervisors: Prof. B. I. Umoh, Dr J. S. Ekpo, Dr (Mrs) G.C. Idiong, Dr (Mrs) N. N Etim Address: Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2024
With the escalating prices of conventional feed ingredients, there is an urgent requirement to in... more With the escalating prices of conventional feed ingredients, there is an urgent requirement to investigate sustainable alternatives that have the potential to improve performance, carcass yield, and meat quality. Twenty-four growing pigs (mixed sexes) were utilized to assess the carcass and sensory attributes of pork derived from pigs fed a diet incorporating processed Avocado (Persea americana) seed meal. The pigs were divided into four groups of six, and further replicated thrice with two pigs each, following a completely randomized design. The feeding trial spanned 70 days, during which the pigs were randomly allocated to one of the four dietary treatments containing 0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, and 7.5 %, and designated as T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 respectively. At the end of the study, eight pigs (two per treatment) were randomly selected for carcass assessment. The results revealed a noteworthy increase in carcass yield with significant differences (p<0.05) between pigs in treatment 3, followed by treatments 2 and 4, which did not exhibit significant differences (p>0.05), whereas pigs in treatment 1 displayed the lowest carcass yield. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in primal cuts (except for the chump chop), with treatment 3 yielding the highest values, followed by treatments 2, 1, and 4, respectively. Organ weights showed no significant differences (p>0.05), suggesting that the inclusion of Avocado seed meal did not adversely affect the organs. There was a decrease in abdominal fat with increasing levels of Avocado seed meal, while the meat-to-bone ratio increased in treatment 3, followed by treatment 2, with treatment 1 exhibiting the least increase. The sensory evaluation revealed notable differences (p<0.05) in all assessed parameters, except for colour. Treatment 3 displayed significantly higher values across all parameters. Overall acceptability scores positioned treatment 3 as the highest, followed by treatment 2, while treatments 4 and 1 received the lowest scores. In conclusion, incorporating processed avocado seed meal at a 5% dietary inclusion level improved both the carcass attributes and sensory quality of pork.
The meat lipid profile and flavour attributes of deep-fried breaded chicken breasts were evaluate... more The meat lipid profile and flavour attributes of deep-fried breaded chicken breasts were evaluated with alternative edible coatings. Four types of coatings (wheat flour, sweet potato flour, cassava flour, and cocoyam flour) were utilized for the study. The coatings were designated T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The deep-fried chicken meats were analyzed for meat lipid profile, oxidative stability, and flavour attributes. All data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results showed that the application of the edible alternative coatings significantly influenced (p<0.05) the chicken meat lipid profile. High-density lipoprotein increased, with breaded chicken meat in the T4 group recording the highest value. Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were reduced in favour of T4.
Alternative edible coatings improved the oxidative stability of the meat. Using cocoyam flour as a coating material for deep-frying resulted in lower TBARS values (p<0.05). The scores for sensory attributes were not significantly different (p>0.05) in flavour and overall acceptability. However, the colour, tenderness, and juiciness of the edible coated samples were significantly different, with T4 receiving higher tenderness and juiciness scores than the controls. It was concluded that the alternative coatings, especially cocoyam, could be a viable alternative to wheat in reducing bad cholesterol and improving chicken meat's oxidative stability and flavour attributes.
A study was conducted to determine the effect of selim pepper meal (Xylopia aethiopica) and Afric... more A study was conducted to determine the effect of selim pepper meal (Xylopia aethiopica) and African nutmeg meal (Monodora myristica) on serum lipid profile and sensory quality of rabbit meat. A total of thirty-two weaned rabbits (16 males and 16 females) were used. Four dietary treatments were formulated and the rabbits were randomly allocated to four replicates per treatment groups with each replicate having two rabbits in a completely randomized block design. Diets were formulated to contain 0 % selim pepper meal (SPM) and African nutmeg meal (ANM) (T1). 1% SPM (T 2), 1 % ANM (T 3) and 0.5 % each of SPM and ANM (T 4). After 90 days feeding trial, serum lipid profile and sensory evaluation of meats were carried out. Selim pepper meal, African nutmeg meal and their combination had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the lipid profile of rabbits. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) increased in the control group (T 1) (P<0.05). Sex effect showed similar (P>0.05) result. Sensory properties of rabbit meat showed no adverse effect with the addition of the spices. Nevertheless, rabbit meat from T 3 group had the highest overall acceptability score in both male and female (P < 0.05). It is recommended that 1% of ANM be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve lipid profile and sensory quality of rabbit meat.
The effect of Monodora myristica as feed additive on the performance, carcass composition and ser... more The effect of Monodora myristica as feed additive on the performance, carcass composition and serum lipid profile of rabbits were investigated using a total of 48 weaner rabbits for a period of 12 weeks. The rabbits were allotted to four experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each group was replicated three times with four rabbits per replicate. Treatment 1 (T 1) received basal diet only, T 2 received basal diet with 1% inclusion of M. myristica, T 3 received basal diet plus 2% M. myristica, while T 4 was given basal diet and 3% M. myristica inclusion. Results revealed significantly higher (p<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, compared to those on the control group. Rabbits in T 3 group recorded the highest values for all parameters assessed. Rabbits fed 2% levels of the test ingredient recorded the lowest and best FCR. Inclusion of M. myristica significantly improved (p<0.05) carcass characteristics without any deleterious effect on the internal organs. The serum lipid profiles of the rabbits were significantly improved (p<0.05) as the high density lipoprotein increased, while low density lipoprotein levels reduced. There was also a significant reduction (p<0.05) in abdominal fat and an increase in muscle protein of the rabbits as inclusion levels of M. myristica increased across treatments. The study revealed that up to 2% of M. myristica can be included in the diets of rabbits without adverse effect on the performance, carcass composition and serum lipid profile. Hence, it can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in weaner rabbits.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2023
Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf mea... more Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf meals on organoleptic characteristics of pork and haematological indices of growing pigs was investigated. A total of 32 grower pigs were completely randomized into 4 dietary treatments. Eight young pigs were placed on each treatment with four replicates of 2 pigs each. Four diets were formulated: T 1 (basal feed only), T 2 (basal feed + 4% bitter leaf meal), T 3 (basal feed + 4% hospital too far leaf meal) and T 4 (basal feed + 2% bitter leaf meal + 2% hospital too far leaf meal). Haematological indices measured include: haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, and white blood cells from 16 pigs (4 per treatment). The pigs were thereafter slaughtered for carcass evaluation and organoleptic quality assessment. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) increase in terms of carcass yield and primal cuts (loin, chump chop, breast and rib chop) for T3 followed by T2 and T4. Pigs in T 3 group recorded the best dressing percentage and increase in the primal cuts. The test diets had no negative effects on the organoleptic quality of pork. However, T1 was significantly better in terms of tenderness followed by T2 and T4 indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups with the highest score recorded in T1. Red and white blood cells were significantly higher in the T 3 group compared to other treatments. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the T4 group while the control (T 1) had the least. MCH and MCHC were significantly higher in all treatments except in the control. It is concluded that the test diets improved the carcass characteristics, organoleptic quality and haematological indices of the pigs. Based on the results, hospital too far leaf meal (HTFLM) is recommended.
Replacement and supplementation of concentrate diets by forage is very promising in rabbit produc... more Replacement and supplementation of concentrate diets by forage is very promising in rabbit production since they are classified as pseudo-ruminants. The study assessed the performance and the economics of feeding sole concentrate, sole forage and their mixtures to weaner rabbits. The control treatment (T1) was fed with concentrate and forage simultaneously in the morning and afternoon, Rabbits in treatment 2 (T2) received forage in the morning and concentrate in the afternoon. Rabbits in treatment 3 (T3) got concentrate diet in the morning and forage in the afternoon, Treatment 4 (T4) rabbits were given sole concentrate in the morning and afternoon while those in treatment 5 (T5) were fed sole forage in morning/ afternoon. Thirty (30) weaner crossbreed rabbits (both sexes) with an initial weight range of 750-770 g were divided into five groups of six rabbits (5 males and I female) each and randomly assigned to the five treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment having three replicates of two rabbits in a 63day feeding trial. Data collected were daily feed intake, weekly body weight, weekly body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed were computed and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using S.A.S (2002) software package. The results revealed that rabbits on (T4), (T3) and (T2) had significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight and daily weight gain of 2000, 1950g, 19000g and 19.84g 19.21g, 19.05g respectively The result further shows that rabbits on sole forage (T5) had the highest (P<0.05) daily forage intake (83.50g) among the treatments while those on sole concentrate (T4) treatment had the least feed intake (60.90g). Rabbits on T4 were the best in terms of FCR followed by concentrate/forage mixture T3, T2, and T1. The results further show that rabbits on sole forage (T5) had the highest (P<0.05) daily forage intake (83.50g) among the treatments while those on sole concentrate (T4) treatment had the least feed intake (60.90g). Rabbits on T4 were the best in terms of FCR followed by concentrate/forage mixture T3, T2, and T1. The result shows that sole forage treatment (T5) had the lowest feed cost of N131.5 while the highest feed cost of N378.86 was recorded for rabbits in T4. However, rabbits on sole forage or concentrate diets had about 49.17 and 16.83 percent reductions while T4 and T2 had-10.74 and-46.43 percent additions in feed cost per kg. Better returns of investment per rabbit were noted for rabbits in T4 followed by those of T3. Profit or gross margin was the better for rabbit on T3.For optimum performance and economic returns, feeding rabbit with concentrate in the morning/forage in the afternoon (T3) is recommended.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2022
A research to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance, carcass char... more A research to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens was carried out. Two hundred unsexed broilers were used for the trial. Four broiler finisher diets were formulated with each containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% level of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) and labelled T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. On day 28, the birds were distributed into four treatment groups of fifty birds. Each treatment was apportioned to one of the treatment diets in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was further replicated five times, with 10 birds per replicate and housed in a deep litter pen. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results of the performance of the experimental birds indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in their values. Broiler chickens in T4 group recorded the highest significant weight in final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake. Broiler chickens in T4 had the best feed conversion ratio. The carcass dressed weight and primal cut-part (back, thigh, drumstick, breast and wing) indicated significant increase across treatments. The internal organs showed no significant difference in their values. However, significant variations were observed in the lipid profile cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein of the birds. Thus, the experiment revealed that Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be incorporated into broiler diet at 7.5% without any adverse effects on the performance, carcass and internal organ characteristics as well as on the lipid profile of broiler chicks.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2022
A total of one-hundred-and-sixty-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of Tet... more A total of one-hundred-and-sixty-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera powder as a feed additive on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Four experimental diets were formulated with the incorporation of Tetrapleura tetraptera powder at 0, 100g, 200g and 300g per 100kg feed and labelled as T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The broilers were allotted into four groups of forty birds. Each group was assigned one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each group consisting of forty birds, was further divided into four replicates, with ten birds each. All data collected were analyzed statistically. Results obtained indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in both the final weight and average weight gain of the birds at the starter phase. The highest significant (P<0.05) final weight and average weight gain values were recorded for birds fed diets in T4 group. This was followed by T3 which was significantly higher than T2 and T1. The feed intake of the birds at the starter phase were not significantly different while the feed conversion ratio indicated significant (P<0.05) difference in their values. Birds in T4 group recorded the best and lowest feed conversion ratio values. In the finisher phase, the result followed a similar pattern as the starter phase. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in final weight, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Nutrient digestibility of the birds indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in crude fibre, crude protein, ash, and ether extract values with the highest value recorded in T4. It was concluded therefore that Tetrapleura tetraptera could be added in the diet of broiler birds at 300 g/kg as feed additive to enhance growth performance and nutrients digestibility.
A total of sixteen grower pigs were used to evaluate the effect of Vernonia amygdalina and Jathro... more A total of sixteen grower pigs were used to evaluate the effect of Vernonia amygdalina and Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal supplementation on their performance and lipid profile. The animals were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 2 replicate per treatment. The treatments were arranged as follows CTL1 (basal feed only),VM4 VM4 (basal feed + 4% VALM), JM4 (basal feed + 4% JTLM) and VM2JM24 (basal feed + 2% VALM + 2% JTLM) in a completely randomized design. The study lasted for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were randomly collected from 8 pigs (2 per treatment) to determine the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC). triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VILDL). Result showed an increase (p<0.05) in feed intake and daily weight gain of the animals. Pigs in JM4 group recorded the best feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Lipid profile indices of the growing pigs also indicated a reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein, with a corresponding increase in high density lipoprotein across treatments. Supplementing pig's diet with Vernonia amygdalina and Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal improved (p<0.05) the performance and lipid profile. It is therefore recommended that Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal (JTLM) can be added to the diets of pigs at 4% body weight supplemental level for optimum performance and improved lipid profile.
Reduction of total fat and cholesterol contents as well as alteration of lipid profile to a more ... more Reduction of total fat and cholesterol contents as well as alteration of lipid profile to a more unsaturated kind are some methods for improving quality of meat. One of the safest strategies for achieving this is through dietary inclusion of natural occuring herbs. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Vernonia amygdalina meal (VALM) and Mucuna pruriens meal (MPM) on performance, carcass and sensory quality of rabbits. Seventy-two weaned rabbits were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments, each replicated 3 times with 8 rabbits per replicate. Diet 1 was the control, diets 2 and 3 comprised of 15% each of VALM and MPM respectively each representing a treatment. At the end of 12th week, carcass evaluation, meat lipid profile and sensory evaluation were carried out. Results showed significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake and daily weight gain for rabbits fed diets 2 and 3 as well as lower feed conversion ratio for rabbits fed diet 3 compared to the control. Rabbits on diet 3 indicated significan (P<0.05) increase in pre-slaughter weight, dressed weight as well as prime cuts (forelegs, thoracic cage, loin and hind legs). Meat lipid profile showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL while HDL increased for T 3 and T 2. Meat protein values showed significant (P<0.05) increase in T3 followed by T2 while abdominal fat decreased as against the control. Sensory evaluation showed significant (P<0.05) decline in tenderness from T3 to T2 without adverse effect on overall acceptability. Inclusion of the VALM and MPM in rabbit diets therefore improved performance, carcass quality and sensory characteristics.
aksu journal of agriculture and food science, 2023
Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf mea... more Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf meals on organoleptic characteristics of pork and haematological indices of growing pigs was investigated. A total of 32 grower pigs were completely randomized into 4 dietary treatments. Eight young pigs were placed on each treatment with four replicates of 2 pigs each. Four diets were formulated: T 1 (basal feed only), T 2 (basal feed + 4% bitter leaf meal), T 3 (basal feed + 4% hospital too far leaf meal) and T 4 (basal feed + 2% bitter leaf meal + 2% hospital too far leaf meal). Haematological indices measured include: haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, and white blood cells from 16 pigs (4 per treatment). The pigs were thereafter slaughtered for carcass evaluation and organoleptic quality assessment. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) increase in terms of carcass yield and primal cuts (loin, chump chop, breast and rib chop) for T3 followed by T2 and T4. Pigs in T 3 group recorded the best dressing percentage and increase in the primal cuts. The test diets had no negative effects on the organoleptic quality of pork. However, T1 was significantly better in terms of tenderness followed by T2 and T4 indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups with the highest score recorded in T1. Red and white blood cells were significantly higher in the T 3 group compared to other treatments. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the T4 group while the control (T 1) had the least. MCH and MCHC were significantly higher in all treatments except in the control. It is concluded that the test diets improved the carcass characteristics, organoleptic quality and haematological indices of the pigs. Based on the results, hospital too far leaf meal (HTFLM) is recommended.
The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to ... more The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to the unavailability and unaffordability of measuring scales has been a major constraint in live weight determination of cattle for the market. Hence, the need for zoometric measurement of body parts. A total of seven white Fulani calves aged 14 days were used as the study material to investigate the zoometric measurement parameters and its relationship with bodyweight in White Fulani calves under on-farm study. The calves were allowed to graze with their mothers in the open field from 8:00am and 4:00pm local time. The animals were restrained before measurements were taken on them to avoid unnecessary stress. Body weight measurements were taken using a measuring scale while zoometric body parts were measured using a flexible tailor's tape. The experiment lasted nine months. The overall mean values for body weight, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither, ...
Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accu... more Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accurate measurement scales, hence this experiment. The study was conducted to determine the correlation between milk intake and body weight with linear body measurements in white Fulani calves raised in semi-intensive system of management. A total of seven (7) white Fulani calves managed semi-intensively was used for the study. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The overall mean±SEM value for milk intake, body weight, neck circumference, neck length, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither and tail length were 1.20±0.40g, 5.18±1.02kg, 21.54±0.66cm, 13.23±0.21cm, 28.36±0.31cm, 36.41±0.43cm, 35.84±0.37cm, 35.87±0.43cm and 23.43±0.39cm respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) effect of lactation stage on all body measurements taken except for neck circumference and tail length. Correlation between all body pairs of measurements were high, positive and highly ...
The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to ... more The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to the unavailability and unaffordability of measuring scales has been a major constraint in live weight determination of cattle for the market. Hence, the need for zoometric measurement of body parts. A total of seven white Fulani calves aged 14 days were used as the study material to investigate the zoometric measurement parameters and its relationship with bodyweight in White Fulani calves under on-farm study. The calves were allowed to graze with their mothers in the open field from 8:00am and 4:00pm local time. The animals were restrained before measurements were taken on them to avoid unnecessary stress. Body weight measurements were taken using a measuring scale while zoometric body parts were measured using a flexible tailor's tape. The experiment lasted nine months. The overall mean values for body weight, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither, neck circumference and neck length were 62.62±3.44kg, 28.97±0.34cm, 37.09±0.46cm, 36.53±0.36cm, 36.70±0.40cm, 24.24±0.28cm, and 13.73±0.25cm, respectively. Body weight was positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with other body parts measured with the highest correlation recorded between live weight and heart girth (0.915). Linear function provided the best fit for body weight and linear body measurements indicating that zoometric measurements of body parts can be used as a selection criterion for estimating body weight in white Fulani calves, most especially in the rural areas where measuring scales are not usually available and affordable. It is therefore recommended that multiple linear regression model should be used as an index predictor of body weight in white Fulani calves.
In this study the performance of egg laying African Giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) wa... more In this study the performance of egg laying African Giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) was assessed. Eighty (80) snails that were about eight months old, at point of lay and weighing between 142.15g and 151.73g were used for the study in a four treatment group (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 ,) experiment. The treatments had two replicates each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Snails on T 1 were fed T 1 maize-based concentrate diet only, T 2 were fed with maize concentrate supplemented with 40% cola rostrata seed meal, T 3 were fed with forage mixture and maize-based concentrate diet while T 4 , consisted of snails fed forage mixtures and maize-based concentrate supplemented with 40% Cola rostrata seed meal CRSM). The laying records on the snails were kept for 8 weeks. The mean final body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), total number of eggs laid and mean egg lay per snail for T 4 and T 3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the T 1 and T 2 treatments groups. The daily feed intake and weight gain were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the treatments. It could be concluded from the results that, Cola rostrata seed meal (CRSM) could replace 40% of maize in the concentrate diet of laying snails with better egg production performance, hatchability and the least embryo mortality.
NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2022
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed d... more A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed diets containing Xylopia aethiopica (selim pepper) seed meal (XSM) and Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed meal (MSM). Four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were formulated such that Treatment 1 being the control group received diet containing neither MSM nor XSM. Treatment 2 and 3 received diets containing 1% each of XSM and MSM while treatment 4 received mixture of both XSM and MSM at 0.5% each. The treatments were replicated four times with two rabbits per replicate and a total of eight rabbits (4 males and 4 females) per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. Result showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in final weights and total weight gain of the rabbits across the treatments. Significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake was obtained in T3. However, feed conversion ratio was similar in the four treatments. Sex effect indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for feed intake with male rabbits on diet 2 recording the least value. No mortality was recorded in the course of the experiment. It is therefore recommended that 1% of Monodora myristica can be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve feed intake and weight gain or its combination with Xylopia aethiopica to maintain weight gain especially for the rabbit bucks.
Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accu... more Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accurate measurement scales, hence this experiment. The study was conducted to determine the correlation between milk intake and body weight with linear body measurements in white Fulani calves raised in semi-intensive system of management. A total of seven (7) white Fulani calves managed semi-intensively was used for the study. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The overall mean±SEM value for milk intake, body weight, neck circumference, neck length, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither and tail length were 1.20±0.40g, 5.18±1.02kg, 21.54±0.66cm, 13.23±0.21cm, 28.36±0.31cm, 36.41±0.43cm, 35.84±0.37cm, 35.87±0.43cm and 23.43±0.39cm respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) effect of lactation stage on all body measurements taken except for neck circumference and tail length. Correlation between all body pairs of measurements were high, positive and highly ...
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2024
With the escalating prices of conventional feed ingredients, there is an urgent requirement to in... more With the escalating prices of conventional feed ingredients, there is an urgent requirement to investigate sustainable alternatives that have the potential to improve performance, carcass yield, and meat quality. Twenty-four growing pigs (mixed sexes) were utilized to assess the carcass and sensory attributes of pork derived from pigs fed a diet incorporating processed Avocado (Persea americana) seed meal. The pigs were divided into four groups of six, and further replicated thrice with two pigs each, following a completely randomized design. The feeding trial spanned 70 days, during which the pigs were randomly allocated to one of the four dietary treatments containing 0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, and 7.5 %, and designated as T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 respectively. At the end of the study, eight pigs (two per treatment) were randomly selected for carcass assessment. The results revealed a noteworthy increase in carcass yield with significant differences (p<0.05) between pigs in treatment 3, followed by treatments 2 and 4, which did not exhibit significant differences (p>0.05), whereas pigs in treatment 1 displayed the lowest carcass yield. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in primal cuts (except for the chump chop), with treatment 3 yielding the highest values, followed by treatments 2, 1, and 4, respectively. Organ weights showed no significant differences (p>0.05), suggesting that the inclusion of Avocado seed meal did not adversely affect the organs. There was a decrease in abdominal fat with increasing levels of Avocado seed meal, while the meat-to-bone ratio increased in treatment 3, followed by treatment 2, with treatment 1 exhibiting the least increase. The sensory evaluation revealed notable differences (p<0.05) in all assessed parameters, except for colour. Treatment 3 displayed significantly higher values across all parameters. Overall acceptability scores positioned treatment 3 as the highest, followed by treatment 2, while treatments 4 and 1 received the lowest scores. In conclusion, incorporating processed avocado seed meal at a 5% dietary inclusion level improved both the carcass attributes and sensory quality of pork.
The meat lipid profile and flavour attributes of deep-fried breaded chicken breasts were evaluate... more The meat lipid profile and flavour attributes of deep-fried breaded chicken breasts were evaluated with alternative edible coatings. Four types of coatings (wheat flour, sweet potato flour, cassava flour, and cocoyam flour) were utilized for the study. The coatings were designated T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The deep-fried chicken meats were analyzed for meat lipid profile, oxidative stability, and flavour attributes. All data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results showed that the application of the edible alternative coatings significantly influenced (p<0.05) the chicken meat lipid profile. High-density lipoprotein increased, with breaded chicken meat in the T4 group recording the highest value. Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were reduced in favour of T4.
Alternative edible coatings improved the oxidative stability of the meat. Using cocoyam flour as a coating material for deep-frying resulted in lower TBARS values (p<0.05). The scores for sensory attributes were not significantly different (p>0.05) in flavour and overall acceptability. However, the colour, tenderness, and juiciness of the edible coated samples were significantly different, with T4 receiving higher tenderness and juiciness scores than the controls. It was concluded that the alternative coatings, especially cocoyam, could be a viable alternative to wheat in reducing bad cholesterol and improving chicken meat's oxidative stability and flavour attributes.
A study was conducted to determine the effect of selim pepper meal (Xylopia aethiopica) and Afric... more A study was conducted to determine the effect of selim pepper meal (Xylopia aethiopica) and African nutmeg meal (Monodora myristica) on serum lipid profile and sensory quality of rabbit meat. A total of thirty-two weaned rabbits (16 males and 16 females) were used. Four dietary treatments were formulated and the rabbits were randomly allocated to four replicates per treatment groups with each replicate having two rabbits in a completely randomized block design. Diets were formulated to contain 0 % selim pepper meal (SPM) and African nutmeg meal (ANM) (T1). 1% SPM (T 2), 1 % ANM (T 3) and 0.5 % each of SPM and ANM (T 4). After 90 days feeding trial, serum lipid profile and sensory evaluation of meats were carried out. Selim pepper meal, African nutmeg meal and their combination had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the lipid profile of rabbits. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) increased in the control group (T 1) (P<0.05). Sex effect showed similar (P>0.05) result. Sensory properties of rabbit meat showed no adverse effect with the addition of the spices. Nevertheless, rabbit meat from T 3 group had the highest overall acceptability score in both male and female (P < 0.05). It is recommended that 1% of ANM be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve lipid profile and sensory quality of rabbit meat.
The effect of Monodora myristica as feed additive on the performance, carcass composition and ser... more The effect of Monodora myristica as feed additive on the performance, carcass composition and serum lipid profile of rabbits were investigated using a total of 48 weaner rabbits for a period of 12 weeks. The rabbits were allotted to four experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each group was replicated three times with four rabbits per replicate. Treatment 1 (T 1) received basal diet only, T 2 received basal diet with 1% inclusion of M. myristica, T 3 received basal diet plus 2% M. myristica, while T 4 was given basal diet and 3% M. myristica inclusion. Results revealed significantly higher (p<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, compared to those on the control group. Rabbits in T 3 group recorded the highest values for all parameters assessed. Rabbits fed 2% levels of the test ingredient recorded the lowest and best FCR. Inclusion of M. myristica significantly improved (p<0.05) carcass characteristics without any deleterious effect on the internal organs. The serum lipid profiles of the rabbits were significantly improved (p<0.05) as the high density lipoprotein increased, while low density lipoprotein levels reduced. There was also a significant reduction (p<0.05) in abdominal fat and an increase in muscle protein of the rabbits as inclusion levels of M. myristica increased across treatments. The study revealed that up to 2% of M. myristica can be included in the diets of rabbits without adverse effect on the performance, carcass composition and serum lipid profile. Hence, it can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in weaner rabbits.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2023
Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf mea... more Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf meals on organoleptic characteristics of pork and haematological indices of growing pigs was investigated. A total of 32 grower pigs were completely randomized into 4 dietary treatments. Eight young pigs were placed on each treatment with four replicates of 2 pigs each. Four diets were formulated: T 1 (basal feed only), T 2 (basal feed + 4% bitter leaf meal), T 3 (basal feed + 4% hospital too far leaf meal) and T 4 (basal feed + 2% bitter leaf meal + 2% hospital too far leaf meal). Haematological indices measured include: haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, and white blood cells from 16 pigs (4 per treatment). The pigs were thereafter slaughtered for carcass evaluation and organoleptic quality assessment. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) increase in terms of carcass yield and primal cuts (loin, chump chop, breast and rib chop) for T3 followed by T2 and T4. Pigs in T 3 group recorded the best dressing percentage and increase in the primal cuts. The test diets had no negative effects on the organoleptic quality of pork. However, T1 was significantly better in terms of tenderness followed by T2 and T4 indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups with the highest score recorded in T1. Red and white blood cells were significantly higher in the T 3 group compared to other treatments. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the T4 group while the control (T 1) had the least. MCH and MCHC were significantly higher in all treatments except in the control. It is concluded that the test diets improved the carcass characteristics, organoleptic quality and haematological indices of the pigs. Based on the results, hospital too far leaf meal (HTFLM) is recommended.
Replacement and supplementation of concentrate diets by forage is very promising in rabbit produc... more Replacement and supplementation of concentrate diets by forage is very promising in rabbit production since they are classified as pseudo-ruminants. The study assessed the performance and the economics of feeding sole concentrate, sole forage and their mixtures to weaner rabbits. The control treatment (T1) was fed with concentrate and forage simultaneously in the morning and afternoon, Rabbits in treatment 2 (T2) received forage in the morning and concentrate in the afternoon. Rabbits in treatment 3 (T3) got concentrate diet in the morning and forage in the afternoon, Treatment 4 (T4) rabbits were given sole concentrate in the morning and afternoon while those in treatment 5 (T5) were fed sole forage in morning/ afternoon. Thirty (30) weaner crossbreed rabbits (both sexes) with an initial weight range of 750-770 g were divided into five groups of six rabbits (5 males and I female) each and randomly assigned to the five treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment having three replicates of two rabbits in a 63day feeding trial. Data collected were daily feed intake, weekly body weight, weekly body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed were computed and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using S.A.S (2002) software package. The results revealed that rabbits on (T4), (T3) and (T2) had significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight and daily weight gain of 2000, 1950g, 19000g and 19.84g 19.21g, 19.05g respectively The result further shows that rabbits on sole forage (T5) had the highest (P<0.05) daily forage intake (83.50g) among the treatments while those on sole concentrate (T4) treatment had the least feed intake (60.90g). Rabbits on T4 were the best in terms of FCR followed by concentrate/forage mixture T3, T2, and T1. The results further show that rabbits on sole forage (T5) had the highest (P<0.05) daily forage intake (83.50g) among the treatments while those on sole concentrate (T4) treatment had the least feed intake (60.90g). Rabbits on T4 were the best in terms of FCR followed by concentrate/forage mixture T3, T2, and T1. The result shows that sole forage treatment (T5) had the lowest feed cost of N131.5 while the highest feed cost of N378.86 was recorded for rabbits in T4. However, rabbits on sole forage or concentrate diets had about 49.17 and 16.83 percent reductions while T4 and T2 had-10.74 and-46.43 percent additions in feed cost per kg. Better returns of investment per rabbit were noted for rabbits in T4 followed by those of T3. Profit or gross margin was the better for rabbit on T3.For optimum performance and economic returns, feeding rabbit with concentrate in the morning/forage in the afternoon (T3) is recommended.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2022
A research to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance, carcass char... more A research to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens was carried out. Two hundred unsexed broilers were used for the trial. Four broiler finisher diets were formulated with each containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% level of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) and labelled T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. On day 28, the birds were distributed into four treatment groups of fifty birds. Each treatment was apportioned to one of the treatment diets in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was further replicated five times, with 10 birds per replicate and housed in a deep litter pen. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results of the performance of the experimental birds indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in their values. Broiler chickens in T4 group recorded the highest significant weight in final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake. Broiler chickens in T4 had the best feed conversion ratio. The carcass dressed weight and primal cut-part (back, thigh, drumstick, breast and wing) indicated significant increase across treatments. The internal organs showed no significant difference in their values. However, significant variations were observed in the lipid profile cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein of the birds. Thus, the experiment revealed that Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be incorporated into broiler diet at 7.5% without any adverse effects on the performance, carcass and internal organ characteristics as well as on the lipid profile of broiler chicks.
AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences , 2022
A total of one-hundred-and-sixty-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of Tet... more A total of one-hundred-and-sixty-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera powder as a feed additive on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Four experimental diets were formulated with the incorporation of Tetrapleura tetraptera powder at 0, 100g, 200g and 300g per 100kg feed and labelled as T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The broilers were allotted into four groups of forty birds. Each group was assigned one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each group consisting of forty birds, was further divided into four replicates, with ten birds each. All data collected were analyzed statistically. Results obtained indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in both the final weight and average weight gain of the birds at the starter phase. The highest significant (P<0.05) final weight and average weight gain values were recorded for birds fed diets in T4 group. This was followed by T3 which was significantly higher than T2 and T1. The feed intake of the birds at the starter phase were not significantly different while the feed conversion ratio indicated significant (P<0.05) difference in their values. Birds in T4 group recorded the best and lowest feed conversion ratio values. In the finisher phase, the result followed a similar pattern as the starter phase. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in final weight, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Nutrient digestibility of the birds indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in crude fibre, crude protein, ash, and ether extract values with the highest value recorded in T4. It was concluded therefore that Tetrapleura tetraptera could be added in the diet of broiler birds at 300 g/kg as feed additive to enhance growth performance and nutrients digestibility.
A total of sixteen grower pigs were used to evaluate the effect of Vernonia amygdalina and Jathro... more A total of sixteen grower pigs were used to evaluate the effect of Vernonia amygdalina and Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal supplementation on their performance and lipid profile. The animals were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 2 replicate per treatment. The treatments were arranged as follows CTL1 (basal feed only),VM4 VM4 (basal feed + 4% VALM), JM4 (basal feed + 4% JTLM) and VM2JM24 (basal feed + 2% VALM + 2% JTLM) in a completely randomized design. The study lasted for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were randomly collected from 8 pigs (2 per treatment) to determine the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC). triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VILDL). Result showed an increase (p<0.05) in feed intake and daily weight gain of the animals. Pigs in JM4 group recorded the best feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Lipid profile indices of the growing pigs also indicated a reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein, with a corresponding increase in high density lipoprotein across treatments. Supplementing pig's diet with Vernonia amygdalina and Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal improved (p<0.05) the performance and lipid profile. It is therefore recommended that Jathropha tanjorensis leaf meal (JTLM) can be added to the diets of pigs at 4% body weight supplemental level for optimum performance and improved lipid profile.
Reduction of total fat and cholesterol contents as well as alteration of lipid profile to a more ... more Reduction of total fat and cholesterol contents as well as alteration of lipid profile to a more unsaturated kind are some methods for improving quality of meat. One of the safest strategies for achieving this is through dietary inclusion of natural occuring herbs. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Vernonia amygdalina meal (VALM) and Mucuna pruriens meal (MPM) on performance, carcass and sensory quality of rabbits. Seventy-two weaned rabbits were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments, each replicated 3 times with 8 rabbits per replicate. Diet 1 was the control, diets 2 and 3 comprised of 15% each of VALM and MPM respectively each representing a treatment. At the end of 12th week, carcass evaluation, meat lipid profile and sensory evaluation were carried out. Results showed significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake and daily weight gain for rabbits fed diets 2 and 3 as well as lower feed conversion ratio for rabbits fed diet 3 compared to the control. Rabbits on diet 3 indicated significan (P<0.05) increase in pre-slaughter weight, dressed weight as well as prime cuts (forelegs, thoracic cage, loin and hind legs). Meat lipid profile showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL while HDL increased for T 3 and T 2. Meat protein values showed significant (P<0.05) increase in T3 followed by T2 while abdominal fat decreased as against the control. Sensory evaluation showed significant (P<0.05) decline in tenderness from T3 to T2 without adverse effect on overall acceptability. Inclusion of the VALM and MPM in rabbit diets therefore improved performance, carcass quality and sensory characteristics.
aksu journal of agriculture and food science, 2023
Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf mea... more Effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and hospital too far (Jathropha tanjorensis) leaf meals on organoleptic characteristics of pork and haematological indices of growing pigs was investigated. A total of 32 grower pigs were completely randomized into 4 dietary treatments. Eight young pigs were placed on each treatment with four replicates of 2 pigs each. Four diets were formulated: T 1 (basal feed only), T 2 (basal feed + 4% bitter leaf meal), T 3 (basal feed + 4% hospital too far leaf meal) and T 4 (basal feed + 2% bitter leaf meal + 2% hospital too far leaf meal). Haematological indices measured include: haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, and white blood cells from 16 pigs (4 per treatment). The pigs were thereafter slaughtered for carcass evaluation and organoleptic quality assessment. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) increase in terms of carcass yield and primal cuts (loin, chump chop, breast and rib chop) for T3 followed by T2 and T4. Pigs in T 3 group recorded the best dressing percentage and increase in the primal cuts. The test diets had no negative effects on the organoleptic quality of pork. However, T1 was significantly better in terms of tenderness followed by T2 and T4 indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups with the highest score recorded in T1. Red and white blood cells were significantly higher in the T 3 group compared to other treatments. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the T4 group while the control (T 1) had the least. MCH and MCHC were significantly higher in all treatments except in the control. It is concluded that the test diets improved the carcass characteristics, organoleptic quality and haematological indices of the pigs. Based on the results, hospital too far leaf meal (HTFLM) is recommended.
The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to ... more The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to the unavailability and unaffordability of measuring scales has been a major constraint in live weight determination of cattle for the market. Hence, the need for zoometric measurement of body parts. A total of seven white Fulani calves aged 14 days were used as the study material to investigate the zoometric measurement parameters and its relationship with bodyweight in White Fulani calves under on-farm study. The calves were allowed to graze with their mothers in the open field from 8:00am and 4:00pm local time. The animals were restrained before measurements were taken on them to avoid unnecessary stress. Body weight measurements were taken using a measuring scale while zoometric body parts were measured using a flexible tailor's tape. The experiment lasted nine months. The overall mean values for body weight, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither, ...
Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accu... more Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accurate measurement scales, hence this experiment. The study was conducted to determine the correlation between milk intake and body weight with linear body measurements in white Fulani calves raised in semi-intensive system of management. A total of seven (7) white Fulani calves managed semi-intensively was used for the study. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The overall mean±SEM value for milk intake, body weight, neck circumference, neck length, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither and tail length were 1.20±0.40g, 5.18±1.02kg, 21.54±0.66cm, 13.23±0.21cm, 28.36±0.31cm, 36.41±0.43cm, 35.84±0.37cm, 35.87±0.43cm and 23.43±0.39cm respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) effect of lactation stage on all body measurements taken except for neck circumference and tail length. Correlation between all body pairs of measurements were high, positive and highly ...
The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to ... more The inability of farmers in the rural areas to effectively determine the weight of cattle due to the unavailability and unaffordability of measuring scales has been a major constraint in live weight determination of cattle for the market. Hence, the need for zoometric measurement of body parts. A total of seven white Fulani calves aged 14 days were used as the study material to investigate the zoometric measurement parameters and its relationship with bodyweight in White Fulani calves under on-farm study. The calves were allowed to graze with their mothers in the open field from 8:00am and 4:00pm local time. The animals were restrained before measurements were taken on them to avoid unnecessary stress. Body weight measurements were taken using a measuring scale while zoometric body parts were measured using a flexible tailor's tape. The experiment lasted nine months. The overall mean values for body weight, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither, neck circumference and neck length were 62.62±3.44kg, 28.97±0.34cm, 37.09±0.46cm, 36.53±0.36cm, 36.70±0.40cm, 24.24±0.28cm, and 13.73±0.25cm, respectively. Body weight was positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with other body parts measured with the highest correlation recorded between live weight and heart girth (0.915). Linear function provided the best fit for body weight and linear body measurements indicating that zoometric measurements of body parts can be used as a selection criterion for estimating body weight in white Fulani calves, most especially in the rural areas where measuring scales are not usually available and affordable. It is therefore recommended that multiple linear regression model should be used as an index predictor of body weight in white Fulani calves.
In this study the performance of egg laying African Giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) wa... more In this study the performance of egg laying African Giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) was assessed. Eighty (80) snails that were about eight months old, at point of lay and weighing between 142.15g and 151.73g were used for the study in a four treatment group (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 ,) experiment. The treatments had two replicates each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Snails on T 1 were fed T 1 maize-based concentrate diet only, T 2 were fed with maize concentrate supplemented with 40% cola rostrata seed meal, T 3 were fed with forage mixture and maize-based concentrate diet while T 4 , consisted of snails fed forage mixtures and maize-based concentrate supplemented with 40% Cola rostrata seed meal CRSM). The laying records on the snails were kept for 8 weeks. The mean final body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), total number of eggs laid and mean egg lay per snail for T 4 and T 3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the T 1 and T 2 treatments groups. The daily feed intake and weight gain were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the treatments. It could be concluded from the results that, Cola rostrata seed meal (CRSM) could replace 40% of maize in the concentrate diet of laying snails with better egg production performance, hatchability and the least embryo mortality.
NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2022
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed d... more A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed diets containing Xylopia aethiopica (selim pepper) seed meal (XSM) and Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed meal (MSM). Four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were formulated such that Treatment 1 being the control group received diet containing neither MSM nor XSM. Treatment 2 and 3 received diets containing 1% each of XSM and MSM while treatment 4 received mixture of both XSM and MSM at 0.5% each. The treatments were replicated four times with two rabbits per replicate and a total of eight rabbits (4 males and 4 females) per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. Result showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in final weights and total weight gain of the rabbits across the treatments. Significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake was obtained in T3. However, feed conversion ratio was similar in the four treatments. Sex effect indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for feed intake with male rabbits on diet 2 recording the least value. No mortality was recorded in the course of the experiment. It is therefore recommended that 1% of Monodora myristica can be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve feed intake and weight gain or its combination with Xylopia aethiopica to maintain weight gain especially for the rabbit bucks.
Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accu... more Body weight of animals in the rural areas has not been accurately ascertained due to lack of accurate measurement scales, hence this experiment. The study was conducted to determine the correlation between milk intake and body weight with linear body measurements in white Fulani calves raised in semi-intensive system of management. A total of seven (7) white Fulani calves managed semi-intensively was used for the study. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The overall mean±SEM value for milk intake, body weight, neck circumference, neck length, body length, body circumference, girth circumference, height at wither and tail length were 1.20±0.40g, 5.18±1.02kg, 21.54±0.66cm, 13.23±0.21cm, 28.36±0.31cm, 36.41±0.43cm, 35.84±0.37cm, 35.87±0.43cm and 23.43±0.39cm respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) effect of lactation stage on all body measurements taken except for neck circumference and tail length. Correlation between all body pairs of measurements were high, positive and highly ...
Proc. 49th Conf., Nig. Soc. For Anim. Prod. 24 – 27 March, 2024, Univ. of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024
Given the soaring costs of conventional feedstuffs, there is a pressing need to explore sustainab... more Given the soaring costs of conventional feedstuffs, there is a pressing need to explore sustainable alternatives that enhance performance, cut production costs, and foster environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the performance and cost-benefit of finisher broiler chickens fed boiled cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott) peel meal. Four broiler finisher diets were formulated and labeled T1, T2, T3, and T4. The control (T1) did not contain boiled cocoyam peel meal, while T2, T3, and T4 contained boiled cocoyam peel meat at 5, 10, and 15 % levels replacing maize in the diet. One hundred and sixty broiler chickens (Abor Arce) at 28 days of age were used. Birds were divided into four groups of 40 birds and each group was assigned one of the diets using a completely randomized design. Each group was further divided into four replicates of 10 birds. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Measurements were taken on the weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The result of the growth performance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in final weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Cost-benefit analysis showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in cost per kg feed, feed cost per bird, cost per kg weight gain, and gross margin. Birds in T4 fed 15 % boiled cocoyam peel meal recorded the lowest values for the four parameters. Significant (P<0.05) differences were not recorded in revenue and price/kg live weight. It is concluded that boiled cocoyam peel meal could be incorporated in finisher broiler diets up to 15 % level without any deleterious effect on the performance and also reduces the cost of feeding broiler birds.
Proc. 49th Conf., Nig. Soc. For Anim. Prod. 24 – 27 March, 2024, Univ. of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024
A study spanning twelve weeks aimed to assess the efficacy of Xylopia aethiopica extract on the e... more A study spanning twelve weeks aimed to assess the efficacy of Xylopia aethiopica extract on the egg quality indices of laying hens. The study utilized a total of 120 laying hens, six weeks in lay. Xylopia aethiopica extract was separately diluted in 4 liters of water at varying levels: 0 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, and 300 ml. The laying hens were divided into four groups, each comprising 30 birds, in a completely randomized design. Each group was subdivided into three replicates, each consisting of 10 birds. Result on the external egg qualities of the laying hens indicated significant (p<0.05) differences on egg weight, shell thickness, shell weight, and egg breaking strength compared to the control. The group administered with 300 ml of Xylopia aethiopica extract recorded the highest significant values (P<0.05) across these four parameters. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the internal egg qualities evaluated. It could be concluded that the administration of Xylopia aethiopica extract to laying hens enhances egg weight, shell thickness shell weight, and egg breaking strength of the birds.
Proc. 49th Conf., Nig. Soc. For Anim. Prod. 24 – 27 March, 2024, Univ. of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024
This study was conducted to determine the effect of date palm waste on the growth performance, an... more This study was conducted to determine the effect of date palm waste on the growth performance, and nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits. A total of 32 weaner rabbits, crossbred from New Zealand White and Chinchilla, were used in the study. Four experimental diets were formulated and labelled T1, T2, T3, and T4. The control diet (T1) did not contain date palm waste, while T2, T3, and T4 contained date palm waste at levels of 5, 10, and 15 %, respectively, partially replacing maize in the diet. The rabbits were divided into four treatment groups of eight rabbits, with each group assigned to one of the diets in a completely randomized design. Each group was further divided into 4 replicates of 2 rabbits. The performance results indicated no significant (P>0.05) differences in all assessed parameters, including final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake. For nutrient digestibility coefficients, a notable increase (P<0.05) was observed in ash and nitrogen-free extract estimates for groups fed date palm waste compared to the control. Conclusively, incorporating date palm waste at 15 % in weaner rabbit diets was found to enhance the digestibility of ash and nitrogen-free extracts and did not adversely affect the growth performance of weaner rabbits.
49th Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2024
Edge row plants are common trees used as windbreakers in homesteads and farms. In recent times, t... more Edge row plants are common trees used as windbreakers in homesteads and farms. In recent times, their uses have been reported as feed for ruminants. However, the use of these plants has not been properly reported for rabbits. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the quality of rabbits’ meats. All groups were fed on basal diet with T1, T2, T3, and T4 supplemented with 0, 3, 6, and 9 % levels of F. exasperata leaf meal respectively in a completely randomized design. A total of 36 rabbits (707.5±0.20 g) were used for the study which lasted 12 weeks. A total of 12 rabbits, one from each replicate was slaughtered and the biceps femoris muscle was excised for proximate and meat quality assessment. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) influence of F. exasperata in the ash, fat, and crude protein contents of the meat. Mineral and protein was highest with supplementation of the leaf meal while a corresponding reduction in fat was observed across the treatments. Although meat pH was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by F. exasperata, water holding capacity as well as cooking loss in the meat were significantly (P<0.05) better in groups receiving different supplemental levels of F. exasperata. Juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat were influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the additive. It was concluded that up to 9 % of Ficus exasperata can be added to the diets of rabbits for improved meat quality.
49th Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2024
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the performance ... more This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the performance and carcass traits of rabbits. A total of 36 mixed-breed rabbits were randomly distributed among four treatment groups, with each group comprising nine rabbits. Further, each group was replicated three times, with three rabbits constituting a replicate. Rabbits in Treatment 1 were fed a basal diet without any additive, while those in T2, T3, and T4 group received F. exasperata leaf meal at 3, 6, and 9 %, respectively. Results indicated that the inclusion of F. exasperata leaf meal in the diet significantly (P<0.05) affected both feed intake and weight gain of the rabbits. Rabbits in T4 group displayed the lowest (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio. As F. exasperata addition increased in the diet, there was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in carcass traits, signifying the animals' enhanced feed utilization. This study suggests that inclusion levels of up to 9 % can be fed to rabbits without adverse effects on the performance or carcass traits.
Proceedings of 28th Annual Conference of ASAN 2023, Abuja, Nigeria (403-406), 2023
This study was designed to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal on the performa... more This study was designed to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler finisher chickens. One hundred and sixty broiler chicken were used for the study. Four diets were formulated for finisher broilers and labelled T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4. The control (T 1) had no Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal, while T 2 , T 3 and T 4 contained Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal at 2.50%, 5.00% and 7.50% dietary levels respectively. At day 28 the birds were divided into four treatments of 40 birds and each treatment were assigned one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design. The result showed significant differences (P<0.5) in final weight gain and body weight gain of the birds. Birds in T 3 recorded the highest significant (P<0.05) final weight gain and body weight gain across treatments while those in T 4 recorded the least values. Birds in T 3 recorded the highest significant (P<0.05) feed intake value. The feed conversion ratio of the birds was similar but birds in T 3 recorded the least value. The result of the live weight, carcass weight, primal cut-parts (thigh, drumstick, and breast) were statistically (P<0.05) influenced by the diets. The internal organs of the birds were not influence by the diet across treatment. It can be concluded that inclusion of J. tanjorensis leaf meal up to 5.00% in the diet of finisher broiler chickens enhanced growth performance, carcass and did not have any deleterious effect on the internal organs of the broiler chickens.
28TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ANIMAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (ASAN), 2023
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the sensory characteristics and proximate composition of ... more An experiment was conducted to evaluate the sensory characteristics and proximate composition of barbecued rabbit bicep femoris cured with varying levels of Monodora myristica. A total of twenty-four crossbred rabbits was used for the study with the biceps femoris muscle being processed with the different spice inclusion. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design with T 1 as the control, T 2 (1% Monodora myristica), T 3 (2% Monodora myristica), and T 4 (3% Monodora myristica). At the end of the experiment, the ash component of the meat was significantly higher in T 3 group compared to other treatments. Likewise, meats in T 3 and T 4 scored the highest in all parameters measured (tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and overall acceptability) when compared to other treatments except colour which was not significantly different. It was therefore concluded that the varying levels of Monodora myristica had a significant effect on the sensory quality of the barbecued rabbit meat. It is therefore recommended that in barbecued rabbit meat, up to 3% inclusion levels of Monodora myristica can be added to enhance flavour and improve functional properties.
28TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ANIMAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA, 2023
This study was designed to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal on the performa... more This study was designed to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler finisher chickens. One hundred and sixty broiler chicken were used for the study. Four diets were formulated for finisher broilers and labelled T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4. The control (T 1) had no Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal, while T 2 , T 3 and T 4 contained Jatropha tanjorensis leaf meal at 2.50%, 5.00% and 7.50% dietary levels respectively. At day 28 the birds were divided into four treatments of 40 birds and each treatment were assigned one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design. The result showed significant differences (P<0.5) in final weight gain and body weight gain of the birds. Birds in T 3 recorded the highest significant (P<0.05) final weight gain and body weight gain across treatments while those in T 4 recorded the least values. Birds in T 3 recorded the highest significant (P<0.05) feed intake value. The feed conversion ratio of the birds was similar but birds in T 3 recorded the least value. The result of the live weight, carcass weight, primal cut-parts (thigh, drumstick, and breast) were statistically (P<0.05) influenced by the diets. The internal organs of the birds were not influence by the diet across treatment. It can be concluded that inclusion of J. tanjorensis leaf meal up to 5.00% in the diet of finisher broiler chickens enhanced growth performance, carcass and did not have any deleterious effect on the internal organs of the broiler chickens.
PROCEEDING OF THE 48TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 2023, 2023
This study was aimed at evaluating the performance effect of African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) ... more This study was aimed at evaluating the performance effect of African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) as feed additive in rabbits. A total of forty-eight (48) weaned rabbits were allotted to four experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each group was replicated three times with four rabbits per replicate and the experiment lasted for twelve weeks. Treatment 1 was basal diet without additive, T2 was basal diet with 1% inclusion of M. myristica, T3 was basal diet with 2% M. myristica while T4 was basal diet with 3% M. myristica inclusion. Results revealed that rabbits fed Monodora myristica as feed additive recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake and body weight gain, compared to those on the control group. Rabbits in T3 group recorded the highest values for all parameters assessed. Feed conversion ratio recorded significant (P<0.05) differences across treatments. Rabbits fed 2% levels of the test ingredient recorded the lowest and best FCR. Mortality was not recorded in the course of the experiment. It can be concluded that Monodora myristica can be included in the diets of weaner rabbits up to 2% without an adverse effect on their health. Hence, it can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in improving the performance of weaner rabbits.
PROCEEDING OF THE 48TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 2023, 2023
This study was designed to determine the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finishe... more This study was designed to determine the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broiler chickens fed Denettia tripelata leaf meal as feed additive. Two Hundred broiler chickens were used for the experiment. Four experimental diets were formulated and labeled T1, T2, T3 and T4. T1 (control) had no Denettia tripelata leaf meal while T2, T3 and T4 contain Denettia tripelata leaf meal at 100g, 200g and 300g/100kg feed respectively. The birds were divided into four groups of fifty birds and each group was assigned one treatment diet in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each group was subdivided into five (5) replicates of 10 birds each. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum and data collected were analyzed. The result showed significant (P<0.05) differences in the final weight and body weight gain of the birds. T4 had the highest significant (P<0.05) final weight and body weight gain values followed by T3. The feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds were statistically similar (P>0.05) across the treatments. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in nutrient digestibility of the birds. Significant (P<0.05) differences were also observed in crude protein, crude fibre, Ash and ether extract values. It was concluded that D. tripelata leaf meal could be added to broiler diet at 300g/100kg feed without deleterious effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of the birds.
THE 47TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 2022
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed d... more A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed diets containing Xylopia aethiopica seed meal (XSM) and Monodora myristica seed meal (MSM). Four experimental diets (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4) were formulated such that Treatment 1 being the control group received diet containing neither MSM nor XSM. Treatment 2 and 3 received diets containing 1% each of XSM and MSM while treatment 4 received mixture of both XSM and MSM at 0.5% each. The treatments were replicated four times with two rabbits per replicate and a total of eight rabbits (4 males &4 females) per treatment in a randomized complete block design.The trial lasted for 12 weeks. Result showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in final weights and total weight gain of the rabbits across the treatments although T 3 recorded the highest statistical value. Significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake was obtained in T3. Slight improvements in feed conversion ratio values were also observed in T3 and T4. Sex effect indicates reduction in feed intake and weight gain for male rabbit on diet 2. No mortality was recorded in the course of the experiment. It is therefore recommended that 1% of Monodora myristica can be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve feed intake and weight gain or its combination with Xylopia aethiopica to maintain weight gain specially for the rabbit bucks.
Proceeding of the 47th annual conference of Nigerian Society of Animal Production, 2022
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed d... more A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of thirty-two (32) weaned rabbits fed diets containing Xylopia aethiopica seed meal (XSM) and Monodora myristica seed meal (MSM). Four experimental diets (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4) were formulated such that Treatment 1 being the control group received diet containing neither MSM nor XSM. Treatment 2 and 3 received diets containing 1% each of XSM and MSM while treatment 4 received mixture of both XSM and MSM at 0.5% each. The treatments were replicated four times with two rabbits per replicate and a total of eight rabbits (4 males &4 females) per treatment in a randomized complete block design.The trial lasted for 12 weeks. Result showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in final weights and total weight gain of the rabbits across the treatments although T 3 recorded the highest statistical value. Significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake was obtained in T3. Slight improvements in feed conversion ratio values were also observed in T3 and T4. Sex effect indicates reduction in feed intake and weight gain for male rabbit on diet 2. No mortality was recorded in the course of the experiment. It is therefore recommended that 1% of Monodora myristica can be used as additive in rabbit diet to improve feed intake and weight gain or its combination with Xylopia aethiopica to maintain weight gain specially for the rabbit bucks.
This teaching material gives insights on how best to write a literature review with practical exa... more This teaching material gives insights on how best to write a literature review with practical examples. It also gives pointers to the right search engines for your scholarly articles.
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Papers by Utibe Okon
Alternative edible coatings improved the oxidative stability of the meat. Using cocoyam flour as a coating material for deep-frying resulted in lower TBARS values (p<0.05). The scores for sensory attributes were not significantly different (p>0.05) in flavour and overall acceptability. However, the colour, tenderness, and juiciness of the edible coated samples were significantly different, with T4 receiving higher tenderness and juiciness scores than the controls. It was concluded that the alternative coatings, especially cocoyam, could be a viable alternative to wheat in reducing bad cholesterol and improving chicken meat's oxidative stability and flavour attributes.
Alternative edible coatings improved the oxidative stability of the meat. Using cocoyam flour as a coating material for deep-frying resulted in lower TBARS values (p<0.05). The scores for sensory attributes were not significantly different (p>0.05) in flavour and overall acceptability. However, the colour, tenderness, and juiciness of the edible coated samples were significantly different, with T4 receiving higher tenderness and juiciness scores than the controls. It was concluded that the alternative coatings, especially cocoyam, could be a viable alternative to wheat in reducing bad cholesterol and improving chicken meat's oxidative stability and flavour attributes.