The fourth volume of the “Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu” consisted of reedition of first da... more The fourth volume of the “Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu” consisted of reedition of first data from these sites, which were discovered by J. Talko-Gryntsevich in Trans-Baikal area near Russian-Mongolian border during 1896-1902. The materials were published in local department of Russian Geographical Society under the common name “Materials for paleo-ethnology of Trans-Baikal area”. These publications are a bibliographic rarity and need for reprinting. Materials of Xiongnu sites (Ilmovaja pad, Eduj, Burdun, Derestuj) as well as number of sites of adjacent epoch are included into the issue. Maps of the sites and the burials, drawed by J. Talko-Grintsevith, tables and photos of finds, the data of anthropological measurements are reproduced. In addition the article by J. Talko-Gryntsevich “The Population of barrows and cemeteries of Trans-Baikal area” is included in the volume.
Sheri A. Lullo, Leslie V. Wallace (eds). The Art and Archaeology of Bodily Adornment: Studies from Central and East Asian Mortuary Contexts, 2019
The data discussed above suggests that Ordos-style bronze belts should not Ье one of the main cri... more The data discussed above suggests that Ordos-style bronze belts should not Ье one of the main criteria used to categorize Xiongnu elite tombs, and that such belt plaques included in burials are not always а marker of the high social status.
In this article analyzed the system of the spatial organization of Xiongnu burials across the are... more In this article analyzed the system of the spatial organization of Xiongnu burials across the area of their cemeteries. Analysis of the distribution of burials has shown that in most cases the burials form complexes consisting of a central barrow and satellite burials distributed around it. Such complexes in turn form several groups, located some dozens of meters from one another. The larger barrows are ocated higher than the others; the largest barrow in each complex in most cases is in the northern section of the cemetery. Such large barrows were created first and thus are the earliest in each group. They served as distinctive dominating features, around which the remaining part of the cemetery formed later. Alongside the large barrows are located small burials which are burials with human sacrifice. Thus, each large barrow and the satellite burials located next to it can be viewed as a complex formed during a single funeral ceremony. The persistent repetition of the system of the spatial organization of burials in various cemeteries shows that the system a norm of burial practice of the Xiongnu as a whole, indirectly reflecting real connections and relations both within separate collective groups and of the society as a whole. These specific features of the planning of the burials substantially broaden the possibility of analyzing the materials of the cemeteries, above all for the determination of their chronology.
The article discusses the current problems of studying the Xiongnu (Central Asian Huns ) - the p... more The article discusses the current problems of studying the Xiongnu (Central Asian Huns ) - the problem of the early stage of their history and the fate of the tribal association. An analysis of written sources and archaeological data shows that the existing "Ordos hypothesis" about the early Xiongnu history should be removed. There are no archaeological traces of the Xiongnu' migration to the European steppes. The totality of data shows that the historical fate of the Xiongnu proper as a specific tribe in the early Middle Ages was connected with Central Asia.
From genetic point of view, differences between ancient and modern horses can be reconstructed by... more From genetic point of view, differences between ancient and modern horses can be reconstructed by using the phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial genomes and by studying phenotypically important nuclear loci. The variety of modern horse coat colors resulted from artificial selection indicates a high degree of domestica-tion. We have conducted the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from bone samples of six ancient horses from Tsaramburial in the Republic of Buryatia, and established that they belong to a haplogroup E by Achilli’s classification. This haplogroup is found among modern horses of the Maremmano breed from Italy. Gray coat color different from wild type have been detected in two ancient horses, which demonstrates a sufficiently high domestication level of Buryat horses during the period I century BC to I century AD. The ana-lysis of the mitochondrial genome hypervariable region fragments revealed that ancient Buryat horses belong to a haplotype X3 by Cieslak’s classification, which is ancestral to the haplogroup X3 of modern horses in Mon-golia, Tuva, and Buryatia.
For the first time, the consideration is given to the bone remains of animals obtained during the... more For the first time, the consideration is given to the bone remains of animals obtained during the excavation of the Xiongnu burial ground Tsaram, which was studied in the Kyakhta region of the Republic of Buryatia. The material comes from excavations of the central burial mound and accompanying funerary objects. The bones of livestock are mainly sacrifices and elements of funerary food. In the central barrow, along with the chariot, the remains of one horse were found. In the same burial pit, the sacrificial complex found included osteological material from 25 horses, 11 large specimens and 32 species of small cattle. All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: bones of the head, distal sections of the fore and hind limbs, most rarely of the body are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral ritual, not whole animal carcasses were used, but skins with the skull and bones of the distal limbs. Among the animals sacrificed, sexually mature specimens predominated. The proportion of immature individuals in the material is low, and young animals are completely absent. Horses are represented by both males and females. The height at the withers refers to medium, undersized and small. The horse for the chariot from the central mound has larger body dimensions. Key words: Tsaram, Xiongnu, archaeological excavations, funeral ritual, pets, bone remains.
This article considers information of written sources on the early history of Asiatic Huns (Xiong... more This article considers information of written sources on the early history of Asiatic Huns (Xiongnu). Analysis of this information indicates that a few mentions about Xiongnu concerning the events of the periods of the Zhanguo and Qin dynasty are fairly late interpolations. They use this name as a collective designation of the populations of the northern periphery of the ancient Chinese principalities and are devoid of any particular ethnic meaning. The earliest period of the history of Xiongnu occurred beyond the field of view of ancient Chinese historiographers so that information of written documents does not enable us to locate reliably the original regions occupied by these people. The ‘Ordos hypothesis’ of the Xiongnu homeland, as it seems, must be rejected. The final importance in the study of this problem is to be presented only by archaeological evidence.
Over the past years a systematic programme for excavations of the Xiongnu sites in the Trans Baik... more Over the past years a systematic programme for excavations of the Xiongnu sites in the Trans Baikal region of the Buryatia Republic (Russian Federation) have resulted in a massive accumulation of well-documented artifacts from these sites. This article informs about results of investigation main sites - Ivolga fortress, Dureny settlement, Derestuj cemetery and the tomb of Xiongnu elite in the Tsaraam valley. As a result of the excavation we now have extremely important new data about the society and culture of the Xiongnu confederation. The diversity of artifacts revealed by these excavations has provided a much greater insight into the daily lives of the Xiongnu, showing this ancient people to have been skilled at crafting a variety of materials and to have pursued a wide range of activities. The finds also include many items in the style that has come to be identified with Xiongnu bronze plaques from the Ordos region of Inner Mongolia. 俄罗斯匈奴考古遗址新发现 ——匈奴贵族墓葬建筑的一些特征 s.s.米尼亚耶夫 俄罗斯科学院物质文化史研究所(俄罗斯) 过去儿年在布里亚特共和国外贝加尔地区匈奴遗址的系统发掘工作,为我们积累了大量的.文物 资料。本文展示了伊沃尔加城址要塞、杜列尼遗址、德列斯图依墓葬及杳拉姆河谷匈奴贵族墓地等 遗址的调查结果。发掘结果使我们掌握了关于匈奴社会与文化的新资料。发掘出的各种文物,使我 们对匈奴的日常生活有了进一步的了解,即古代人们己掌握了熟练的手工艺技术,并己幵展了广泛 的活动。其中一些出土文物与内蒙古鄂尔多斯匈奴青铜饰牌拥有相问的风格。 ОРОС ДАХЬ ХҮННҮГИЙН ШИНЭЭР ИЛРҮҮЛСЭН СУУРИН ХҮННҮГИЙН ЯЗГУУРТНЫ БУЛШНЫ БАРИЛГЫН ЗАРИМ ОНЦЛОГУУД С.С. Миняев Түүхийн Материалын Соёлын Хүрээлэн, ОШУА(ОХУ) Сүүлийн жилүудэд Буриадын Бүгд Найрамдах Улсын (ОХУ) Өвөр Байгалийн бүс нутагт Хүннүгийн суурингуудыг малтан судалж их хэмжээний эд өлгийн зүйлүүдийг баримтжуулан хуримтлуулсан. Уг өгүүлэлд Иволгийн суурин, Дүрэни суурин, Дэрстийн оршуулгын газар, Царамын хөндий дэх Хүннүгийн язгууртны булш зэрэг Хүннүгийн гол дурсгалт газруудын судалгааны дүнгээс танилцуулна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс бид Хүннү нарын нийгэм, соёлын талаар шинэ мэдээллийг олж авсан. Хүннүчүүдийн өдөр тутмын амьдралын хэв маягийг тусгасан эд зүйл, эртний хүмүүсийн гар урлалын чадварыг илтгэсэн олдвор зэргийг малтлагаас гаргасан. Эдгээр олдвор дотроос Өвөр Монголын Ордосоос олдсон Хүннү нарын хүрэл эдлэлтэй холбогдох эд зүйлүүд байсан.
The fourth volume of the “Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu” consisted of reedition of first da... more The fourth volume of the “Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu” consisted of reedition of first data from these sites, which were discovered by J. Talko-Gryntsevich in Trans-Baikal area near Russian-Mongolian border during 1896-1902. The materials were published in local department of Russian Geographical Society under the common name “Materials for paleo-ethnology of Trans-Baikal area”. These publications are a bibliographic rarity and need for reprinting. Materials of Xiongnu sites (Ilmovaja pad, Eduj, Burdun, Derestuj) as well as number of sites of adjacent epoch are included into the issue. Maps of the sites and the burials, drawed by J. Talko-Grintsevith, tables and photos of finds, the data of anthropological measurements are reproduced. In addition the article by J. Talko-Gryntsevich “The Population of barrows and cemeteries of Trans-Baikal area” is included in the volume.
Sheri A. Lullo, Leslie V. Wallace (eds). The Art and Archaeology of Bodily Adornment: Studies from Central and East Asian Mortuary Contexts, 2019
The data discussed above suggests that Ordos-style bronze belts should not Ье one of the main cri... more The data discussed above suggests that Ordos-style bronze belts should not Ье one of the main criteria used to categorize Xiongnu elite tombs, and that such belt plaques included in burials are not always а marker of the high social status.
In this article analyzed the system of the spatial organization of Xiongnu burials across the are... more In this article analyzed the system of the spatial organization of Xiongnu burials across the area of their cemeteries. Analysis of the distribution of burials has shown that in most cases the burials form complexes consisting of a central barrow and satellite burials distributed around it. Such complexes in turn form several groups, located some dozens of meters from one another. The larger barrows are ocated higher than the others; the largest barrow in each complex in most cases is in the northern section of the cemetery. Such large barrows were created first and thus are the earliest in each group. They served as distinctive dominating features, around which the remaining part of the cemetery formed later. Alongside the large barrows are located small burials which are burials with human sacrifice. Thus, each large barrow and the satellite burials located next to it can be viewed as a complex formed during a single funeral ceremony. The persistent repetition of the system of the spatial organization of burials in various cemeteries shows that the system a norm of burial practice of the Xiongnu as a whole, indirectly reflecting real connections and relations both within separate collective groups and of the society as a whole. These specific features of the planning of the burials substantially broaden the possibility of analyzing the materials of the cemeteries, above all for the determination of their chronology.
The article discusses the current problems of studying the Xiongnu (Central Asian Huns ) - the p... more The article discusses the current problems of studying the Xiongnu (Central Asian Huns ) - the problem of the early stage of their history and the fate of the tribal association. An analysis of written sources and archaeological data shows that the existing "Ordos hypothesis" about the early Xiongnu history should be removed. There are no archaeological traces of the Xiongnu' migration to the European steppes. The totality of data shows that the historical fate of the Xiongnu proper as a specific tribe in the early Middle Ages was connected with Central Asia.
From genetic point of view, differences between ancient and modern horses can be reconstructed by... more From genetic point of view, differences between ancient and modern horses can be reconstructed by using the phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial genomes and by studying phenotypically important nuclear loci. The variety of modern horse coat colors resulted from artificial selection indicates a high degree of domestica-tion. We have conducted the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from bone samples of six ancient horses from Tsaramburial in the Republic of Buryatia, and established that they belong to a haplogroup E by Achilli’s classification. This haplogroup is found among modern horses of the Maremmano breed from Italy. Gray coat color different from wild type have been detected in two ancient horses, which demonstrates a sufficiently high domestication level of Buryat horses during the period I century BC to I century AD. The ana-lysis of the mitochondrial genome hypervariable region fragments revealed that ancient Buryat horses belong to a haplotype X3 by Cieslak’s classification, which is ancestral to the haplogroup X3 of modern horses in Mon-golia, Tuva, and Buryatia.
For the first time, the consideration is given to the bone remains of animals obtained during the... more For the first time, the consideration is given to the bone remains of animals obtained during the excavation of the Xiongnu burial ground Tsaram, which was studied in the Kyakhta region of the Republic of Buryatia. The material comes from excavations of the central burial mound and accompanying funerary objects. The bones of livestock are mainly sacrifices and elements of funerary food. In the central barrow, along with the chariot, the remains of one horse were found. In the same burial pit, the sacrificial complex found included osteological material from 25 horses, 11 large specimens and 32 species of small cattle. All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: bones of the head, distal sections of the fore and hind limbs, most rarely of the body are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral ritual, not whole animal carcasses were used, but skins with the skull and bones of the distal limbs. Among the animals sacrificed, sexually mature specimens predominated. The proportion of immature individuals in the material is low, and young animals are completely absent. Horses are represented by both males and females. The height at the withers refers to medium, undersized and small. The horse for the chariot from the central mound has larger body dimensions. Key words: Tsaram, Xiongnu, archaeological excavations, funeral ritual, pets, bone remains.
This article considers information of written sources on the early history of Asiatic Huns (Xiong... more This article considers information of written sources on the early history of Asiatic Huns (Xiongnu). Analysis of this information indicates that a few mentions about Xiongnu concerning the events of the periods of the Zhanguo and Qin dynasty are fairly late interpolations. They use this name as a collective designation of the populations of the northern periphery of the ancient Chinese principalities and are devoid of any particular ethnic meaning. The earliest period of the history of Xiongnu occurred beyond the field of view of ancient Chinese historiographers so that information of written documents does not enable us to locate reliably the original regions occupied by these people. The ‘Ordos hypothesis’ of the Xiongnu homeland, as it seems, must be rejected. The final importance in the study of this problem is to be presented only by archaeological evidence.
Over the past years a systematic programme for excavations of the Xiongnu sites in the Trans Baik... more Over the past years a systematic programme for excavations of the Xiongnu sites in the Trans Baikal region of the Buryatia Republic (Russian Federation) have resulted in a massive accumulation of well-documented artifacts from these sites. This article informs about results of investigation main sites - Ivolga fortress, Dureny settlement, Derestuj cemetery and the tomb of Xiongnu elite in the Tsaraam valley. As a result of the excavation we now have extremely important new data about the society and culture of the Xiongnu confederation. The diversity of artifacts revealed by these excavations has provided a much greater insight into the daily lives of the Xiongnu, showing this ancient people to have been skilled at crafting a variety of materials and to have pursued a wide range of activities. The finds also include many items in the style that has come to be identified with Xiongnu bronze plaques from the Ordos region of Inner Mongolia. 俄罗斯匈奴考古遗址新发现 ——匈奴贵族墓葬建筑的一些特征 s.s.米尼亚耶夫 俄罗斯科学院物质文化史研究所(俄罗斯) 过去儿年在布里亚特共和国外贝加尔地区匈奴遗址的系统发掘工作,为我们积累了大量的.文物 资料。本文展示了伊沃尔加城址要塞、杜列尼遗址、德列斯图依墓葬及杳拉姆河谷匈奴贵族墓地等 遗址的调查结果。发掘结果使我们掌握了关于匈奴社会与文化的新资料。发掘出的各种文物,使我 们对匈奴的日常生活有了进一步的了解,即古代人们己掌握了熟练的手工艺技术,并己幵展了广泛 的活动。其中一些出土文物与内蒙古鄂尔多斯匈奴青铜饰牌拥有相问的风格。 ОРОС ДАХЬ ХҮННҮГИЙН ШИНЭЭР ИЛРҮҮЛСЭН СУУРИН ХҮННҮГИЙН ЯЗГУУРТНЫ БУЛШНЫ БАРИЛГЫН ЗАРИМ ОНЦЛОГУУД С.С. Миняев Түүхийн Материалын Соёлын Хүрээлэн, ОШУА(ОХУ) Сүүлийн жилүудэд Буриадын Бүгд Найрамдах Улсын (ОХУ) Өвөр Байгалийн бүс нутагт Хүннүгийн суурингуудыг малтан судалж их хэмжээний эд өлгийн зүйлүүдийг баримтжуулан хуримтлуулсан. Уг өгүүлэлд Иволгийн суурин, Дүрэни суурин, Дэрстийн оршуулгын газар, Царамын хөндий дэх Хүннүгийн язгууртны булш зэрэг Хүннүгийн гол дурсгалт газруудын судалгааны дүнгээс танилцуулна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс бид Хүннү нарын нийгэм, соёлын талаар шинэ мэдээллийг олж авсан. Хүннүчүүдийн өдөр тутмын амьдралын хэв маягийг тусгасан эд зүйл, эртний хүмүүсийн гар урлалын чадварыг илтгэсэн олдвор зэргийг малтлагаас гаргасан. Эдгээр олдвор дотроос Өвөр Монголын Ордосоос олдсон Хүннү нарын хүрэл эдлэлтэй холбогдох эд зүйлүүд байсан.
While there have been studies on the trade and exchange between the Han Empire and Xiong-nu confe... more While there have been studies on the trade and exchange between the Han Empire and Xiong-nu confederacy, the nature of the movement of goods within the Xiong-nu confederacy has yet to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to provide a starting point to remedy this lacuna. Pottery from six sites was chemically characterized by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Model-based clustering using the classification maximum-likelihood approach was used to find clusters in the principal component (PC) scores. The classification maximum-likelihood cluster analysis indicates that there are three spherical clusters of variable volume in the chemical data. The three clusters are interpreted as reflecting regional clay deposits. On the basis of the distribution patterns of the chemical groups, only a limited amount of pottery was moved across the territory controlled by Xiong-nu confederacy.
This is a brief summary of the presentation at the conference. The main question of the so-called... more This is a brief summary of the presentation at the conference. The main question of the so-called "problem of the Huns" is a relationship between the Asian Huns (Xiongnu) and Eu-ropean Huns. According to the traditional version, after several centuries of domination in Central Asia, the Xiongnu in the 1st century BC - 1st century BC have been divided on the "southern" and "northern". In fact it was a process of separation along ethnic lines: the "southern" were not related with Xiongnu by origin. "Northern" (really the Xiongnu) after the defeat from the Xianbei in the 1st century AD were included in the Xianbei tribal alliance. Archaeological data confirms this version. Excavation of large Xianbei cemeteries (Xichagou, Laoheshen, Lamadun) show signs Xiongnu cultural complex in funeral customs and burial goods. Traces of migration of the Xiongnu in the European steppes are absent. The totality of the data shows that the fate of the Xiongnu after the dissolution of their union linked with Central Asia. The early history of the Huns in Europe should be treated as a separate issue not directly related to eastern steppes.
Uploads
publications are a bibliographic rarity and need for reprinting. Materials of Xiongnu sites (Ilmovaja pad, Eduj, Burdun, Derestuj) as well as number of sites of adjacent epoch are included into the issue. Maps of the sites and the burials, drawed by J. Talko-Grintsevith, tables and photos of finds, the data of anthropological measurements are reproduced. In addition the article by J. Talko-Gryntsevich “The Population of barrows and cemeteries of Trans-Baikal area” is included in the volume.
one another. The larger barrows are ocated higher than the others; the largest barrow in each complex in most cases is in the northern section of the cemetery. Such large barrows were created first and thus are the earliest in each group. They served as distinctive dominating features, around which the remaining part of the cemetery formed later. Alongside the large barrows are located small burials which are burials with human sacrifice.
Thus, each large barrow and the satellite burials located next to it can be viewed as a complex formed during a single funeral ceremony. The persistent repetition of the system of the spatial organization of burials in various cemeteries shows that the system a norm of burial practice of the Xiongnu as a whole, indirectly reflecting real connections and relations both within separate collective groups and of the society as a whole. These specific features of the planning of the burials substantially broaden the possibility of analyzing the materials of the cemeteries, above all for the determination of their chronology.
of Buryatia. The material comes from excavations of the central burial mound and accompanying funerary objects. The bones of livestock are mainly sacrifices and elements of funerary food. In the central barrow,
along with the chariot, the remains of one horse were found. In the same burial pit, the sacrificial complex found included osteological material from 25 horses, 11 large specimens and 32 species of small cattle.
All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: bones of the head, distal sections of the fore and hind limbs, most rarely of the body are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral ritual, not whole animal carcasses were used, but skins with the skull and bones of the distal limbs. Among the animals sacrificed, sexually mature specimens predominated. The proportion of immature individuals in the material is low, and young animals are completely absent. Horses are represented by both males and females. The height at the withers refers to medium, undersized and small. The horse for the chariot from the central mound has larger body dimensions.
Key words: Tsaram, Xiongnu, archaeological excavations, funeral ritual, pets, bone remains.
events of the periods of the Zhanguo and Qin dynasty are fairly late interpolations. They use this name as a collective designation of the populations of the northern periphery of the ancient Chinese principalities and are devoid of any particular ethnic meaning. The earliest period of the history of Xiongnu
occurred beyond the field of view of ancient Chinese historiographers so that information of written
documents does not enable us to locate reliably the original regions occupied by these people. The ‘Ordos hypothesis’ of the Xiongnu homeland, as it seems, must be rejected. The final importance in the study of this problem is to be presented only by archaeological evidence.
俄罗斯匈奴考古遗址新发现
——匈奴贵族墓葬建筑的一些特征
s.s.米尼亚耶夫 俄罗斯科学院物质文化史研究所(俄罗斯)
过去儿年在布里亚特共和国外贝加尔地区匈奴遗址的系统发掘工作,为我们积累了大量的.文物 资料。本文展示了伊沃尔加城址要塞、杜列尼遗址、德列斯图依墓葬及杳拉姆河谷匈奴贵族墓地等 遗址的调查结果。发掘结果使我们掌握了关于匈奴社会与文化的新资料。发掘出的各种文物,使我 们对匈奴的日常生活有了进一步的了解,即古代人们己掌握了熟练的手工艺技术,并己幵展了广泛 的活动。其中一些出土文物与内蒙古鄂尔多斯匈奴青铜饰牌拥有相问的风格。
ОРОС ДАХЬ ХҮННҮГИЙН ШИНЭЭР ИЛРҮҮЛСЭН СУУРИН ХҮННҮГИЙН ЯЗГУУРТНЫ БУЛШНЫ БАРИЛГЫН ЗАРИМ ОНЦЛОГУУД
С.С. Миняев
Түүхийн Материалын Соёлын Хүрээлэн, ОШУА(ОХУ)
Сүүлийн жилүудэд Буриадын Бүгд Найрамдах Улсын (ОХУ) Өвөр Байгалийн бүс нутагт Хүннүгийн суурингуудыг малтан судалж их хэмжээний эд өлгийн зүйлүүдийг баримтжуулан хуримтлуулсан. Уг өгүүлэлд Иволгийн суурин, Дүрэни суурин, Дэрстийн оршуулгын газар, Царамын хөндий дэх Хүннүгийн язгууртны булш зэрэг Хүннүгийн гол дурсгалт газруудын судалгааны дүнгээс танилцуулна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс бид Хүннү нарын нийгэм, соёлын талаар шинэ мэдээллийг олж авсан. Хүннүчүүдийн өдөр тутмын амьдралын хэв маягийг тусгасан эд зүйл, эртний хүмүүсийн гар урлалын чадварыг илтгэсэн олдвор зэргийг малтлагаас гаргасан. Эдгээр олдвор дотроос Өвөр Монголын Ордосоос олдсон Хүннү нарын хүрэл эдлэлтэй холбогдох эд зүйлүүд байсан.
publications are a bibliographic rarity and need for reprinting. Materials of Xiongnu sites (Ilmovaja pad, Eduj, Burdun, Derestuj) as well as number of sites of adjacent epoch are included into the issue. Maps of the sites and the burials, drawed by J. Talko-Grintsevith, tables and photos of finds, the data of anthropological measurements are reproduced. In addition the article by J. Talko-Gryntsevich “The Population of barrows and cemeteries of Trans-Baikal area” is included in the volume.
one another. The larger barrows are ocated higher than the others; the largest barrow in each complex in most cases is in the northern section of the cemetery. Such large barrows were created first and thus are the earliest in each group. They served as distinctive dominating features, around which the remaining part of the cemetery formed later. Alongside the large barrows are located small burials which are burials with human sacrifice.
Thus, each large barrow and the satellite burials located next to it can be viewed as a complex formed during a single funeral ceremony. The persistent repetition of the system of the spatial organization of burials in various cemeteries shows that the system a norm of burial practice of the Xiongnu as a whole, indirectly reflecting real connections and relations both within separate collective groups and of the society as a whole. These specific features of the planning of the burials substantially broaden the possibility of analyzing the materials of the cemeteries, above all for the determination of their chronology.
of Buryatia. The material comes from excavations of the central burial mound and accompanying funerary objects. The bones of livestock are mainly sacrifices and elements of funerary food. In the central barrow,
along with the chariot, the remains of one horse were found. In the same burial pit, the sacrificial complex found included osteological material from 25 horses, 11 large specimens and 32 species of small cattle.
All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: bones of the head, distal sections of the fore and hind limbs, most rarely of the body are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral ritual, not whole animal carcasses were used, but skins with the skull and bones of the distal limbs. Among the animals sacrificed, sexually mature specimens predominated. The proportion of immature individuals in the material is low, and young animals are completely absent. Horses are represented by both males and females. The height at the withers refers to medium, undersized and small. The horse for the chariot from the central mound has larger body dimensions.
Key words: Tsaram, Xiongnu, archaeological excavations, funeral ritual, pets, bone remains.
events of the periods of the Zhanguo and Qin dynasty are fairly late interpolations. They use this name as a collective designation of the populations of the northern periphery of the ancient Chinese principalities and are devoid of any particular ethnic meaning. The earliest period of the history of Xiongnu
occurred beyond the field of view of ancient Chinese historiographers so that information of written
documents does not enable us to locate reliably the original regions occupied by these people. The ‘Ordos hypothesis’ of the Xiongnu homeland, as it seems, must be rejected. The final importance in the study of this problem is to be presented only by archaeological evidence.
俄罗斯匈奴考古遗址新发现
——匈奴贵族墓葬建筑的一些特征
s.s.米尼亚耶夫 俄罗斯科学院物质文化史研究所(俄罗斯)
过去儿年在布里亚特共和国外贝加尔地区匈奴遗址的系统发掘工作,为我们积累了大量的.文物 资料。本文展示了伊沃尔加城址要塞、杜列尼遗址、德列斯图依墓葬及杳拉姆河谷匈奴贵族墓地等 遗址的调查结果。发掘结果使我们掌握了关于匈奴社会与文化的新资料。发掘出的各种文物,使我 们对匈奴的日常生活有了进一步的了解,即古代人们己掌握了熟练的手工艺技术,并己幵展了广泛 的活动。其中一些出土文物与内蒙古鄂尔多斯匈奴青铜饰牌拥有相问的风格。
ОРОС ДАХЬ ХҮННҮГИЙН ШИНЭЭР ИЛРҮҮЛСЭН СУУРИН ХҮННҮГИЙН ЯЗГУУРТНЫ БУЛШНЫ БАРИЛГЫН ЗАРИМ ОНЦЛОГУУД
С.С. Миняев
Түүхийн Материалын Соёлын Хүрээлэн, ОШУА(ОХУ)
Сүүлийн жилүудэд Буриадын Бүгд Найрамдах Улсын (ОХУ) Өвөр Байгалийн бүс нутагт Хүннүгийн суурингуудыг малтан судалж их хэмжээний эд өлгийн зүйлүүдийг баримтжуулан хуримтлуулсан. Уг өгүүлэлд Иволгийн суурин, Дүрэни суурин, Дэрстийн оршуулгын газар, Царамын хөндий дэх Хүннүгийн язгууртны булш зэрэг Хүннүгийн гол дурсгалт газруудын судалгааны дүнгээс танилцуулна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс бид Хүннү нарын нийгэм, соёлын талаар шинэ мэдээллийг олж авсан. Хүннүчүүдийн өдөр тутмын амьдралын хэв маягийг тусгасан эд зүйл, эртний хүмүүсийн гар урлалын чадварыг илтгэсэн олдвор зэргийг малтлагаас гаргасан. Эдгээр олдвор дотроос Өвөр Монголын Ордосоос олдсон Хүннү нарын хүрэл эдлэлтэй холбогдох эд зүйлүүд байсан.