Wiktor Werner, Ph. D. (with habilitation) associate professor at Adam Mickiewicz University (Faculty of History). Research interests: methodology of history (especially digital methods of research), history of historiography, the history of science (XVIII-XX.), history of mass culture (XIX-XXI centuries.) The author and co-author of six books: Contemporary Lives of the Past. Instytut Historii UAM 2018 [with Violetta Julkowska], Socrates accused, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2015 (ebook), Introduction to the history, Warsaw 2012; The historicity of culture. Looking for mental foundations of contemporary historiography, Poznań 2009; From soul to the consciousness, from the individual to the society. Sketches of intellectual history, Poznań 2008 [with Iwona Werner]; The Cult of the idea of "beginnings". Historical struggles with the time, religion and origins. Sketches from the history of Polish and foreign historiography, Poznań 2004.
The purpose of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism ... more The purpose of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism through the prism of its affiliation and formation under the presidency of Vladimir Putin (2012-2024). The methodology of the research is based on an integrated approach, as well as the use of a special computer method of complex analysis (CNA), as well as special historical methods (historical typological and historical systemic), with the help of which the authors managed to elucidate the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism formation during the specified period. The scientific novelty consists in the identification of the ideological component of the Russian political radicalism through the use of an innovative computer methodology. The Conclusions. The Russian political radicalism is a multi-layered phenomenon that has been shaped by historical, social, economic and political factors. During the period of 2012 – 2024, V. Putin’s ideological discourse has been undergoing a “conservative turn”, defined as “Russia’s special path”. The results of the study have shown that this ideology during this period is not an exclusively internal phenomenon of this country. The Russian right-wing radicalism has been formed not simply by borrowing ideas from the West, but on the basis of the existing connection between Russia and Western countries. The connection could be traced not only by means of organisations that had influence but also due to the influence of thinkers, theorists, ideologues, and adherents of various movements of the extreme right-wing radicalism and religious political radicalism. The most influential have been a group of extreme right-wing thinkers among them. It should be noted that Aleksandr Dugin and Russian billionaire Konstantin Malofeev have been among the active promoters of Western ideas of the right-wing radicalism in Russia. Therefore, the myth should be debunked regarding the statement of the Russian government and the Russian elite that the Russian right-wing radicalism has been exclusively Russian. In this case, it is more decent to appeal to the claim made by Putin and some Western representatives of the far right that Russia is the West – but the West that they believe has been lost due to the overwhelming influence of the liberal and leftist values. Putin’s ideology (2012 – 2024) has been a distorted, Russianised model of political radicalism based on a combination of authoritarianism, patriotism, anti-Western sentiment, conservatism, state capitalism and military force. This ideology has allowed V. Putin and his entourage to ensure control over the country and pursue an aggressive foreign policy, posing a serious threat to the integrity of the international relations system. A striking example is the Russo-Ukrainian War, which broke out in 2014 and continues to this day. This war has posed a serious threat to the collapse of the European project and the emergence of the Kremlin’s Eurasian anti-liberal project in its place. Funding.
Człowiek twórcą historii Redakcja naukowa Cezary Kuklo i Wojciech Walczak Tom 6 Warsztat nowoczesnego humanisty historyka na progu XXI w., 2024
The Problem of the Scientific Nature of Historiography: History,
Theory, Empiricism
The article a... more The Problem of the Scientific Nature of Historiography: History, Theory, Empiricism The article addresses the problem of the scientific nature of historiography on three levels: 1) the historical variability of the relationship between science and historiography, 2) the cultural conditions of science and historiography, 3) the complexity of contemporary historiography regarding the cognitive models it employs. The first part discusses the historical divisions experienced by historiography and their consequences for its scientific status. The second part highlights the strong ties between history and science due to their deep roots in cultural transformations from antiquity to the present day. The third part analyzes a specific example of the formation of cognitive systems in historical research related to research funding (funding for historical sciences by the National Science Centre for the years 2015–2020).
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie... more Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie oddziału w Szczecinie) dla ochrony gospodarki. Problemem badawczym jest to, czy obraz działań SB zachowany w badanych źródłach archiwalnych ukazuje jakąś przemyślaną strategię ekonomiczną, czy działania te, nawet w sferze deklaracji, były nieprzemyślanymi i skazanymi na porażkę próbami dostosowania politycznej ideologii do realiów ekonomicznych. Pomocniczo dla weryfikacji postawionych w artykule hipotez i analizy informacji zawartej w źródłach archiwalnych zastosowano metodę badawczą wspomaganą komputerowo: drzewo klasyfikacyjne i regresyjne.
Мета дослідження – на основі опрацювання історичних роликів, розміщених на провідних українських ... more Мета дослідження – на основі опрацювання історичних роликів, розміщених на провідних українських історичних YouTube-каналах, визначити історичних героїв та події, які є топовими серед українців упродовж 2014 – 2022 рр. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на комплексному підході, в основу якого покладено використання спеціальних комп’ютерних методів, які до цього саме так не застосовувалися. Використовувалися методи, пов’язані з комплексним мережевим аналізом (CNA), за допомогою якого реляційна база даних, що містить інформацію про найпопулярніших героїв, події та теми в українських історичних відео YouTube, була зображена у вигляді графіка, а найбільш значущі персонажі та мотиви були з’ясовані за допомогою вимірювання центральності (як вершини графа). Алгоритми Louvain Community Detection і Clauset_Newman_Moore були використані для виділення зв’язків між темами та контекстом їх створення (датою). Наукова новизна полягає у з’ясуванні популярних історичних героїв серед користувачів ук...
Vovchuk, L., & Werner, W. (2024). Between Rebellion and Loyalty: Decisive Moments of Ukrainian History of the 17th and early 18th centuries in Modern Public Reception of Ukraine. Eminak: Scientific Quarterly Journal, (2(46), 44-61, 2024
The purpose of the research paper is based on the processing of video materials on Ukrainian hist... more The purpose of the research paper is based on the processing of video materials on Ukrainian history of the period of the 17 th century of the beginning of the 18 th century, posted on the leading Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, to determine the top historical heroes and events that arouse the greatest interest from the audience. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the first attempt at content analysis of the Ukrainian segment of YouTube of a historical orientation, defined by popular Ukrainian heroes and events of the 17 th century, which changed the historical and geopolitical development of Ukraine, by applying innovative computer methods. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that among the video material we processed on Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, the top period of the 17 th century-the beginning of the 18 th century among the users of these channels is the period of the Cossack state. A period of political and social turbulence, wars of the Ukrainian Cossacks for the independence of the Ukrainian state and its geopolitical place in the contemporary arena of international relations. When looking for allies to fight for the independence of Ukraine at that time, there was a tendency to change them. Top historical heroes are Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and Ivan Mazepa, who for Ukrainians are the creators of Ukrainian statehood and fighters for its independence and foreign political influence. One of the most popular topics is the Pereiaslav Agreement with Muscovy concluded by B. Khmelnytskyi, which became a key event in the transition of Ukraine from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Muscovy. And it is this event that arouses the greatest interest among users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels. In our opinion, this is explained by the desire of Ukrainians to understand the long-term mythologizing of this agreement, which was created by the Soviet authorities, as well as the conditions that led to the long-term loss of independence by Ukrainians. In this case, the top metaphor 'The return of history' is absolutely logical, which stems from the desire of users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, the number of which increased significantly in July-December 2023, to know a new perspective on Ukrainian history, and not the creation of imperial-Soviet ideology. This trend is especially observed with the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, which significantly affected the perception of Ukrainians about their past. And this is actually the beginning of the formation of a new historical consciousness, which is the key to building a strong Ukrainian state.
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie... more Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie oddziału w Szczecinie) dla ochrony gospodarki. Problemem badawczym jest to, czy obraz działań SB zachowany w badanych źródłach archiwalnych ukazuje jakąś przemyślaną strategię ekonomiczną, czy działania te, nawet w sferze deklaracji, były nieprzemyślanymi i skazanymi na porażkę próbami dostosowania politycznej ideologii do realiów ekonomicznych. Pomocniczo dla weryfikacji postawionych w artykule hipotez i analizy informacji zawartej w źródłach archiwalnych zastosowano metodę badawczą wspomaganą komputerowo: drzewo klasyfikacyjne i regresyjne.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources ‑ concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the
dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources - concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
Historia na źródłach oparta., red.: Stroynowski Andrzej, Wydawnictwo im. S. Podobińskiego Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie , 2017
Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi podziałów w historiografii. Podziały dotyczą tematyki badań h... more Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi podziałów w historiografii. Podziały dotyczą tematyki badań historycznych, podejścia do źródeł, stylu opisu i także podstawowych założeń badawczych. W końcu XX wieku powstały trzy perspektywy badawcze, które prowadzą do zupełnie różnych oglądów świata. Perspektywa rekonstrukcjonistyczna zakłada możliwość stworzenia opisu minionej rzeczywistości na podstawie znajomości jego skutków. Perspektywa konstrukcjonistyczna akcentuje rozbieżność każdej rzeczywistości od opisu i twierdzi, że rzeczywistość nie jest odtwarzana lecz modelowana przy pomocy teoretycznych kategorii poznawczych. W perspektywie dekonstukcjonistycznej rzeczywistość jest pojmowana jako chaotyczna i dopiero opis nadaje jej znaczenie. Rozbieżność tych perspektyw jest tak fundamentalna, że powstaje pytanie o jedność historiografii w wieku XXI. Refleksja nad historiografią jako jedną dziedziną wiedzy jest możliwa z perspektywy historii intelektualnej i historii historiografii jako studiów pokazujących historyczny proces formowania się historiografii w kulturze.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives present in the public sphere. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs. For this purpose, 551 films were analysed, which were then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources ‑ concerning the func-tioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
Political controversies concerning the memory of historical events have adapted to the digital sp... more Political controversies concerning the memory of historical events have adapted to the digital specificity of Twitter and are currently growing in significance. This study investigates the sentiment bias of a memory war between two major Polish political parties, the currently ruling conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party and Civic Platform (PO), the main opposition party, concerning Polish-Jewish relations, and especially the Holocaust. Totally, 23699 PO Tweets and 29,441 PiS Tweets from 2015 to 2019 were collected, out of which, 241 concerning memory war were sampled with a lexicon-based approach. Sentiment was analysed using tweet-based consensual coding with an ordinal five-point scale and automated word-based coding with a three-point scale. PiS tweets had more positive sentiment regarding the memory of the Holocaust and Jewish legacy in Poland. The final hermeneutical analysis showed that the rulling party narratives were aimed appropriation of collective memory and “Polonizing” the Holocaust, and that the positive sentiment was a function of ‘positive anti-Semitism’.
The purpose of the research is to identify historical heroes and events that are top among the Uk... more The purpose of the research is to identify historical heroes and events that are top among the Ukrainians from 2014 to 2022, based on the processing of historical videos posted on the leading Ukrainian historical YouTube channels. The methodology of the research is based on a complex approach, which implies the use of special computer methods that have not been used in this way before. The methods related to complex network analysis (CNA) have been used, with the help of which a relational database containing information about the most popular characters, events and topics in the Ukrainian historical YouTube videos was depicted in the form of a graph, and the most significant characters and motifs were found out by measuring centrality (as graph vertices). The Louvain Community Detection and Clauset_Newman_Moore algorithms have been used to extract links between topics and the context of their creation (date). The scientific novelty consists in the fact of finding out the renowned historical heroes among the users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels owing to the use of innovative computer methods. The Conclusion. Nowadays, YouTube, it is not just a platform for posting relevant video content. It is a social network that serves as a platform for learning, communication, exchange of ideas, and distribution of important information. Diverse interesting and important films and videos appeared on the Ukrainian YouTube channels with historical themes in 2014–2022, regarding the coverage of the Ukrainian view of its own history, which was carefully hidden or rewritten by colonial regimes for decades.
The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevsk... more The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevskyi from 2004 to 2022 based on statistical data from the Google search engine. The scientific novelty of the study consists in clarifying the peculiarities of M. Hrushevskyi’s reception in cyberspace, manifested in the frequency of searching for information about him using the popular Google search engine, as well as Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia. Conclusions. At the end of our research, we conclude that M. Hrushevskyi appears to be a well-known and important figure to Ukrainian users, but on the contrary, does not generate much interest amongst Internet users from other countries. As we can see from the acquired results, search queries concerning M. Hrushevskyi are mainly dominated by scientific and didactic topics. Therefore, a certain working hypothesis can be derived in that the discourse dealing with M. Hrushevskyi is not noticeably politicized, as might be expected give...
Memory wars, or the return of history. Book review Constructing Memory: Central and Eastern Europ... more Memory wars, or the return of history. Book review Constructing Memory: Central and Eastern Europe in the New Geopolitical Reality, ed. Anna Bazhenova, Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowej, 2022, 264 p.
The purpose of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism ... more The purpose of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism through the prism of its affiliation and formation under the presidency of Vladimir Putin (2012-2024). The methodology of the research is based on an integrated approach, as well as the use of a special computer method of complex analysis (CNA), as well as special historical methods (historical typological and historical systemic), with the help of which the authors managed to elucidate the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism formation during the specified period. The scientific novelty consists in the identification of the ideological component of the Russian political radicalism through the use of an innovative computer methodology. The Conclusions. The Russian political radicalism is a multi-layered phenomenon that has been shaped by historical, social, economic and political factors. During the period of 2012 – 2024, V. Putin’s ideological discourse has been undergoing a “conservative turn”, defined as “Russia’s special path”. The results of the study have shown that this ideology during this period is not an exclusively internal phenomenon of this country. The Russian right-wing radicalism has been formed not simply by borrowing ideas from the West, but on the basis of the existing connection between Russia and Western countries. The connection could be traced not only by means of organisations that had influence but also due to the influence of thinkers, theorists, ideologues, and adherents of various movements of the extreme right-wing radicalism and religious political radicalism. The most influential have been a group of extreme right-wing thinkers among them. It should be noted that Aleksandr Dugin and Russian billionaire Konstantin Malofeev have been among the active promoters of Western ideas of the right-wing radicalism in Russia. Therefore, the myth should be debunked regarding the statement of the Russian government and the Russian elite that the Russian right-wing radicalism has been exclusively Russian. In this case, it is more decent to appeal to the claim made by Putin and some Western representatives of the far right that Russia is the West – but the West that they believe has been lost due to the overwhelming influence of the liberal and leftist values. Putin’s ideology (2012 – 2024) has been a distorted, Russianised model of political radicalism based on a combination of authoritarianism, patriotism, anti-Western sentiment, conservatism, state capitalism and military force. This ideology has allowed V. Putin and his entourage to ensure control over the country and pursue an aggressive foreign policy, posing a serious threat to the integrity of the international relations system. A striking example is the Russo-Ukrainian War, which broke out in 2014 and continues to this day. This war has posed a serious threat to the collapse of the European project and the emergence of the Kremlin’s Eurasian anti-liberal project in its place. Funding.
Człowiek twórcą historii Redakcja naukowa Cezary Kuklo i Wojciech Walczak Tom 6 Warsztat nowoczesnego humanisty historyka na progu XXI w., 2024
The Problem of the Scientific Nature of Historiography: History,
Theory, Empiricism
The article a... more The Problem of the Scientific Nature of Historiography: History, Theory, Empiricism The article addresses the problem of the scientific nature of historiography on three levels: 1) the historical variability of the relationship between science and historiography, 2) the cultural conditions of science and historiography, 3) the complexity of contemporary historiography regarding the cognitive models it employs. The first part discusses the historical divisions experienced by historiography and their consequences for its scientific status. The second part highlights the strong ties between history and science due to their deep roots in cultural transformations from antiquity to the present day. The third part analyzes a specific example of the formation of cognitive systems in historical research related to research funding (funding for historical sciences by the National Science Centre for the years 2015–2020).
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie... more Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie oddziału w Szczecinie) dla ochrony gospodarki. Problemem badawczym jest to, czy obraz działań SB zachowany w badanych źródłach archiwalnych ukazuje jakąś przemyślaną strategię ekonomiczną, czy działania te, nawet w sferze deklaracji, były nieprzemyślanymi i skazanymi na porażkę próbami dostosowania politycznej ideologii do realiów ekonomicznych. Pomocniczo dla weryfikacji postawionych w artykule hipotez i analizy informacji zawartej w źródłach archiwalnych zastosowano metodę badawczą wspomaganą komputerowo: drzewo klasyfikacyjne i regresyjne.
Мета дослідження – на основі опрацювання історичних роликів, розміщених на провідних українських ... more Мета дослідження – на основі опрацювання історичних роликів, розміщених на провідних українських історичних YouTube-каналах, визначити історичних героїв та події, які є топовими серед українців упродовж 2014 – 2022 рр. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на комплексному підході, в основу якого покладено використання спеціальних комп’ютерних методів, які до цього саме так не застосовувалися. Використовувалися методи, пов’язані з комплексним мережевим аналізом (CNA), за допомогою якого реляційна база даних, що містить інформацію про найпопулярніших героїв, події та теми в українських історичних відео YouTube, була зображена у вигляді графіка, а найбільш значущі персонажі та мотиви були з’ясовані за допомогою вимірювання центральності (як вершини графа). Алгоритми Louvain Community Detection і Clauset_Newman_Moore були використані для виділення зв’язків між темами та контекстом їх створення (датою). Наукова новизна полягає у з’ясуванні популярних історичних героїв серед користувачів ук...
Vovchuk, L., & Werner, W. (2024). Between Rebellion and Loyalty: Decisive Moments of Ukrainian History of the 17th and early 18th centuries in Modern Public Reception of Ukraine. Eminak: Scientific Quarterly Journal, (2(46), 44-61, 2024
The purpose of the research paper is based on the processing of video materials on Ukrainian hist... more The purpose of the research paper is based on the processing of video materials on Ukrainian history of the period of the 17 th century of the beginning of the 18 th century, posted on the leading Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, to determine the top historical heroes and events that arouse the greatest interest from the audience. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the first attempt at content analysis of the Ukrainian segment of YouTube of a historical orientation, defined by popular Ukrainian heroes and events of the 17 th century, which changed the historical and geopolitical development of Ukraine, by applying innovative computer methods. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that among the video material we processed on Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, the top period of the 17 th century-the beginning of the 18 th century among the users of these channels is the period of the Cossack state. A period of political and social turbulence, wars of the Ukrainian Cossacks for the independence of the Ukrainian state and its geopolitical place in the contemporary arena of international relations. When looking for allies to fight for the independence of Ukraine at that time, there was a tendency to change them. Top historical heroes are Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and Ivan Mazepa, who for Ukrainians are the creators of Ukrainian statehood and fighters for its independence and foreign political influence. One of the most popular topics is the Pereiaslav Agreement with Muscovy concluded by B. Khmelnytskyi, which became a key event in the transition of Ukraine from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Muscovy. And it is this event that arouses the greatest interest among users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels. In our opinion, this is explained by the desire of Ukrainians to understand the long-term mythologizing of this agreement, which was created by the Soviet authorities, as well as the conditions that led to the long-term loss of independence by Ukrainians. In this case, the top metaphor 'The return of history' is absolutely logical, which stems from the desire of users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels, the number of which increased significantly in July-December 2023, to know a new perspective on Ukrainian history, and not the creation of imperial-Soviet ideology. This trend is especially observed with the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, which significantly affected the perception of Ukrainians about their past. And this is actually the beginning of the formation of a new historical consciousness, which is the key to building a strong Ukrainian state.
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie... more Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia działań podejmowanych przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL (na przykładzie oddziału w Szczecinie) dla ochrony gospodarki. Problemem badawczym jest to, czy obraz działań SB zachowany w badanych źródłach archiwalnych ukazuje jakąś przemyślaną strategię ekonomiczną, czy działania te, nawet w sferze deklaracji, były nieprzemyślanymi i skazanymi na porażkę próbami dostosowania politycznej ideologii do realiów ekonomicznych. Pomocniczo dla weryfikacji postawionych w artykule hipotez i analizy informacji zawartej w źródłach archiwalnych zastosowano metodę badawczą wspomaganą komputerowo: drzewo klasyfikacyjne i regresyjne.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources ‑ concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the
dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources - concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
Historia na źródłach oparta., red.: Stroynowski Andrzej, Wydawnictwo im. S. Podobińskiego Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie , 2017
Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi podziałów w historiografii. Podziały dotyczą tematyki badań h... more Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi podziałów w historiografii. Podziały dotyczą tematyki badań historycznych, podejścia do źródeł, stylu opisu i także podstawowych założeń badawczych. W końcu XX wieku powstały trzy perspektywy badawcze, które prowadzą do zupełnie różnych oglądów świata. Perspektywa rekonstrukcjonistyczna zakłada możliwość stworzenia opisu minionej rzeczywistości na podstawie znajomości jego skutków. Perspektywa konstrukcjonistyczna akcentuje rozbieżność każdej rzeczywistości od opisu i twierdzi, że rzeczywistość nie jest odtwarzana lecz modelowana przy pomocy teoretycznych kategorii poznawczych. W perspektywie dekonstukcjonistycznej rzeczywistość jest pojmowana jako chaotyczna i dopiero opis nadaje jej znaczenie. Rozbieżność tych perspektyw jest tak fundamentalna, że powstaje pytanie o jedność historiografii w wieku XXI. Refleksja nad historiografią jako jedną dziedziną wiedzy jest możliwa z perspektywy historii intelektualnej i historii historiografii jako studiów pokazujących historyczny proces formowania się historiografii w kulturze.
In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominanc... more In this article, the authors confront the thesis found in historical discourse about the dominance of male figures in historical narratives present in the public sphere. In order to do so, they analyse the new research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods (Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs. For this purpose, 551 films were analysed, which were then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources ‑ concerning the func-tioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web 2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
Political controversies concerning the memory of historical events have adapted to the digital sp... more Political controversies concerning the memory of historical events have adapted to the digital specificity of Twitter and are currently growing in significance. This study investigates the sentiment bias of a memory war between two major Polish political parties, the currently ruling conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party and Civic Platform (PO), the main opposition party, concerning Polish-Jewish relations, and especially the Holocaust. Totally, 23699 PO Tweets and 29,441 PiS Tweets from 2015 to 2019 were collected, out of which, 241 concerning memory war were sampled with a lexicon-based approach. Sentiment was analysed using tweet-based consensual coding with an ordinal five-point scale and automated word-based coding with a three-point scale. PiS tweets had more positive sentiment regarding the memory of the Holocaust and Jewish legacy in Poland. The final hermeneutical analysis showed that the rulling party narratives were aimed appropriation of collective memory and “Polonizing” the Holocaust, and that the positive sentiment was a function of ‘positive anti-Semitism’.
The purpose of the research is to identify historical heroes and events that are top among the Uk... more The purpose of the research is to identify historical heroes and events that are top among the Ukrainians from 2014 to 2022, based on the processing of historical videos posted on the leading Ukrainian historical YouTube channels. The methodology of the research is based on a complex approach, which implies the use of special computer methods that have not been used in this way before. The methods related to complex network analysis (CNA) have been used, with the help of which a relational database containing information about the most popular characters, events and topics in the Ukrainian historical YouTube videos was depicted in the form of a graph, and the most significant characters and motifs were found out by measuring centrality (as graph vertices). The Louvain Community Detection and Clauset_Newman_Moore algorithms have been used to extract links between topics and the context of their creation (date). The scientific novelty consists in the fact of finding out the renowned historical heroes among the users of Ukrainian historical YouTube channels owing to the use of innovative computer methods. The Conclusion. Nowadays, YouTube, it is not just a platform for posting relevant video content. It is a social network that serves as a platform for learning, communication, exchange of ideas, and distribution of important information. Diverse interesting and important films and videos appeared on the Ukrainian YouTube channels with historical themes in 2014–2022, regarding the coverage of the Ukrainian view of its own history, which was carefully hidden or rewritten by colonial regimes for decades.
The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevsk... more The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevskyi from 2004 to 2022 based on statistical data from the Google search engine. The scientific novelty of the study consists in clarifying the peculiarities of M. Hrushevskyi’s reception in cyberspace, manifested in the frequency of searching for information about him using the popular Google search engine, as well as Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia. Conclusions. At the end of our research, we conclude that M. Hrushevskyi appears to be a well-known and important figure to Ukrainian users, but on the contrary, does not generate much interest amongst Internet users from other countries. As we can see from the acquired results, search queries concerning M. Hrushevskyi are mainly dominated by scientific and didactic topics. Therefore, a certain working hypothesis can be derived in that the discourse dealing with M. Hrushevskyi is not noticeably politicized, as might be expected give...
Memory wars, or the return of history. Book review Constructing Memory: Central and Eastern Europ... more Memory wars, or the return of history. Book review Constructing Memory: Central and Eastern Europe in the New Geopolitical Reality, ed. Anna Bazhenova, Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowej, 2022, 264 p.
Sokrates oskarżony. Tożsamość nauki między sacrum a profanum, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2015 (monografia-ebook, ISBN 9788378861751), 2015
Duchowość bierze początek z mitu. Z mitu wyrasta również nauka. Czy powyższe stwierdzenia są spr... more Duchowość bierze początek z mitu. Z mitu wyrasta również nauka. Czy powyższe stwierdzenia są sprzeczne? To oczywiście zależy od tego, co uważamy za duchowość, jak definiujemy naukę i jak rozumiemy mit? Mity są najstarszymi opowieściami, które znamy. Wobec tego możemy założyć, że był czas, w którym nie było innych opowieści. Oznacza to, że jeżeli w owym momencie mit był dla danej społeczności jedyną opowieścią o świecie-to musiał odpowiadać na wszelkie możliwe pytania, realizować wszystkie poznawcze potrzeby. Znaczna część ludzkich potrzeb dotyczyła przetrwania, dlatego mity pełniły rolę technologicznego algorytmu-z dużą precyzją regulowały funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa we wszelkich niemalże aspektach ludzkiego życia. Jednak człowiek, czy to od początku swojego istnienia, czy też od pewnego momentu rozwoju zadał sobie fundamentalne pytania: kim jestem? Jaki jest świat, w którym żyję? Pojawienie się takiego pytania określa człowieka jako istotę świadomą oraz istotę duchową. Pytanie to kładzie również fundamenty pod różne, a przecież mające wspólne jądro, dziedziny ludzkiej (duchowej oraz intelektualnej) aktywności: religię, sztukę oraz filozofię i jej potomstwo-nauki szczegółowe. * * * Pragnienie samopoznania kojarzy nam się powszechnie z napisem umieszczonym na wejściu do świątyni Apollina w Delfach, będącego również siedzibą wyroczni. Ten podwójny charakter świątyni jest tutaj znamienny. Wyrocznia była łącznikiem między wiedzą boską, nadprzyrodzoną, a ludzką. Zadanie wyroczni-ujawnianie ludziom cząstki wiedzy boskiej: nad-przyrodzonej, a zatem obcej ludzkiej naturze-uobecniało się w przysłowiowej wieloznaczności jej orzeczeń. Wieloznaczności, w której spodziewany sens stwierdzenia był inny niż ten, jaki się w praktyce ujawnił. Słowa wieszczek mogły być rozumiane na kilka, czasem wykluczających się sposobów. Były paradoksalne, gdyż prowadziły do wiedzy sprzecznej samej z sobą. Sprzeczność w rozumieniu wypowiedzi delfickich wróżbitek wynikała z tego samego powodu, dla którego wróżby te były tak pożądane-były one słowem bogów w ludzkim świecie, 1
Violetta Julkowska, Wiktor Werner, Contemporary Lives of the Past, Poznań 2018, 2018
Contemporary Lives of the Past is a current reflection on various kinds of presence and functioni... more Contemporary Lives of the Past is a current reflection on various kinds of presence and functioning of the past in contemporary social spaces. Our observations and thoughts about historical consciousness, memory and social reception of the past include a broad context of the dynamically changing cultural environment which, in addition, has been undergoing, especially in the recent decade, fundamental transformations in the sphere of communication of historical content, what is significantly influenced by the development of new information technologies. The perspectives of perceiving the past adopted in the book situate the considerations in the field of two discussions currently taking place in the humanities. The first of them concerns the relationship of the subject with its own past in the individual-subjective dimension and with the past of the community the subjects identifies with. The latter happens in one or few non-exclusive dimensions: local, national, of state, of civilization. This reflection, in the second half of the 20th century focused on the category of historical consciousness and was undertaking broadly the question of historical education, especially in the context of knowledge about figures and events from “great” history. By the end of the century, the emphasis was shifted towards new postmodern categories from the semantic field of collective memory and took form of memory discourse. These categories underline more strongly subjective understanding of historical events and emphasize the primacy of anthropological-cultural approach as well as partial departure from the monopoly of academic historiography in the reflection on the past. In turn, the second of the aforementioned discussions concerns new technologies of processing information and new forms of mass communication in the digital environment as well as their influence on the functioning of historical knowledge. Digital environment favors the appearance of new ways of interactive shaping of historical consciousness. It is also supported by the multimedia character of the created historical representation, shortening the communicative distance and dynamic form of conveying textual-visual content, the active creators of which is now also the receiver. The book, while referring to various aspects of both aforementioned discussions, creates a kind of bridge between specific perspectives which characterize contemporary presence of the past. The title of the book, with its metaphoric frame, refers indirectly to the tradition which, from the field of the studies on historical consciousness, entered the area of reflection devoted to collective memory. Within this tradition, we can encounter the concept of living history introduced for the first time into academic circulation by Nona Assorodobraj-Kula (1908-1999) who in the 1960s recognized and defined the problem of the presence of the past in the current social consciousness. The broad definition of the phenomenon, proposed by this scholar, drawn from the considerations of Emil Durkheim (1858-1917), Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), and from research of Stefan Czarnowski (1879-1937) and Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), enables us to include the category of living history, created in the field of the studies on consciousness, to the later developed categories of collective memory, including functional memory of Aleida Assmann. Living history (as lebendige Geschichte) appeared at the end of the 1980s in the reflections of Jörn Rüsen independently and without reference to the conception of the Polish scholar. Rüsen’s approach makes living history a part of his own theory of history, and, more precisely, of the conception explaining the relationship of historical recognition (study of the past) and the form of historical knowledge which is adopted by this recognition in reference to the social function of historical work. Rüsen’s conception emerged in the moment of already advanced reflection around historical consciousness, and after the linguistic turn underwent further development, creating a transition to the category of historical culture. Rüsen understands historical culture as the elements of common and universal ways of dealing with the past, such as various strategies of academic research, artistic representations, school education, historical animation and procedures of public historical memory. Another version of living history (gelebte Geschichte), as an expression of a kind of historical culture, is offered by a tradition started in the United States in the 1930s. It refers to the social and educational practice consisting in making present and experiencing the past in the present. In this approach, our category signifies representing historical worlds by specialists and amateurs whose clothes and equipment allow to realistically present given time period and to create a kind of reconstruction. We have assumed, following other researchers of historical consciousness and receptions of the past, that the crucial question is the way in which given community includes in its communal consciousness and self-reflection any historical content, also the one which takes the form of founding myth, legend, historical epic, connected to the cult of heroes or appearing in a form of artistic and literary works. In consequence of this assumption, we consider the criterion of the study of social resonance of this content and emotions related to it as a more important one than the factual accordance or historical truthfulness of the content contained in the enumerated kinds of transmission. The consciousness of the bond which connects given community with the past is also a subject of the study.
The purpose of volume is to undertake professional reflection on the past, present and future «re... more The purpose of volume is to undertake professional reflection on the past, present and future «reality» of man in different aspects of the generally understood culture. Therefore, as the unchanging dimension of this collection of research articles, we will accept the context of the intercultural and interpersonal dialogue, as the basic interpretation, progress and implementation of humanity. We strongly believe that the culture determines the shape of each community (also scientific) and sets the borders of thinking/acting. Considering the foregoing problem, first and foremost, we would like to reflect on the expressed culture concepts and to search for historical/ contemporary «networks» of transcultural connections, simultaneously looking at transcultural perspective on the man/creator of the culture.
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Papers by Wiktor Werner
(historical typological and historical systemic), with the help of which the authors managed to
elucidate the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism formation during the specified period.
The scientific novelty consists in the identification of the ideological component of the Russian political
radicalism through the use of an innovative computer methodology. The Conclusions. The Russian
political radicalism is a multi-layered phenomenon that has been shaped by historical, social, economic
and political factors. During the period of 2012 – 2024, V. Putin’s ideological discourse has been
undergoing a “conservative turn”, defined as “Russia’s special path”. The results of the study have
shown that this ideology during this period is not an exclusively internal phenomenon of this country.
The Russian right-wing radicalism has been formed not simply by borrowing ideas from the West, but
on the basis of the existing connection between Russia and Western countries. The connection could be
traced not only by means of organisations that had influence but also due to the influence of thinkers,
theorists, ideologues, and adherents of various movements of the extreme right-wing radicalism and
religious political radicalism. The most influential have been a group of extreme right-wing thinkers
among them. It should be noted that Aleksandr Dugin and Russian billionaire Konstantin Malofeev have
been among the active promoters of Western ideas of the right-wing radicalism in Russia. Therefore, the
myth should be debunked regarding the statement of the Russian government and the Russian elite that
the Russian right-wing radicalism has been exclusively Russian. In this case, it is more decent to appeal
to the claim made by Putin and some Western representatives of the far right that Russia is the West –
but the West that they believe has been lost due to the overwhelming influence of the liberal and leftist
values. Putin’s ideology (2012 – 2024) has been a distorted, Russianised model of political radicalism
based on a combination of authoritarianism, patriotism, anti-Western sentiment, conservatism, state
capitalism and military force. This ideology has allowed V. Putin and his entourage to ensure control
over the country and pursue an aggressive foreign policy, posing a serious threat to the integrity of the
international relations system. A striking example is the Russo-Ukrainian War, which broke out in 2014
and continues to this day. This war has posed a serious threat to the collapse of the European project
and the emergence of the Kremlin’s Eurasian anti-liberal project in its place.
Funding.
Theory, Empiricism
The article addresses the problem of the scientific nature of historiography on three levels:
1) the historical variability of the relationship between science and historiography,
2) the cultural conditions of science and historiography, 3) the complexity of contemporary historiography regarding
the cognitive models it employs. The first part discusses the historical divisions experienced by
historiography and their consequences for its scientific status. The second part highlights the strong
ties between history and science due to their deep roots in cultural transformations from antiquity
to the present day.
The third part analyzes a specific example of the formation of cognitive systems in historical research related to research funding (funding for historical sciences by the National Science Centre for the years 2015–2020).
dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new
research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on
historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are
marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they
appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors
look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative
methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods
(Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and
then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources -
concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a
result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of
male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web
2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly
in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
(historical typological and historical systemic), with the help of which the authors managed to
elucidate the peculiarities of the Russian political radicalism formation during the specified period.
The scientific novelty consists in the identification of the ideological component of the Russian political
radicalism through the use of an innovative computer methodology. The Conclusions. The Russian
political radicalism is a multi-layered phenomenon that has been shaped by historical, social, economic
and political factors. During the period of 2012 – 2024, V. Putin’s ideological discourse has been
undergoing a “conservative turn”, defined as “Russia’s special path”. The results of the study have
shown that this ideology during this period is not an exclusively internal phenomenon of this country.
The Russian right-wing radicalism has been formed not simply by borrowing ideas from the West, but
on the basis of the existing connection between Russia and Western countries. The connection could be
traced not only by means of organisations that had influence but also due to the influence of thinkers,
theorists, ideologues, and adherents of various movements of the extreme right-wing radicalism and
religious political radicalism. The most influential have been a group of extreme right-wing thinkers
among them. It should be noted that Aleksandr Dugin and Russian billionaire Konstantin Malofeev have
been among the active promoters of Western ideas of the right-wing radicalism in Russia. Therefore, the
myth should be debunked regarding the statement of the Russian government and the Russian elite that
the Russian right-wing radicalism has been exclusively Russian. In this case, it is more decent to appeal
to the claim made by Putin and some Western representatives of the far right that Russia is the West –
but the West that they believe has been lost due to the overwhelming influence of the liberal and leftist
values. Putin’s ideology (2012 – 2024) has been a distorted, Russianised model of political radicalism
based on a combination of authoritarianism, patriotism, anti-Western sentiment, conservatism, state
capitalism and military force. This ideology has allowed V. Putin and his entourage to ensure control
over the country and pursue an aggressive foreign policy, posing a serious threat to the integrity of the
international relations system. A striking example is the Russo-Ukrainian War, which broke out in 2014
and continues to this day. This war has posed a serious threat to the collapse of the European project
and the emergence of the Kremlin’s Eurasian anti-liberal project in its place.
Funding.
Theory, Empiricism
The article addresses the problem of the scientific nature of historiography on three levels:
1) the historical variability of the relationship between science and historiography,
2) the cultural conditions of science and historiography, 3) the complexity of contemporary historiography regarding
the cognitive models it employs. The first part discusses the historical divisions experienced by
historiography and their consequences for its scientific status. The second part highlights the strong
ties between history and science due to their deep roots in cultural transformations from antiquity
to the present day.
The third part analyzes a specific example of the formation of cognitive systems in historical research related to research funding (funding for historical sciences by the National Science Centre for the years 2015–2020).
dominance of male figures in historical narratives. In order to do so, they analyse the new
research field that is the social networking site YouTube and the most popular channels on
historical topics contained therein. The main research question is whether women are
marginalised in the narratives contained in the sources discussed, in which contexts they
appear and what is the reception of the films in which they appear. In addition, the authors
look at the question of the form of historical narratives. The study combines quantitative
methods (descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis) as well as qualitative methods
(Northrop Frye’s typology of story motifs). For this purpose, 551 films were analysed and
then annotated using seven groups of tags corresponding to the content of the sources -
concerning the functioning of female characters and the subject matter of the films. As a
result of the analyses carried out, it was observed that the thesis of the absolute dominance of
male characters in historical narratives does not fully hold true under the conditions of Web
2.0 sources in terms of quantity, while in terms of content it cannot be accepted unreservedly
in the context of the very diverse use of female themes in social media resources.
The perspectives of perceiving the past adopted in the book situate the considerations in the field of two discussions currently taking place in the humanities. The first of them concerns the relationship of the subject with its own past in the individual-subjective dimension and with the past of the community the subjects identifies with. The latter happens in one or few non-exclusive dimensions: local, national, of state, of civilization. This reflection, in the second half of the 20th century focused on the category of historical consciousness and was undertaking broadly the question of historical education, especially in the context of knowledge about figures and events from “great” history. By the end of the century, the emphasis was shifted towards new postmodern categories from the semantic field of collective memory and took form of memory discourse. These categories underline more strongly subjective understanding of historical events and emphasize the primacy of anthropological-cultural approach as well as partial departure from the monopoly of academic historiography in the reflection on the past.
In turn, the second of the aforementioned discussions concerns new technologies of processing information and new forms of mass communication in the digital environment as well as their influence on the functioning of historical knowledge. Digital environment favors the appearance of new ways of interactive shaping of historical consciousness. It is also supported by the multimedia character of the created historical representation, shortening the communicative distance and dynamic form of conveying textual-visual content, the active creators of which is now also the receiver. The book, while referring to various aspects of both aforementioned discussions, creates a kind of bridge between specific perspectives which characterize contemporary presence of the past.
The title of the book, with its metaphoric frame, refers indirectly to the tradition which, from the field of the studies on historical consciousness, entered the area of reflection devoted to collective memory. Within this tradition, we can encounter the concept of living history introduced for the first time into academic circulation by Nona Assorodobraj-Kula (1908-1999) who in the 1960s recognized and defined the problem of the presence of the past in the current social consciousness. The broad definition of the phenomenon, proposed by this scholar, drawn from the considerations of Emil Durkheim (1858-1917), Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), and from research of Stefan Czarnowski (1879-1937) and Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), enables us to include the category of living history, created in the field of the studies on consciousness, to the later developed categories of collective memory, including functional memory of Aleida Assmann.
Living history (as lebendige Geschichte) appeared at the end of the 1980s in the reflections of Jörn Rüsen independently and without reference to the conception of the Polish scholar. Rüsen’s approach makes living history a part of his own theory of history, and, more precisely, of the conception explaining the relationship of historical recognition (study of the past) and the form of historical knowledge which is adopted by this recognition in reference to the social function of historical work. Rüsen’s conception emerged in the moment of already advanced reflection around historical consciousness, and after the linguistic turn underwent further development, creating a transition to the category of historical culture. Rüsen understands historical culture as the elements of common and universal ways of dealing with the past, such as various strategies of academic research, artistic representations, school education, historical animation and procedures of public historical memory.
Another version of living history (gelebte Geschichte), as an expression of a kind of historical culture, is offered by a tradition started in the United States in the 1930s. It refers to the social and educational practice consisting in making present and experiencing the past in the present. In this approach, our category signifies representing historical worlds by specialists and amateurs whose clothes and equipment allow to realistically present given time period and to create a kind of reconstruction.
We have assumed, following other researchers of historical consciousness and receptions of the past, that the crucial question is the way in which given community includes in its communal consciousness and self-reflection any historical content, also the one which takes the form of founding myth, legend, historical epic, connected to the cult of heroes or appearing in a form of artistic and literary works. In consequence of this assumption, we consider the criterion of the study of social resonance of this content and emotions related to it as a more important one than the factual accordance or historical truthfulness of the content contained in the enumerated kinds of transmission. The consciousness of the bond which connects given community with the past is also a subject of the study.