The period around the mid-late Holocene transition (c. 2200 bc) saw major societal developments a... more The period around the mid-late Holocene transition (c. 2200 bc) saw major societal developments across the eastern Mediterranean. At the same time, the region experienced a shift to more arid climatic conditions. This included punctuated episodes of rapid climate change such as the ‘4.2 ka event’, which has been implicated in widespread societal ‘collapse’ at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The ways in which societies adapted agricultural production to cope with a drying climate are poorly understood. We begin to rectify this through stable isotope analysis of archaeobotanical remains from the Aegean region of western Türkiye, conducted to reveal changes in agricultural decision making across the mid-late Holocene transition. We find that Bronze Age farmers adapted agricultural production strategies by investing in drought-tolerant cereals cultivated on drier fields with water management strategies redirected towards pulses. Despite this, we find no evidence for pronounced drought ...
Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in west... more Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in western Anatolia has provided the opportunity for in-depth analysis of agricultural strategies and the organisation of farming-related activity at the two sites. We find that Late Chalcolithic farmers utilised five major crop taxa, potentially including two mixed crops. The two sites also provide the first evidence for Spanish vetchling and winged vetchling cultivation in prehistoric Anatolia and the earliest evidence for this practice to date anywhere. We suggest that the settlements were organised into small, co-residential households that processed and stored their own crops, but we also propose that potentially communal extra-household storage and high levels of social monitoring may attest to supra-household cooperation. The later agricultural history of the vetchling species and the prevalence of extra-household storage at sites in coastal western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean island...
This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Earl... more This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age in Liman Tepe. The kiln is not only important in terms of being one of the earliest examples on the Western Anatolian coast, but also for the local pottery sherds amongst its debris. They demonstrate the continuation of relationships with Central Anatolian cultures which began in the early periods. Very few centers in Western Anatolia have levels from the Early Bronze to Middle Bronze Age phase. This transition phase is being investigated in a comprehensive manner at Liman Tepe and this will provide an important contribution to understanding the region's chronology.
In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels o... more In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels of two settlements – Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe – located on the Aegean coast of Anatolia were investigated with an interdisciplinary approach using fission-track (FT) dating, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA). Some artefacts showed FT ages of a few thousand years. Apparent FT ages of the remaining samples are distributed over a wide range, from 0.53 ± 0.03 to 1.43 ± 0.20 Ma. After application of the size-correction method, most artefacts were distributed in a homogeneous group characterized by FT ages varying from 1.48 ± 0.47 to 1.80 ± 0.20 Ma, with a mean value of 1.65 ± 0.05 Ma and low induced track density corresponding to low U content. The remaining 3 samples showed relatively high induced track densities. One of them has an apparent age of 0.53 ± 0.03 Ma and a size-corrected age of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma. The probable potential...
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019
Coğrafi, iklimsel ve kültürel benzerliklere sahip olan Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi ve Doğu Ege Adal... more Coğrafi, iklimsel ve kültürel benzerliklere sahip olan Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi ve Doğu Ege Adaları'nda, MÖ 3. Binyıl'ın başlarında yerleşim modelleri ve yapı tipleri açısından birbiriyle benzer bir mimari gelişim süreci yaşanmıştır. Bakla Tepe mimarisi üzerinde yapılan detaylı çalışma yalnızca Batı Anadolu sahil kesiminin değil aynı zamanda Doğu Ege Adaları mimarisinin ve yerleşim dokusunun gelişiminin de anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. MÖ 3. Binyıl'ın başlarında Bakla Tepe ve Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi yerleşimleri güçlü savunma sistemleri ile çevrelenmiştir. Sur ile çevrile alanların kısıtlı olması, yeni yerleşim planlama sistemini ortaya çıkarmış ve sur içinde kalan tüm alanlar mümkün olan en verimli şekilde kullanılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu organizasyon şemasına uygun olarak, üretim aktiviteleri yerleşimin içinde ve dışında özel alanlarda üretilmiştir.
... bu konuda ayrılmakta bu da Batı Anadolu da Yakındoğu ile bağlantılar sayesinde daha net bir y... more ... bu konuda ayrılmakta bu da Batı Anadolu da Yakındoğu ile bağlantılar sayesinde daha net bir yukarı şehir kavramının oluştuğunu göstermektedir.Tarafımızca coğrafi, iklimsel ve tarımsal uygunluk sonucunda Geç Kalkolitik dönemde en net örnek olan Bakla Tepe'de depolama ...
Summary In this article, a Mycenaean pottery sherd from Liman Tepe is discussed. The piece, which... more Summary In this article, a Mycenaean pottery sherd from Liman Tepe is discussed. The piece, which was locally produced, probably belongs to a ring-based crater (FS 281). Comparisons with other, similar sherds suggest that warriors aboard a ship are depicted. As one of the few examples of its period decorated in this way, the sherd has been dated to the early or middle phase of LH III C, belonging to the period after the collapse of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and the Mycenaean kingdoms in mainland Greece. The depictions on this sherd are highly significant, as they contribute to the corpus of evidence for migrations from the western to the eastern Mediterranean and the unrest which characterized the period.
Excavation in Posidonia oceanica matte in the ancient harbor of Klazomenai/Liman Tepe, on the Aeg... more Excavation in Posidonia oceanica matte in the ancient harbor of Klazomenai/Liman Tepe, on the Aegean coast of Turkey, demonstrates the stratigraphic archaeological potential of underwater excavation. Among the finds is a fractured wooden anchor arm exposed in situ. The anchor arm dates to approximately 600 B.C. based on stratigraphically associated ceramics, a dating supported by radiocarbon. The arm was found embedded in this marine sediment, which preserved the arm in its set position within the ancient sea floor. This archaeological excavation through matte and silt harbor sediments overturns the misconception that stratigraphic excavation is impossible in a marine environment. The excavation further boosts optimism regarding the preservation of maritime heritage along the littoral of the eastern Aegean and the many other Mediterranean regions where Posidonia oceanica grows.
Kitap "Ankara Üniversitesi Geliştirme Vakfı" üzerinden temin edilebilir.
The Book can be purchase... more Kitap "Ankara Üniversitesi Geliştirme Vakfı" üzerinden temin edilebilir. The Book can be purchased through "Ankara University Development Foundation"
preliminary report on the archaeological work conducted at Çeşme - Bağlararası during the 2018 Se... more preliminary report on the archaeological work conducted at Çeşme - Bağlararası during the 2018 Season.
In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels o... more In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels of two settlements -Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe-located on the Aegean coast of Anatolia were investigated with an interdisciplinary approach using fission-track (FT) dating, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA). Some artefacts showed FT ages of a few thousand years. Apparent FT ages of the remaining samples are distributed over a wide range, from 0.53 ± 0.03 to 1.43 ± 0.20 Ma. After application of the size-correction method, most artefacts were distributed in a homogeneous group characterized by FT ages varying from 1.48 ± 0.47 to 1.80 ± 0.20 Ma, with a mean value of 1.65 ± 0.05 Ma and low induced track density corresponding to low U content. The remaining 3 samples showed relatively high induced track densities. One of them has an apparent age of 0.53 ± 0.03 Ma and a size-corrected age of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma. The probable potential sources for the studied samples were identified as the island of Melos in the Aegean, and the central Anatolian sources-particularly the Göllüdağ complex-through comparison of the FT data. INAA and ENAA studies have been carried out on 34 artefacts at the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of the University of Pavia. The identification of the sources was attained through cluster analysis of the chemical data. These results agree fully with those obtained by FT dating: most artefacts originated from the Melos-Dhemenegaki flow, and only 3 samples from central Anatolia. The current study provides a contribution to a better understanding of the circulation of obsidians in Anatolia.
The period around the mid-late Holocene transition (c. 2200 bc) saw major societal developments a... more The period around the mid-late Holocene transition (c. 2200 bc) saw major societal developments across the eastern Mediterranean. At the same time, the region experienced a shift to more arid climatic conditions. This included punctuated episodes of rapid climate change such as the ‘4.2 ka event’, which has been implicated in widespread societal ‘collapse’ at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The ways in which societies adapted agricultural production to cope with a drying climate are poorly understood. We begin to rectify this through stable isotope analysis of archaeobotanical remains from the Aegean region of western Türkiye, conducted to reveal changes in agricultural decision making across the mid-late Holocene transition. We find that Bronze Age farmers adapted agricultural production strategies by investing in drought-tolerant cereals cultivated on drier fields with water management strategies redirected towards pulses. Despite this, we find no evidence for pronounced drought ...
Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in west... more Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in western Anatolia has provided the opportunity for in-depth analysis of agricultural strategies and the organisation of farming-related activity at the two sites. We find that Late Chalcolithic farmers utilised five major crop taxa, potentially including two mixed crops. The two sites also provide the first evidence for Spanish vetchling and winged vetchling cultivation in prehistoric Anatolia and the earliest evidence for this practice to date anywhere. We suggest that the settlements were organised into small, co-residential households that processed and stored their own crops, but we also propose that potentially communal extra-household storage and high levels of social monitoring may attest to supra-household cooperation. The later agricultural history of the vetchling species and the prevalence of extra-household storage at sites in coastal western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean island...
This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Earl... more This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age in Liman Tepe. The kiln is not only important in terms of being one of the earliest examples on the Western Anatolian coast, but also for the local pottery sherds amongst its debris. They demonstrate the continuation of relationships with Central Anatolian cultures which began in the early periods. Very few centers in Western Anatolia have levels from the Early Bronze to Middle Bronze Age phase. This transition phase is being investigated in a comprehensive manner at Liman Tepe and this will provide an important contribution to understanding the region's chronology.
In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels o... more In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels of two settlements – Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe – located on the Aegean coast of Anatolia were investigated with an interdisciplinary approach using fission-track (FT) dating, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA). Some artefacts showed FT ages of a few thousand years. Apparent FT ages of the remaining samples are distributed over a wide range, from 0.53 ± 0.03 to 1.43 ± 0.20 Ma. After application of the size-correction method, most artefacts were distributed in a homogeneous group characterized by FT ages varying from 1.48 ± 0.47 to 1.80 ± 0.20 Ma, with a mean value of 1.65 ± 0.05 Ma and low induced track density corresponding to low U content. The remaining 3 samples showed relatively high induced track densities. One of them has an apparent age of 0.53 ± 0.03 Ma and a size-corrected age of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma. The probable potential...
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019
Coğrafi, iklimsel ve kültürel benzerliklere sahip olan Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi ve Doğu Ege Adal... more Coğrafi, iklimsel ve kültürel benzerliklere sahip olan Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi ve Doğu Ege Adaları'nda, MÖ 3. Binyıl'ın başlarında yerleşim modelleri ve yapı tipleri açısından birbiriyle benzer bir mimari gelişim süreci yaşanmıştır. Bakla Tepe mimarisi üzerinde yapılan detaylı çalışma yalnızca Batı Anadolu sahil kesiminin değil aynı zamanda Doğu Ege Adaları mimarisinin ve yerleşim dokusunun gelişiminin de anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. MÖ 3. Binyıl'ın başlarında Bakla Tepe ve Batı Anadolu sahil kesimi yerleşimleri güçlü savunma sistemleri ile çevrelenmiştir. Sur ile çevrile alanların kısıtlı olması, yeni yerleşim planlama sistemini ortaya çıkarmış ve sur içinde kalan tüm alanlar mümkün olan en verimli şekilde kullanılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu organizasyon şemasına uygun olarak, üretim aktiviteleri yerleşimin içinde ve dışında özel alanlarda üretilmiştir.
... bu konuda ayrılmakta bu da Batı Anadolu da Yakındoğu ile bağlantılar sayesinde daha net bir y... more ... bu konuda ayrılmakta bu da Batı Anadolu da Yakındoğu ile bağlantılar sayesinde daha net bir yukarı şehir kavramının oluştuğunu göstermektedir.Tarafımızca coğrafi, iklimsel ve tarımsal uygunluk sonucunda Geç Kalkolitik dönemde en net örnek olan Bakla Tepe'de depolama ...
Summary In this article, a Mycenaean pottery sherd from Liman Tepe is discussed. The piece, which... more Summary In this article, a Mycenaean pottery sherd from Liman Tepe is discussed. The piece, which was locally produced, probably belongs to a ring-based crater (FS 281). Comparisons with other, similar sherds suggest that warriors aboard a ship are depicted. As one of the few examples of its period decorated in this way, the sherd has been dated to the early or middle phase of LH III C, belonging to the period after the collapse of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and the Mycenaean kingdoms in mainland Greece. The depictions on this sherd are highly significant, as they contribute to the corpus of evidence for migrations from the western to the eastern Mediterranean and the unrest which characterized the period.
Excavation in Posidonia oceanica matte in the ancient harbor of Klazomenai/Liman Tepe, on the Aeg... more Excavation in Posidonia oceanica matte in the ancient harbor of Klazomenai/Liman Tepe, on the Aegean coast of Turkey, demonstrates the stratigraphic archaeological potential of underwater excavation. Among the finds is a fractured wooden anchor arm exposed in situ. The anchor arm dates to approximately 600 B.C. based on stratigraphically associated ceramics, a dating supported by radiocarbon. The arm was found embedded in this marine sediment, which preserved the arm in its set position within the ancient sea floor. This archaeological excavation through matte and silt harbor sediments overturns the misconception that stratigraphic excavation is impossible in a marine environment. The excavation further boosts optimism regarding the preservation of maritime heritage along the littoral of the eastern Aegean and the many other Mediterranean regions where Posidonia oceanica grows.
Kitap "Ankara Üniversitesi Geliştirme Vakfı" üzerinden temin edilebilir.
The Book can be purchase... more Kitap "Ankara Üniversitesi Geliştirme Vakfı" üzerinden temin edilebilir. The Book can be purchased through "Ankara University Development Foundation"
preliminary report on the archaeological work conducted at Çeşme - Bağlararası during the 2018 Se... more preliminary report on the archaeological work conducted at Çeşme - Bağlararası during the 2018 Season.
In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels o... more In this study, the provenance of 42 obsidians from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age levels of two settlements -Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe-located on the Aegean coast of Anatolia were investigated with an interdisciplinary approach using fission-track (FT) dating, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA). Some artefacts showed FT ages of a few thousand years. Apparent FT ages of the remaining samples are distributed over a wide range, from 0.53 ± 0.03 to 1.43 ± 0.20 Ma. After application of the size-correction method, most artefacts were distributed in a homogeneous group characterized by FT ages varying from 1.48 ± 0.47 to 1.80 ± 0.20 Ma, with a mean value of 1.65 ± 0.05 Ma and low induced track density corresponding to low U content. The remaining 3 samples showed relatively high induced track densities. One of them has an apparent age of 0.53 ± 0.03 Ma and a size-corrected age of 1.02 ± 0.07 Ma. The probable potential sources for the studied samples were identified as the island of Melos in the Aegean, and the central Anatolian sources-particularly the Göllüdağ complex-through comparison of the FT data. INAA and ENAA studies have been carried out on 34 artefacts at the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of the University of Pavia. The identification of the sources was attained through cluster analysis of the chemical data. These results agree fully with those obtained by FT dating: most artefacts originated from the Melos-Dhemenegaki flow, and only 3 samples from central Anatolia. The current study provides a contribution to a better understanding of the circulation of obsidians in Anatolia.
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The Book can be purchased through "Ankara University Development Foundation"
The Book can be purchased through "Ankara University Development Foundation"