Identification system is divided into Foundation ID and Functional ID. There is the need for foun... more Identification system is divided into Foundation ID and Functional ID. There is the need for foundational ID in Ethiopia that fulfills international standards even though Kebele ID serves as a de-facto foundational ID. Driving license, work ID, bank passbook and other IDs are considered as functional ID. The Kebele ID is not backed by technology. It does not uniquely identify a person and is open for fraud. The Government of Ethiopia is thus implementing foundational digital ID by using modern technology. Ethiopia's digital ID is expected to strengthen national peace and security, national development planning, good governance and avert duplication of efforts, and eliminate the risk of exclusion in development works. The Ethiopian Digital ID Proclamation No. 1284/2023 is meant to enable the smooth implementation of digital ID in Ethiopia and has drawn lessons from the comparative experience of other countries. Registration for digital ID has three modalities. The first modality is through the registration centers of the institution; secondly through registration of clients by partner organizations; and the third modality of registration is conducted (with modest service charges) by entities permitted by the institution. The first and the second registration modalities are currently being implemented. The third modality requires establishing a policy direction and operating procedures, and it may not be implemented soon. The implementation of the first and the second modalities are expected to ensure effective registration within a short period of time. The digital ID registration process is expected to be completed within three to five years. As the Proclamation pursues the minimal data paradigm, the demographic data required for a digital ID are first name, father's name, grandfather's name, citizenship, date of birth (including month and year), gender and domicile address. Moreover, mother's name, telephone number, as well as email and postal address can be included. The biometric data collected for obtaining a digital ID are limited to ten fingerprints, iris of both eyes, and facial photo.
This paper discusses the state of Muslim education in colonial Bengal during the crucial years of... more This paper discusses the state of Muslim education in colonial Bengal during the crucial years of 1920s and 1930s. It evaluates the impact of some of the post war reforms introduced by the colonial government to improve Muslim education, and shows how these reforms influenced the progress of the community. It also analyzes how the relationship between Hindus and Muslims gradually deteriorated as a result of these educational reforms. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the educational reforms introduced during the period of intense political and financial crises.
The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war fought between the armed forces of the Italy an... more The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war fought between the armed forces of the Italy and the armed forces of the Ethiopia; started in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The colonial war was ended in favor of Fascist force and consequently, this leads to the five year Italy occupation and bitter patriotic resistance internally and diplomatic offence externally. The five year Fascist Italy occupation was ended in 1941.However; the five year Italian rule over Ethiopia was not a peaceful experience of colonial rule. They were continuously harassed by Ethiopian patriots and had to live entrenched in their isolated fortifications. Italians also committed several crimes against humanity: they used poison gas burnt down villages and slaughtered civilians. In this case, Ametsegna Washa; some call it " the cave of Zeret " was one of the forgotten massacres which happened in 1939, where up to 2500 Ethiopians were gassed and machine-gunned. This paper, therefore, attempts t...
This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiop... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia. 1.1 Ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitutional documents of Ethiopia Prior to 1931 there was no modern written constitutio...
Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret), the cave of the last battle of the Italo-Ethiopian war; Guer... more Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret), the cave of the last battle of the Italo-Ethiopian war; Guerrilla Fighting against Fascism and Colonialism during the Second
This study is mainly focused on the assessment of the involvement of women in the agricultural pr... more This study is mainly focused on the assessment of the involvement of women in the agricultural production of Awaro Kora Peasant Associations, west shewa zone of Ambo district, Ethiopia. Key words: women. Agricultural production, participation
This study is mainly focused on the role of women in economic development with the aim of assessi... more This study is mainly focused on the role of women in economic development with the aim of assessing the roles and constraints of women in economic development of Ethiopia in general and Ambo in particular.
The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people t... more The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people towards traditional conflict resolution mechanisms vis-à-vis the modern court system. To this end, the study used both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered from interview and personal observations whereas secondary sources were obtained from articles. The findings of the study show that there exists a high tendency among Ambo town people to solve their conflicts mostly through traditional mechanisms like Jaarsummaa. This is due to the fact that they have a belief that traditional mechanisms are by far better than the modern court procedure as the former is: possible to produce win-win result which is instrumental for conflicting parties' future cordial relationship, easily accessible, time saving, less costly and vital for social stability, though it has its own blemishes like lack of documentation and enforcement mechanisms.
Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It u... more Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources, harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and eff...
Following the 1934 Wal Wal incident which was used as a pretext for the second Italo-Ethiopian wa... more Following the 1934 Wal Wal incident which was used as a pretext for the second Italo-Ethiopian war, Italy had used prohibited chemical weapons in different battles. Among the chemical warfare agents Italy had used mustard gas, the most deadly poison gas and chemical available, against Ethiopian fighters. Nevertheless, the five year Italian rule over Ethiopia was not a peaceful experience of colonial rule. They were continuously harassed by Ethiopian patriots and had to live entrenched in their isolated fortifications. Sadly, Italy had committed several crimes against humanity. In this case, Ametsegna Washa, some call it "the cave of Zeret" was one of the forgotten massacres which happened in 1939, where up to more than 5,500 Ethiopians were gassed and machine-gunned. This paper, therefore, attempted to describe and analyze the forgotten massacres of the inhabitant of Menz, Merhabete, and South Wollo provinces in Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret) by Fascist Italy in 1939. In doing so, the study employed qualitative research in which empirical data were collected from primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through qualitative field research observation, key informant interview with direct victims and their descendants, elders and experts at Menz keya gebreal woreda tourism office. Secondary data were gathered from books, published and unpublished journals, and historical records of the patriot. In view of that, the study employed qualitative method of data analysis in particular descriptive narration. The findings of the study shows that through the approval of Badoglio to use chemical weapons, the fascist soldiers had thrown several barrel with a mustard gas through the mouth of the cave then they attacked the mouth of the cave with artillery and machine-gun fire, and as a result more than 5,500 peoples have lost their live while those escaped from the massacre had faced a number of problems. The survival of the catastrophic massacre had faced physical injury which includes blindness, skin related problem, respiratory problem and as a result they had lived their remaining age with misery. This study, therefore, calls for the need of further investigation in the area. Along this, the place is not well-protected and, therefore, the government as well as the other concerning bodies should give serious attention in preserving and memorizing the historical cave.
This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiop... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
This paper tries to explain constitution,
constitutionalism and foundation of
democracy in Ethi... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It
... more Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources, harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and effects of corruption in Ethiopia particularly in Ambo Town, which are seen to be rooted in socio-cultural practices and the political and economic situation of the country.
The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people t... more The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people towards traditional conflict resolution mechanisms vis-à-vis the modern court system. To this end, the study used both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered from interview and personal observations whereas secondary sources were obtained from articles. The findings of the study show that there exists a high tendency among Ambo town people to solve their conflicts mostly through traditional mechanisms like Jaarsummaa. This is due to the fact that they have a belief that traditional mechanisms are by far better than the modern court procedure as the former is: possible to produce win-win result which is instrumental for conflicting parties’ future cordial relationship, easily accessible, time saving, less costly and vital for social stability, though it has its own blemishes like lack of documentation and enforcement mechanisms.
Identification system is divided into Foundation ID and Functional ID. There is the need for foun... more Identification system is divided into Foundation ID and Functional ID. There is the need for foundational ID in Ethiopia that fulfills international standards even though Kebele ID serves as a de-facto foundational ID. Driving license, work ID, bank passbook and other IDs are considered as functional ID. The Kebele ID is not backed by technology. It does not uniquely identify a person and is open for fraud. The Government of Ethiopia is thus implementing foundational digital ID by using modern technology. Ethiopia's digital ID is expected to strengthen national peace and security, national development planning, good governance and avert duplication of efforts, and eliminate the risk of exclusion in development works. The Ethiopian Digital ID Proclamation No. 1284/2023 is meant to enable the smooth implementation of digital ID in Ethiopia and has drawn lessons from the comparative experience of other countries. Registration for digital ID has three modalities. The first modality is through the registration centers of the institution; secondly through registration of clients by partner organizations; and the third modality of registration is conducted (with modest service charges) by entities permitted by the institution. The first and the second registration modalities are currently being implemented. The third modality requires establishing a policy direction and operating procedures, and it may not be implemented soon. The implementation of the first and the second modalities are expected to ensure effective registration within a short period of time. The digital ID registration process is expected to be completed within three to five years. As the Proclamation pursues the minimal data paradigm, the demographic data required for a digital ID are first name, father's name, grandfather's name, citizenship, date of birth (including month and year), gender and domicile address. Moreover, mother's name, telephone number, as well as email and postal address can be included. The biometric data collected for obtaining a digital ID are limited to ten fingerprints, iris of both eyes, and facial photo.
This paper discusses the state of Muslim education in colonial Bengal during the crucial years of... more This paper discusses the state of Muslim education in colonial Bengal during the crucial years of 1920s and 1930s. It evaluates the impact of some of the post war reforms introduced by the colonial government to improve Muslim education, and shows how these reforms influenced the progress of the community. It also analyzes how the relationship between Hindus and Muslims gradually deteriorated as a result of these educational reforms. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the educational reforms introduced during the period of intense political and financial crises.
The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war fought between the armed forces of the Italy an... more The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war fought between the armed forces of the Italy and the armed forces of the Ethiopia; started in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The colonial war was ended in favor of Fascist force and consequently, this leads to the five year Italy occupation and bitter patriotic resistance internally and diplomatic offence externally. The five year Fascist Italy occupation was ended in 1941.However; the five year Italian rule over Ethiopia was not a peaceful experience of colonial rule. They were continuously harassed by Ethiopian patriots and had to live entrenched in their isolated fortifications. Italians also committed several crimes against humanity: they used poison gas burnt down villages and slaughtered civilians. In this case, Ametsegna Washa; some call it " the cave of Zeret " was one of the forgotten massacres which happened in 1939, where up to 2500 Ethiopians were gassed and machine-gunned. This paper, therefore, attempts t...
This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiop... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia. 1.1 Ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitutional documents of Ethiopia Prior to 1931 there was no modern written constitutio...
Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret), the cave of the last battle of the Italo-Ethiopian war; Guer... more Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret), the cave of the last battle of the Italo-Ethiopian war; Guerrilla Fighting against Fascism and Colonialism during the Second
This study is mainly focused on the assessment of the involvement of women in the agricultural pr... more This study is mainly focused on the assessment of the involvement of women in the agricultural production of Awaro Kora Peasant Associations, west shewa zone of Ambo district, Ethiopia. Key words: women. Agricultural production, participation
This study is mainly focused on the role of women in economic development with the aim of assessi... more This study is mainly focused on the role of women in economic development with the aim of assessing the roles and constraints of women in economic development of Ethiopia in general and Ambo in particular.
The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people t... more The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people towards traditional conflict resolution mechanisms vis-à-vis the modern court system. To this end, the study used both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered from interview and personal observations whereas secondary sources were obtained from articles. The findings of the study show that there exists a high tendency among Ambo town people to solve their conflicts mostly through traditional mechanisms like Jaarsummaa. This is due to the fact that they have a belief that traditional mechanisms are by far better than the modern court procedure as the former is: possible to produce win-win result which is instrumental for conflicting parties' future cordial relationship, easily accessible, time saving, less costly and vital for social stability, though it has its own blemishes like lack of documentation and enforcement mechanisms.
Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It u... more Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources, harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and eff...
Following the 1934 Wal Wal incident which was used as a pretext for the second Italo-Ethiopian wa... more Following the 1934 Wal Wal incident which was used as a pretext for the second Italo-Ethiopian war, Italy had used prohibited chemical weapons in different battles. Among the chemical warfare agents Italy had used mustard gas, the most deadly poison gas and chemical available, against Ethiopian fighters. Nevertheless, the five year Italian rule over Ethiopia was not a peaceful experience of colonial rule. They were continuously harassed by Ethiopian patriots and had to live entrenched in their isolated fortifications. Sadly, Italy had committed several crimes against humanity. In this case, Ametsegna Washa, some call it "the cave of Zeret" was one of the forgotten massacres which happened in 1939, where up to more than 5,500 Ethiopians were gassed and machine-gunned. This paper, therefore, attempted to describe and analyze the forgotten massacres of the inhabitant of Menz, Merhabete, and South Wollo provinces in Ametsegna Washa (The cave of Zeret) by Fascist Italy in 1939. In doing so, the study employed qualitative research in which empirical data were collected from primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through qualitative field research observation, key informant interview with direct victims and their descendants, elders and experts at Menz keya gebreal woreda tourism office. Secondary data were gathered from books, published and unpublished journals, and historical records of the patriot. In view of that, the study employed qualitative method of data analysis in particular descriptive narration. The findings of the study shows that through the approval of Badoglio to use chemical weapons, the fascist soldiers had thrown several barrel with a mustard gas through the mouth of the cave then they attacked the mouth of the cave with artillery and machine-gun fire, and as a result more than 5,500 peoples have lost their live while those escaped from the massacre had faced a number of problems. The survival of the catastrophic massacre had faced physical injury which includes blindness, skin related problem, respiratory problem and as a result they had lived their remaining age with misery. This study, therefore, calls for the need of further investigation in the area. Along this, the place is not well-protected and, therefore, the government as well as the other concerning bodies should give serious attention in preserving and memorizing the historical cave.
This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiop... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
This paper tries to explain constitution,
constitutionalism and foundation of
democracy in Ethi... more This paper tries to explain constitution, constitutionalism and foundation of democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the new democratic constitutional process in Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part one is largely dealt about the constitution and constitutional development in Ethiopia. It deals with the ancient and medieval traditional unwritten constitution of Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931 to the present FDRE constitution. The second part of this paper deals with constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931 constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It
... more Corruption increasingly has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources, harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and effects of corruption in Ethiopia particularly in Ambo Town, which are seen to be rooted in socio-cultural practices and the political and economic situation of the country.
The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people t... more The central objective of this paper is to examine the attitude and practice of Ambo town people towards traditional conflict resolution mechanisms vis-à-vis the modern court system. To this end, the study used both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered from interview and personal observations whereas secondary sources were obtained from articles. The findings of the study show that there exists a high tendency among Ambo town people to solve their conflicts mostly through traditional mechanisms like Jaarsummaa. This is due to the fact that they have a belief that traditional mechanisms are by far better than the modern court procedure as the former is: possible to produce win-win result which is instrumental for conflicting parties’ future cordial relationship, easily accessible, time saving, less costly and vital for social stability, though it has its own blemishes like lack of documentation and enforcement mechanisms.
The International Journal of Ethiopian Legal Studies (IJELS). Volume 6 No. 1 of the IJELS, 2022
Human rights defenders (HRDs) play a role in the solidification of democracy and the realization ... more Human rights defenders (HRDs) play a role in the solidification of democracy and the realization of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, they are crucial for the firming-up of democratic institutions. However, as they challenge the incumbent and the dominant non-state actors, HRDs are frequently victims of state and non-state actors. Subsequently, they need strong protection and attention from the government and the international community. Governments need to provide them with adequate protection and adopt robust means of doing this. Governments also need to recognize the work of HRDs as an opportunity rather than a threat to the incumbent, it is essential to allow them to perform their activities effectively and safely. This paper analyses the pertinent legal frameworks designed to protect or otherwise HRDs in Ethiopia. However, it doesn't address their institutional issues and all their rights, rather it concerns freedom of expression, the right to assembly and demonstration, and the right to association. In doing so, the current legislative reform measure and its fruits are investigated instead of the rights of HRDs. Major legal documents including international, regional, and domestic legal instruments are critically examined. The findings reveal the legal protection of HRDs before the reform measure was terrifying and targeted HRDs. Most of the legal documents were draconian and had a chilling effect on the works of HRDS in Ethiopia. After 2018, due to the legal and institutional reforms in the country, the protection of the rights of HRDs seems very promising. However, there are still legal gaps needing critical revision for their better protection in Ethiopia.
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constitutionalism and foundation of
democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the
main purpose of this paper is to explain the
new democratic constitutional process in
Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part
one is largely dealt about the constitution
and constitutional development in Ethiopia.
It deals with the ancient and medieval
traditional unwritten constitution of
Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha
Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern
written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931
to the present FDRE constitution. The
second part of this paper deals with
constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of
past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931
constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and
the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present
i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third
part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources,
harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found
everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly
industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing
countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the
case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society
at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships
between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials
and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and effects of
corruption in Ethiopia particularly in Ambo Town, which are seen to be rooted in socio-cultural
practices and the political and economic situation of the country.
constitutionalism and foundation of
democracy in Ethiopia. To this end, the
main purpose of this paper is to explain the
new democratic constitutional process in
Ethiopia. The paper has three parts. Part
one is largely dealt about the constitution
and constitutional development in Ethiopia.
It deals with the ancient and medieval
traditional unwritten constitution of
Ethiopia, namely Kibre Negest, Feteha
Negest and Serate Mengist; and the modern
written constitution of Ethiopia since 1931
to the present FDRE constitution. The
second part of this paper deals with
constitutionalism; mainly a comparison of
past (monarchical constitution i.e. 1931
constitution, 1955 revised constitution, and
the 1987 PDRE constitution) and present
i.e. the 1995 FDRE constitution. The third
part deals with democracy in Ethiopia.
undermines good government and rule of law and in turn leads to the misallocation of public resources,
harms both the private and public sector and particularly hurts the poor. Corruption is found
everywhere, but it is deep-rooted in the poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, newly
industrialized countries, and in several of the post-communist countries. Corruption in developing
countries continues to be one of the greatest factors of poverty and underdevelopment. As it is the
case in other developing countries, in Ethiopia, the culture of corruption has grown roots in the society
at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships
between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials
and other corrupt private agents. This paper, therefore, discuses the possible causes and effects of
corruption in Ethiopia particularly in Ambo Town, which are seen to be rooted in socio-cultural
practices and the political and economic situation of the country.