Ph.D.; METU/Political Science, Master's degree; Sabancı University/Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Bachelor's degree; Bilkent University/International Relations. A highly motivated lifelong learner, having a Ph.D. degree in the field of political science, with 20 years of solid professional background ranging from academia, and public institutions to non-governmental organizations. A political scientist focuses on political sociology, the practice of politics on social life through cultural politics with conflict analysis and management, radicalization, de-radicalization, terrorism, and countering terrorism with intelligence studies. Dedication to the research, primarily based on field studies with observing, exploring, and analyzing the social processes through profiling, pattern analysis with impact, predictive, and network analyses.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme ile Mücadele Kongresi- “Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılında Türkiye’de Terörizm ve Terörizmle Mücadele” Bildiri Özet / Tam Metin Kitabı, 2023
Küreselleşme ile birlikte güvenlik paradigmasında yaşanan değişim tehdit kavramının ve tehdit tür... more Küreselleşme ile birlikte güvenlik paradigmasında yaşanan değişim tehdit kavramının ve tehdit türlerinin yeniden tanımlandığı bir alan inşa etmiştir. Uluslararası sistem içerisinde bu dönüşümün etkisiyle devlet dışı aktörlerin etken olduğu yeni tehdit unsurları oluşmuştur. emelinde çıkar ve zarar verme maksadıyla yapılması itibariyle saldırı niteliği taşıyan unsurlar, hibrit tehditler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda dezenformasyon, bilgiye erişimin kolaylaştığı ve manipülatif araç olarak da kullanılabildiği post truth dönemde önemli bir dış tehdit ve hibrit tehdit unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Enformasyon savaşlarının, siber saldırıların ve sahte haberin yaygın hale gelmesi ulusal ve uluslararası arenada dezenformasyonla mücadele açısından etkin bir stratejik planın da dizayn edilmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
İstihbarat Çalışmaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2023
Intelligence plays a crucial role in the fight against terrorism. By the identification of the ch... more Intelligence plays a crucial role in the fight against terrorism. By the identification of the characteristics of terrorist organizations by intelligence methods, the characteristics of a terrorist organization at the micro level can be determined and this analysis provides an understanding of the characteristics and functions of this organization. This study examines the mechanism of de-radicalization processes as a counterterrorism strategy against the PKK in the context of the relationship between intelligence and counterterrorism. This study conducts a literature review on the concepts of radicalization, terrorism, and de-radicalization and analyzes the radicalization processes in the PKK through individual-group relations within the framework of the documents of the organization and the narratives of former members of the organization using the content analysis method. Based on the key findings, the main elements of persuasion are described within the scope of the evaluations made on the motivations and reasons for the individual’s participation in the PKK at the micro level through the participation behavior and the behavior of staying in the organization. The conclusion of the study presents the direct and asymmetric gains against the PKK through the de-radicalization mechanism and persuasion.
The aim of this paper is trying to evaluate the migration policy of the EU, which has been changi... more The aim of this paper is trying to evaluate the migration policy of the EU, which has been changing as a result of the developments in Syria. The reason for this change is closely related to the evaluation of security in which risk understanding turns into a threat perception. One of the reasons for the trigger of risk to threat understanding depends on the number of migrants, which was an unexpected situation for Europe. With the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011, approximately one million people requested asylum in Europe
Construction and Re-Construction of Cultural Codes through Political Violence: The Case of Kurdish Nationalism , Mar 11, 2021
In this PhD thesis, the aim was to explore and understand the discursive construction of Kurdish ... more In this PhD thesis, the aim was to explore and understand the discursive construction of Kurdish identity in the 1970s. The 1970s was determined for the period of the research because with the 1970s, discourses on being Kurdish had been re-constructed with re-invented constituents. In this period, there had been the re-definition and reconstruction of cultural subjects through political frames. Hence, it is aimed to reveal identity-society relation through how collective identity was produced by the formation of collective emotions, collective memory and collective action with the inclusion of discourse on violence in the Kurdish case. In this way, this thesis attempted to explain how feelings about ethnicity can turn into nationalistic movements. Özgürlük Yolu (Freedom Path), which was a monthly published journal that had been printed between 1975-1979 was selected as the source, in order to search for the re-organization of the socio-cultural and political life of Kurdish people; how Kurdish culture was re-interpreted, what kind of a discourse on culture was produced by the integration of political issues and did this discourse include narratives on violence by using CDA and Maxqda software technique. It was observed that in the journal of Özgürlük Yolu (Freedom Path) Kurdish cultural aspects were re-interpreted and combined by ethnic-national constituents. Kurdish culture that had been re-constructed was not the folk culture as it had been experienced in everyday life, but a culture that was invented through the establishment of a discourse on violence that carries nationalist connotations.
ISIS has started to indicate its existence outside of the Middle East as a result of the particip... more ISIS has started to indicate its existence outside of the Middle East as a result of the participation of other kinds of radical religiously motivated terrorist groups in ISIS and its terrorism strategy. The terror that ISIS creates leads to a new dimension in the literature of traditional terrorism understanding. ISIS has been following a strategy that aims to make the feelings of shock and fear durable and permanent. Furthermore, the effects of its terror on its targets transcend its targeted population and go beyond the targeted group. This strategy of ISIS will be studied through the definition of ‘psychological war strategy’. With the definition of the psychological war strategy, how ISIS uses the unexpected nature of terrorism by extending the scope of the violence will be addressed. Hence, what kinds of methodologies are used by ISIS in its terrorist actions will be analyzed with its inside punishment mechanisms that are applied to its members. In this way how ISIS has been trying to establish a psychological superiority over its members and others will be analyzed in this paper.
II. Uluslararası Hitit Güvenlik Çalışmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 2022
Savaş kavramı, tehditlerin ve tehditleri oluşturan aktörlerin etki değerleri üzerinden yeni anlam... more Savaş kavramı, tehditlerin ve tehditleri oluşturan aktörlerin etki değerleri üzerinden yeni anlamlar kazanmıştır. Değişen küresel dinamikler ve değerler kapsamında farklı yapısal özellikler sergileyemeye başlayan savaş kavramı, güvenlik algısının çerçevesini de bu bağlamda değişime uğratmıştır. Bu çalışmada savaş kavramı, asimetrik savaş dinamikleri üzerinden ele alınarak, Türkiye’nin sınır dışı operasyonlarında, Kürdistan İşçi Partisi (PKK)/Demokratik Birlik Partisi (PYD)-Halk Savunma Birlikleri (YPG) ve Irak Şam İslam Devleti (DEAŞ) terör örgütlerine yönelik izlediği terörizmle mücadele stratejileri analiz edilecektir. Bu kapsamda devlet sponsorluğu üzerinden terör örgütlerinin yapılanmalarının özellikle yeni silah teknolojilerine ulaşma kabiliyeti ve insan unsuru dinamikleri üzerinden kazandığı yeni tehdit özellikleri, sınır ötesi operasyonlar bağlamında değerlendirilecektir. PKK terör örgütü ve uzantılarının en önemli stratejilerinden birisi, Irak, Suriye ve İran alanlarını Türkiye içerisine sızma ve Türkiye’de gerçekleştirdikleri eylemleri sonrasında kaçma kapsamında arka cephe olarak kullanmalarına dayanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda ağ şeklinde yapılan bu örgütlenme modeli netwar kavramı çerçevesinde bir terör örgütü tarafından yaratılan çatışma ortamının sınır içi ve sınır dışı özelliğini somutlaştırmaktadır. DEAŞ’ın da sistematik bir şekilde belirli alanlarda kurduğu hakimiyet ile yine netwar kapsamında insan unsurunun farklı bölgelerde gösterdiği mobilizasyon kabiliyeti ve çeşitliliği, yani yabancı terörist savaşçıların (YTS) varlıkları ile DEAŞ’ın örgütlü yapısına yalnız kurt eylemleriyle dahil olabilme şekli, asimetrik savaş kavramının farklı bileşenler üzerinden şekillenmesine neden olmuştur. Bu kapsamda Türkiye tarafından gerçekleştirilen Fırat Kalkanı, Zeytin Dalı ve Barış Pınarı harekatları, değişen güvenlik konsepti çerçevesinde terör örgütlerine yönelik; örgütün insan kaynağı, barınma alanları, etkiye sahip olduğu alandaki toplumla kurulan ilişkiler ile dekapitasyon amaçları çerçevesinde, eş zamanlı ve çok boyutlu unsurları barındırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin sınır ötesi operasyonları üzerine boyutlandırdığı terörizmle mücadele stratejisinin, asimetrik savaş konseptinin farklı dinamikleri ile yeni konjonktürel gelişmeler kapsamında nasıl şekillendirildiği üzerinde durulacaktır.
The Kurdish question has been establishing a multidimensional conflicting area on the basis of va... more The Kurdish question has been establishing a multidimensional conflicting area on the basis of various dynamics and variables. This problem’s size has been extended as a result of the emergence of new actors, which are the result of the problem’s aspects. There is the existence of various independent variables, which are in the interaction of different dynamics, and emotional attachments, in addition to actions that are represented on the basis of cost-benefit analysis. Therefore, on the basis of these, there is the emergence of an organic conflicting area. In this paper, the Kurdish question will be analyzed by the theories of ethnicity, which are primordialism, circumstantialism, and constructivism.
The presence of children in terrorist organizations
should not be considered just only as an aspe... more The presence of children in terrorist organizations should not be considered just only as an aspect of the human resource profile, but also what is the meaning of children recruitment in terrorist organizations should be evaluated. A child who is in between infancy and adolescence and does not complete his/her psychological, physical, and mental development does not have the capacity to use and develop systematic violence. Therefore, children are terrorized by naming them as child soldiers/combatants. It is not rational to accept children to be willingly a party to an armed conflict because they do not complete their emotional and physical development and they are not rational actors. The main problem is that terrorist organizations hide the real situation of children by calling them soldiers/combatants and preventing their real position in terrorist organizations from being understood. Child soldier/combatant conceptualization is the product of a political and cultural discursive construction process. Therefore, the modern-day use of these conceptualizations represents the presupposition of the willingness and volunteering of the children, who must be protected because they are highly open to abuse, as a party in armed conflicts. It is necessary to reveal the exploitation and victimization of children in armed conflicts through the right use of terms. Because the use of child soldier/combatant terms results in the construction of discursive cultural violence. Hence, the position of children in terrorist organizations should be studied in the context of child abuse not in the war/armed conflict context. In this study, the use of child soldier/combatant concepts is opened to discussion and by the methodology of the case study, the recruitment, presence, and positions of the children in the PKK terrorist organization are analyzed in the context of international law.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2022
When the concept of radicalism is evaluated with the phenomenon of terror, violence is the main a... more When the concept of radicalism is evaluated with the phenomenon of terror, violence is the main agent that correlates these two conceptualizations. In literature, the decision to participate in a terrorist organization is framed as a process enhanced by radicalism. However, every terrorist organization has unique characteristics, which make it difficult to derive a common pattern for individual-organization relationships. In this study, the subject of the relation between radicalization and participation decisions in the PKK is analyzed through the organizational documents of the PKK, member recruitment techniques, participation age of the individuals, and the characteristics of the regions that mostly the participation to the PKK occurs. The methodology of the study is discourse analysis. Through the qualitative analysis of the documents, it is detected that participation processes in the PKK basically depend on the psychological and socio-economic positions of the individuals, which are manipulated by the propaganda techniques of the PKK. Hence, it is concluded in the study that for some groups of individuals, the decision to participate in the PKK is not for the perpetuation of violence based on the ideology of the PKK but because the illusory mental image of the organization depends on the promised alternative life.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2022
As the ideology of the terrorist organizations, leadership characteristics of them also maintain ... more As the ideology of the terrorist organizations, leadership characteristics of them also maintain their unique aspects. Therefore, the typology of the leadership qualities of terrorist organizations presents crucial data for the understanding of the anatomy and operational aspects of a terrorist organization. One of the distinctive aspects of the PKK depends on its hierarchical organizational structure in which there is an unconditional commitment to the leader. Additionally, PKK’s organizational structure is constructed on an obedience culture. Based on these, Abdullah Öcalan has an important place in the structural and organizational characteristics of the PKK. Both its foundation and continuity, the leadership aspects of Öcalan have similarities with the cultic organizations. The organizational structure of the PKK is maintained on the cult of Öcalan. Based on this cultic leadership, Kurdish identity is transformed into a legitimizing tool in the use of violence for the establishment of an alternative order understanding. The newly constructed Kurdish identity in the PKK does not represent the Kurdish people, it carries a psycho-politic characteristic. In this study, the leadership typology of the PKK is analyzed. The main premise of this study is PKK has a cultic organizational characteristic based on the subjectivity of Öcalan.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme ile Mücadele Kongresi- “Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılında Türkiye’de Terörizm ve Terörizmle Mücadele” Bildiri Özet / Tam Metin Kitabı, 2023
Küreselleşme ile birlikte güvenlik paradigmasında yaşanan değişim tehdit kavramının ve tehdit tür... more Küreselleşme ile birlikte güvenlik paradigmasında yaşanan değişim tehdit kavramının ve tehdit türlerinin yeniden tanımlandığı bir alan inşa etmiştir. Uluslararası sistem içerisinde bu dönüşümün etkisiyle devlet dışı aktörlerin etken olduğu yeni tehdit unsurları oluşmuştur. emelinde çıkar ve zarar verme maksadıyla yapılması itibariyle saldırı niteliği taşıyan unsurlar, hibrit tehditler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda dezenformasyon, bilgiye erişimin kolaylaştığı ve manipülatif araç olarak da kullanılabildiği post truth dönemde önemli bir dış tehdit ve hibrit tehdit unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Enformasyon savaşlarının, siber saldırıların ve sahte haberin yaygın hale gelmesi ulusal ve uluslararası arenada dezenformasyonla mücadele açısından etkin bir stratejik planın da dizayn edilmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
İstihbarat Çalışmaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2023
Intelligence plays a crucial role in the fight against terrorism. By the identification of the ch... more Intelligence plays a crucial role in the fight against terrorism. By the identification of the characteristics of terrorist organizations by intelligence methods, the characteristics of a terrorist organization at the micro level can be determined and this analysis provides an understanding of the characteristics and functions of this organization. This study examines the mechanism of de-radicalization processes as a counterterrorism strategy against the PKK in the context of the relationship between intelligence and counterterrorism. This study conducts a literature review on the concepts of radicalization, terrorism, and de-radicalization and analyzes the radicalization processes in the PKK through individual-group relations within the framework of the documents of the organization and the narratives of former members of the organization using the content analysis method. Based on the key findings, the main elements of persuasion are described within the scope of the evaluations made on the motivations and reasons for the individual’s participation in the PKK at the micro level through the participation behavior and the behavior of staying in the organization. The conclusion of the study presents the direct and asymmetric gains against the PKK through the de-radicalization mechanism and persuasion.
The aim of this paper is trying to evaluate the migration policy of the EU, which has been changi... more The aim of this paper is trying to evaluate the migration policy of the EU, which has been changing as a result of the developments in Syria. The reason for this change is closely related to the evaluation of security in which risk understanding turns into a threat perception. One of the reasons for the trigger of risk to threat understanding depends on the number of migrants, which was an unexpected situation for Europe. With the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011, approximately one million people requested asylum in Europe
Construction and Re-Construction of Cultural Codes through Political Violence: The Case of Kurdish Nationalism , Mar 11, 2021
In this PhD thesis, the aim was to explore and understand the discursive construction of Kurdish ... more In this PhD thesis, the aim was to explore and understand the discursive construction of Kurdish identity in the 1970s. The 1970s was determined for the period of the research because with the 1970s, discourses on being Kurdish had been re-constructed with re-invented constituents. In this period, there had been the re-definition and reconstruction of cultural subjects through political frames. Hence, it is aimed to reveal identity-society relation through how collective identity was produced by the formation of collective emotions, collective memory and collective action with the inclusion of discourse on violence in the Kurdish case. In this way, this thesis attempted to explain how feelings about ethnicity can turn into nationalistic movements. Özgürlük Yolu (Freedom Path), which was a monthly published journal that had been printed between 1975-1979 was selected as the source, in order to search for the re-organization of the socio-cultural and political life of Kurdish people; how Kurdish culture was re-interpreted, what kind of a discourse on culture was produced by the integration of political issues and did this discourse include narratives on violence by using CDA and Maxqda software technique. It was observed that in the journal of Özgürlük Yolu (Freedom Path) Kurdish cultural aspects were re-interpreted and combined by ethnic-national constituents. Kurdish culture that had been re-constructed was not the folk culture as it had been experienced in everyday life, but a culture that was invented through the establishment of a discourse on violence that carries nationalist connotations.
ISIS has started to indicate its existence outside of the Middle East as a result of the particip... more ISIS has started to indicate its existence outside of the Middle East as a result of the participation of other kinds of radical religiously motivated terrorist groups in ISIS and its terrorism strategy. The terror that ISIS creates leads to a new dimension in the literature of traditional terrorism understanding. ISIS has been following a strategy that aims to make the feelings of shock and fear durable and permanent. Furthermore, the effects of its terror on its targets transcend its targeted population and go beyond the targeted group. This strategy of ISIS will be studied through the definition of ‘psychological war strategy’. With the definition of the psychological war strategy, how ISIS uses the unexpected nature of terrorism by extending the scope of the violence will be addressed. Hence, what kinds of methodologies are used by ISIS in its terrorist actions will be analyzed with its inside punishment mechanisms that are applied to its members. In this way how ISIS has been trying to establish a psychological superiority over its members and others will be analyzed in this paper.
II. Uluslararası Hitit Güvenlik Çalışmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 2022
Savaş kavramı, tehditlerin ve tehditleri oluşturan aktörlerin etki değerleri üzerinden yeni anlam... more Savaş kavramı, tehditlerin ve tehditleri oluşturan aktörlerin etki değerleri üzerinden yeni anlamlar kazanmıştır. Değişen küresel dinamikler ve değerler kapsamında farklı yapısal özellikler sergileyemeye başlayan savaş kavramı, güvenlik algısının çerçevesini de bu bağlamda değişime uğratmıştır. Bu çalışmada savaş kavramı, asimetrik savaş dinamikleri üzerinden ele alınarak, Türkiye’nin sınır dışı operasyonlarında, Kürdistan İşçi Partisi (PKK)/Demokratik Birlik Partisi (PYD)-Halk Savunma Birlikleri (YPG) ve Irak Şam İslam Devleti (DEAŞ) terör örgütlerine yönelik izlediği terörizmle mücadele stratejileri analiz edilecektir. Bu kapsamda devlet sponsorluğu üzerinden terör örgütlerinin yapılanmalarının özellikle yeni silah teknolojilerine ulaşma kabiliyeti ve insan unsuru dinamikleri üzerinden kazandığı yeni tehdit özellikleri, sınır ötesi operasyonlar bağlamında değerlendirilecektir. PKK terör örgütü ve uzantılarının en önemli stratejilerinden birisi, Irak, Suriye ve İran alanlarını Türkiye içerisine sızma ve Türkiye’de gerçekleştirdikleri eylemleri sonrasında kaçma kapsamında arka cephe olarak kullanmalarına dayanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda ağ şeklinde yapılan bu örgütlenme modeli netwar kavramı çerçevesinde bir terör örgütü tarafından yaratılan çatışma ortamının sınır içi ve sınır dışı özelliğini somutlaştırmaktadır. DEAŞ’ın da sistematik bir şekilde belirli alanlarda kurduğu hakimiyet ile yine netwar kapsamında insan unsurunun farklı bölgelerde gösterdiği mobilizasyon kabiliyeti ve çeşitliliği, yani yabancı terörist savaşçıların (YTS) varlıkları ile DEAŞ’ın örgütlü yapısına yalnız kurt eylemleriyle dahil olabilme şekli, asimetrik savaş kavramının farklı bileşenler üzerinden şekillenmesine neden olmuştur. Bu kapsamda Türkiye tarafından gerçekleştirilen Fırat Kalkanı, Zeytin Dalı ve Barış Pınarı harekatları, değişen güvenlik konsepti çerçevesinde terör örgütlerine yönelik; örgütün insan kaynağı, barınma alanları, etkiye sahip olduğu alandaki toplumla kurulan ilişkiler ile dekapitasyon amaçları çerçevesinde, eş zamanlı ve çok boyutlu unsurları barındırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin sınır ötesi operasyonları üzerine boyutlandırdığı terörizmle mücadele stratejisinin, asimetrik savaş konseptinin farklı dinamikleri ile yeni konjonktürel gelişmeler kapsamında nasıl şekillendirildiği üzerinde durulacaktır.
The Kurdish question has been establishing a multidimensional conflicting area on the basis of va... more The Kurdish question has been establishing a multidimensional conflicting area on the basis of various dynamics and variables. This problem’s size has been extended as a result of the emergence of new actors, which are the result of the problem’s aspects. There is the existence of various independent variables, which are in the interaction of different dynamics, and emotional attachments, in addition to actions that are represented on the basis of cost-benefit analysis. Therefore, on the basis of these, there is the emergence of an organic conflicting area. In this paper, the Kurdish question will be analyzed by the theories of ethnicity, which are primordialism, circumstantialism, and constructivism.
The presence of children in terrorist organizations
should not be considered just only as an aspe... more The presence of children in terrorist organizations should not be considered just only as an aspect of the human resource profile, but also what is the meaning of children recruitment in terrorist organizations should be evaluated. A child who is in between infancy and adolescence and does not complete his/her psychological, physical, and mental development does not have the capacity to use and develop systematic violence. Therefore, children are terrorized by naming them as child soldiers/combatants. It is not rational to accept children to be willingly a party to an armed conflict because they do not complete their emotional and physical development and they are not rational actors. The main problem is that terrorist organizations hide the real situation of children by calling them soldiers/combatants and preventing their real position in terrorist organizations from being understood. Child soldier/combatant conceptualization is the product of a political and cultural discursive construction process. Therefore, the modern-day use of these conceptualizations represents the presupposition of the willingness and volunteering of the children, who must be protected because they are highly open to abuse, as a party in armed conflicts. It is necessary to reveal the exploitation and victimization of children in armed conflicts through the right use of terms. Because the use of child soldier/combatant terms results in the construction of discursive cultural violence. Hence, the position of children in terrorist organizations should be studied in the context of child abuse not in the war/armed conflict context. In this study, the use of child soldier/combatant concepts is opened to discussion and by the methodology of the case study, the recruitment, presence, and positions of the children in the PKK terrorist organization are analyzed in the context of international law.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2022
When the concept of radicalism is evaluated with the phenomenon of terror, violence is the main a... more When the concept of radicalism is evaluated with the phenomenon of terror, violence is the main agent that correlates these two conceptualizations. In literature, the decision to participate in a terrorist organization is framed as a process enhanced by radicalism. However, every terrorist organization has unique characteristics, which make it difficult to derive a common pattern for individual-organization relationships. In this study, the subject of the relation between radicalization and participation decisions in the PKK is analyzed through the organizational documents of the PKK, member recruitment techniques, participation age of the individuals, and the characteristics of the regions that mostly the participation to the PKK occurs. The methodology of the study is discourse analysis. Through the qualitative analysis of the documents, it is detected that participation processes in the PKK basically depend on the psychological and socio-economic positions of the individuals, which are manipulated by the propaganda techniques of the PKK. Hence, it is concluded in the study that for some groups of individuals, the decision to participate in the PKK is not for the perpetuation of violence based on the ideology of the PKK but because the illusory mental image of the organization depends on the promised alternative life.
Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2022
As the ideology of the terrorist organizations, leadership characteristics of them also maintain ... more As the ideology of the terrorist organizations, leadership characteristics of them also maintain their unique aspects. Therefore, the typology of the leadership qualities of terrorist organizations presents crucial data for the understanding of the anatomy and operational aspects of a terrorist organization. One of the distinctive aspects of the PKK depends on its hierarchical organizational structure in which there is an unconditional commitment to the leader. Additionally, PKK’s organizational structure is constructed on an obedience culture. Based on these, Abdullah Öcalan has an important place in the structural and organizational characteristics of the PKK. Both its foundation and continuity, the leadership aspects of Öcalan have similarities with the cultic organizations. The organizational structure of the PKK is maintained on the cult of Öcalan. Based on this cultic leadership, Kurdish identity is transformed into a legitimizing tool in the use of violence for the establishment of an alternative order understanding. The newly constructed Kurdish identity in the PKK does not represent the Kurdish people, it carries a psycho-politic characteristic. In this study, the leadership typology of the PKK is analyzed. The main premise of this study is PKK has a cultic organizational characteristic based on the subjectivity of Öcalan.
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Papers by Merve Önenli Güven
hibrit tehditler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda dezenformasyon, bilgiye erişimin kolaylaştığı ve manipülatif araç olarak da kullanılabildiği post truth dönemde önemli bir dış tehdit ve hibrit tehdit unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Enformasyon savaşlarının, siber saldırıların ve sahte haberin yaygın hale gelmesi ulusal ve uluslararası arenada dezenformasyonla mücadele açısından etkin bir stratejik planın da dizayn edilmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
members. In this way how ISIS has been trying to establish a psychological superiority over its members and others will be analyzed in this paper.
has been extended as a result of the emergence of new actors, which
are the result of the problem’s aspects. There is the existence of various
independent variables, which are in the interaction of different dynamics,
and emotional attachments, in addition to actions that are represented on the basis of cost-benefit analysis. Therefore, on the basis of these, there is the emergence of an organic conflicting area. In this paper, the Kurdish question will be analyzed by the theories of ethnicity, which are primordialism, circumstantialism, and constructivism.
should not be considered just only as an aspect of the human resource
profile, but also what is the meaning of children recruitment in terrorist
organizations should be evaluated. A child who is in between infancy
and adolescence and does not complete his/her psychological, physical,
and mental development does not have the capacity to use and develop
systematic violence. Therefore, children are terrorized by naming them
as child soldiers/combatants. It is not rational to accept children to be
willingly a party to an armed conflict because they do not complete their
emotional and physical development and they are not rational actors.
The main problem is that terrorist organizations hide the real situation
of children by calling them soldiers/combatants and preventing their real
position in terrorist organizations from being understood. Child
soldier/combatant conceptualization is the product of a political and
cultural discursive construction process. Therefore, the modern-day use
of these conceptualizations represents the presupposition of the willingness and volunteering of the children, who must be protected because they are highly open to abuse, as a party in armed conflicts. It is necessary to reveal the exploitation and victimization of children in armed
conflicts through the right use of terms. Because the use of child soldier/combatant terms results in the construction of discursive
cultural violence. Hence, the position of children in terrorist
organizations should be studied in the context of child abuse not in
the war/armed conflict context. In this study, the use of child
soldier/combatant concepts is opened to discussion and by the
methodology of the case study, the recruitment, presence, and positions of
the children in the PKK terrorist organization are analyzed in the context
of international law.
hibrit tehditler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda dezenformasyon, bilgiye erişimin kolaylaştığı ve manipülatif araç olarak da kullanılabildiği post truth dönemde önemli bir dış tehdit ve hibrit tehdit unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Enformasyon savaşlarının, siber saldırıların ve sahte haberin yaygın hale gelmesi ulusal ve uluslararası arenada dezenformasyonla mücadele açısından etkin bir stratejik planın da dizayn edilmesinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
members. In this way how ISIS has been trying to establish a psychological superiority over its members and others will be analyzed in this paper.
has been extended as a result of the emergence of new actors, which
are the result of the problem’s aspects. There is the existence of various
independent variables, which are in the interaction of different dynamics,
and emotional attachments, in addition to actions that are represented on the basis of cost-benefit analysis. Therefore, on the basis of these, there is the emergence of an organic conflicting area. In this paper, the Kurdish question will be analyzed by the theories of ethnicity, which are primordialism, circumstantialism, and constructivism.
should not be considered just only as an aspect of the human resource
profile, but also what is the meaning of children recruitment in terrorist
organizations should be evaluated. A child who is in between infancy
and adolescence and does not complete his/her psychological, physical,
and mental development does not have the capacity to use and develop
systematic violence. Therefore, children are terrorized by naming them
as child soldiers/combatants. It is not rational to accept children to be
willingly a party to an armed conflict because they do not complete their
emotional and physical development and they are not rational actors.
The main problem is that terrorist organizations hide the real situation
of children by calling them soldiers/combatants and preventing their real
position in terrorist organizations from being understood. Child
soldier/combatant conceptualization is the product of a political and
cultural discursive construction process. Therefore, the modern-day use
of these conceptualizations represents the presupposition of the willingness and volunteering of the children, who must be protected because they are highly open to abuse, as a party in armed conflicts. It is necessary to reveal the exploitation and victimization of children in armed
conflicts through the right use of terms. Because the use of child soldier/combatant terms results in the construction of discursive
cultural violence. Hence, the position of children in terrorist
organizations should be studied in the context of child abuse not in
the war/armed conflict context. In this study, the use of child
soldier/combatant concepts is opened to discussion and by the
methodology of the case study, the recruitment, presence, and positions of
the children in the PKK terrorist organization are analyzed in the context
of international law.