The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geograph... more The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geographical sources in the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries AH, became the material for writing the story of Buye Juye Mullian until the most famous story of Samanid era, apparently created by Harun and increase its global fame. It should be noted that the subject, time and place of the narration are completely different. And although other sources do not confirm the story of the four articles, Nezami has artistically compensated for this shortcoming in his book to explain a fascinating story and inadvertently distort history and literature. Over time, this anecdote has become so popular among the people and properties that no one can separate the military anecdote from Rudaki's.In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, a new explanation of the anecdote in three geographical, historical and literary evaluations; Relying on the main sources, are explained. Thus, the anecdote of the four articles does not correspond to Amir Nasr's four-year absence from Bukhara, and his settlement in Herat or Neishabour, and the depiction of Amir Nasr in the Rudaki era, and is merely an imaginary offspring that can distort the Samanid dynasty.
Abstract:
The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in hi... more Abstract: The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in history when the Western world was caught in the abyss of medieval darkness and creative ideas were in the throes of ecclesiastical prejudice. The Samanid emirs, with the expansion of free thought and the spread of tolerance and intellectual tolerance, especially appealing to Islamic culture and adherence to Iranian civilization, developed a rational resurrection that achieved masterpieces such as Shahnameh and the emergence of hundreds of thinkers such as Ibn Sina, Biruni, Ferdowsi and Razi. But research on the Samanid era is so limited that the publication of works such as the book Zenon Sameri should be welcomed; But its description and critique should not be neglected. In criticizing and evaluating the form of this book, it can be said that a lot of efforts have been made by the author and translators, and it has page layout, fluent translation, beautiful chaptering, a reputable publisher, and so on. However, in the content critique of the book, several weaknesses such as the author's nationalism, superficial analysis, lack of use of main sources, and failure to achieve the objectives of the research subject are significant. The research approach in this article is analytical-critical and based on adaptation to the relevant temporal and spatial sources of the period, and the expression of some suggestions. Keywords: Samanid, Cultural Resurrection, Science Development, Khorasan and Transoxiana. 1- Assistant Professor of History, Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran - Mr.javadheravi@gmail.com
Abastoract:
In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has ap... more Abastoract: In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has approved it. One of the most important ages always has approved it. One of the most important ages of iran s history that now has provided the existence of Persian languge and tashaia religion , hijri forth century / tenth Gregorian , and on the other hand is the golden age of iran after lslam . in this period because of governing of samanian s and al buye s government , most of incidents are exposed to the changes of this two political power and also abasian s governmend . so this alloy comes to exist that whether or not, in this situation , paying attention to areas such as Persian golf among historical and geographical sources has been forgoten. In present research has been tried to according to the most important sources of hijri forth century, the significant and complete existence of Persian gulf area and its role in political and economical changes of this era is considered.
چکیده:
شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ
پ... more چکیده: شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ پیشینیان دانست. این اثر سترگ بیش از هر چیز، مشتمل بر روا یوات م لوی تواریخ ا یوران و م ت نوی وب ور روایات اساطیری و تاریخی ایرانیان است که از زمانهای باستان گردآوری و در دوران سامانیان تنظیم یافته است. در این پژوهش، تلاش بر بررسی تحلیلی تویثیرات اجت مواعی، فرهن گوی و سیا سوی ع و صور فردوسی بر آفرینش شاهنامه، برم نای جر یوان ف و یوری شواهنامه نوی و سوی من صوور از ع و صور سا سوانی وتوا شاهنامه سرائی منظوت در دوره سامانی است. هدف فردوسی تعالی بخشیدن به هویت ایرانی در پیو ون ود با گذشتهی ایران باستان است. او با زبانی روان و گویا، شور و شوعور اجت مواعی را م شوتانانه در ج هوت خردورزی و پاسداشت هویت سیاسی و اخلانی بر میانگیزاند تا این روایات راستین تاریخی، در من و ظور عات باور شده و با حرارت حماسی محفوظ بماند. علل بروز و تداوت این جریان تاریخی به ویژه پرداختن فردوسی به میراث فرهنگی ا یوران با سوتان در نالب نظم شاهنامه، بیان مسئله در پژوهش حاضر میبا شود. همانگو ن وه کوه ا یون تحد ویو متر صود پاسخگوئی به این سوال اساسی است که شاهنامه را ثمرۀ کدات ب سوتر ف یوری می تووان دان سوت و و چوه شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی موجب سرایش آن شد؟ روش تحدی در این مداله، تحلیلی_ توصیفی و م تنی بر روایات تاریخی است. کلید واژهها: خداینامه، شاهنامه سرایی، عصر سامانیان، فردوسی
از نخستین اعزام سپاهیان سامانی به سوی قزوین و ولایات مرکزی در سال 287 تا
آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گی... more از نخستین اعزام سپاهیان سامانی به سوی قزوین و ولایات مرکزی در سال 287 تا آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گیری قزوین در سال 335 نیم قرن طول کشید. سلطه بر قزوین به سه سبب صورت گرفت: بهانه مقابله با تعرض قوای علویان؛ حمایت خلیفه عباسی در سرکوب مخالفان سیاسی، مذهبی و توان جنگی امیر اسماعیل سامانی. بر اثر ضعف داخلی، تسلط بر قزوین تنها با تقویت حاکمان دیلمی دست نشانده ممکن بود. سرداران دیلمی در آغاز موجب تثبیت سامانیان در غرب خراسان و رضایت عباسیان شدند، ولی با گذشت اندک زمانی، همچون مدعیان بر سامانیان و در جامۀ مؤسسان دولتهای زیاریان و بویهیان سر برآوردند. تقارن میان قدرت یابی دیلمیان و تضعیف سامانیان، سبب ناکامی در استیلا بر قزوین و دیگر نواحی مرکزی ایران بود و دولت سامانیان تا پایان حیات در 395 دیگر بر قزوین دست نیافت. رفتار امیران سامانی با مردم قزوین در تاریخ ایران، نمونه ای از مردمسالاری بوده است. در مقاله حاضر به این سؤال پاسخ داده می شود که تسلط پنجاه ساله سامانیان بر قزوین چه تاثیری بر اوضاع این ناحیه داشت؟ کلید واژه ها: قزوین، ری، علویان طبرستان، دیلمیان، سامانیان.
Abstract
Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the
share... more Abstract Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the shared heritage and history of the past, is a field for scholarly dialogue among thinkers. The present article attempts to consider the focus of their viewpoints on analyzing the approach of Tajikistan scholars to the Samanid as a shared heritage and tries to consider their complementary efforts in contemporary Iranian research. Tajik historians in the Soviet era, providing a platform for ethnic identity, directed the historiography. The same way, emphasizing the identity-building aspect of the Samanid, especially during Amir Ismail Samani, sought a practical model of a "statesman" and "Amir 'Adel." They are vaguely searching for another identity in the Soviet Union, especially among the Turk and Tajik people, who, fortunately, have not yet been at odds with the Iranian identity. Independent historiography seeks to find the positive side of identity in "Amir Ismail himself" and the opposing side in "Uzbek and Uzbekistan". Although this approach has imposed some methodological and content shortcomings on Tajik historians during independence, it continues to pay special attention to Iranian research and its perpetuation and avoid an aggressive approach to Iranian culture. Keywords: Historical Research. Samanid’s Government, National identity, Tajikistan Independence, Tajik Historians.
The emergence of the Samanids in 287/900 followed the success of war
in battle with the Saffarids... more The emergence of the Samanids in 287/900 followed the success of war in battle with the Saffarids, the Alawids of Tabarestan and some Turk’s tribes bordering the eastern of Khorasan and Transoxiana. However, the intensification of the arrogance of the armies from the fourth century disrupted the court affairs and governance of the Samanid government and made the ministers and the court obey the sword. The main question of this study is if the invasions of the Qarakhanids caused the collapse of the Samanids or the engendered stability of the Ghaznavid Turks? The findings of the study show that if we assume the fall of the Samanids as a blow from the commanders of Ale-Afrasiab, undoubtedly the bedrock of this collapse should be considered in the preparations of the Ghaznavid generals to eliminate the Iranian Samanids. The fall of Bukhara by the Qarakhanids was really influenced by the fall of Neishabour by the Ghaznavids. This problem of this study concerns the consolidation and strengthening of the Ghaznavids, not the Qarakhanids' invasions. It was the greed of the Ghaznavids that was aroused by the invasions of the Qarakhanids and provided the final excuse for the removal of the Samanids. Even the jurists of Transoxiana gradually confirmed the rule of the Ghaznavids. The Qatawan peace treaty clearly realized the real division of power between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids on both sides of the Oxus. The research method is analytical-descriptive and documented to the main sources of the fourth and fifth centuries. Keywords: invasion of the Qarakhanids, rebellion of the Ghaznavids, the fall of Bukhara, peace of Qatawan, collapse of the Samanid.
The unstable role of the Samanids over a century in Tabarestan was not without effect. The main e... more The unstable role of the Samanids over a century in Tabarestan was not without effect. The main element in the political and military domination of the Khorasan amirs in the province was the widespread unrest following the rise of the Alawites, the weakening of the Abbasid Caliphate, and especially the conversion of Tabarestan into a refuge for sinful commanders and claimants. The military conquest of Tabarestan in this time can be actually in line with the policy and intentions of the Al-e Saman government. In such a storm of fire and blood, the sword of a Dailamid’s skirmishers in the boiling furnace of Tabarestan events, instigated and devised by the Samanids, undoubtedly laid the foundation of the dialectic governments, not only the fate of Iran; Rather, it will transform the political and military life of Islamic lands and the caliphate. The result was that Tabarestan, which itself did not have the requisite integrity to establish a stable government at the beginning of the fourth century AH, was subject to political stability by the end of the fourth century. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on references to sources and references. Keywords: Tabarestan, Woshmgir, Ale-Ziar, Ale-Bouyid, Samanid’s Intervention.
The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geograph... more The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geographical sources in the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries AH, became the material for writing the story of Buye Juye Mullian until the most famous story of Samanid era, apparently created by Harun and increase its global fame. It should be noted that the subject, time and place of the narration are completely different. And although other sources do not confirm the story of the four articles, Nezami has artistically compensated for this shortcoming in his book to explain a fascinating story and inadvertently distort history and literature. Over time, this anecdote has become so popular among the people and properties that no one can separate the military anecdote from Rudaki's.In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, a new explanation of the anecdote in three geographical, historical and literary evaluations; Relying on the main sources, are explained. Thus, the anecdote of the four articles does not correspond to Amir Nasr's four-year absence from Bukhara, and his settlement in Herat or Neishabour, and the depiction of Amir Nasr in the Rudaki era, and is merely an imaginary offspring that can distort the Samanid dynasty.
By rising of the Sassanids, this empire attempted to create gradually a central government domina... more By rising of the Sassanids, this empire attempted to create gradually a central government dominated by the integrity of religion and government, hence, despite of existence of an emerging religion such as Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism dominated in this government. Considering the attitude towards religious minorities during the Sassanid Empire, although there was some laxity during the reign of emperors such as Shapour the First, oppression and rigor was reported in certain periods of this dynasty which to some extent were provoked by Zoroastrian priests. On the other hand, based on the evidence from written historical references, despite of stressing on Zoroastrianism, the Sassanid emperors had some Jewish and Christian women in their seraglio. In the present study, it was assumed that most of these women were involved in the power. The main question was that who were these non-Zoroastrian women of the Sassanid court and did they play any role in the government’s policies towards th...
The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geograph... more The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geographical sources in the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries AH, became the material for writing the story of Buye Juye Mullian until the most famous story of Samanid era, apparently created by Harun and increase its global fame. It should be noted that the subject, time and place of the narration are completely different. And although other sources do not confirm the story of the four articles, Nezami has artistically compensated for this shortcoming in his book to explain a fascinating story and inadvertently distort history and literature. Over time, this anecdote has become so popular among the people and properties that no one can separate the military anecdote from Rudaki's.In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, a new explanation of the anecdote in three geographical, historical and literary evaluations; Relying on the main sources, are explained. Thus, the anecdote of the four articles does not correspond to Amir Nasr's four-year absence from Bukhara, and his settlement in Herat or Neishabour, and the depiction of Amir Nasr in the Rudaki era, and is merely an imaginary offspring that can distort the Samanid dynasty.
Abstract:
The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in hi... more Abstract: The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in history when the Western world was caught in the abyss of medieval darkness and creative ideas were in the throes of ecclesiastical prejudice. The Samanid emirs, with the expansion of free thought and the spread of tolerance and intellectual tolerance, especially appealing to Islamic culture and adherence to Iranian civilization, developed a rational resurrection that achieved masterpieces such as Shahnameh and the emergence of hundreds of thinkers such as Ibn Sina, Biruni, Ferdowsi and Razi. But research on the Samanid era is so limited that the publication of works such as the book Zenon Sameri should be welcomed; But its description and critique should not be neglected. In criticizing and evaluating the form of this book, it can be said that a lot of efforts have been made by the author and translators, and it has page layout, fluent translation, beautiful chaptering, a reputable publisher, and so on. However, in the content critique of the book, several weaknesses such as the author's nationalism, superficial analysis, lack of use of main sources, and failure to achieve the objectives of the research subject are significant. The research approach in this article is analytical-critical and based on adaptation to the relevant temporal and spatial sources of the period, and the expression of some suggestions. Keywords: Samanid, Cultural Resurrection, Science Development, Khorasan and Transoxiana. 1- Assistant Professor of History, Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran - Mr.javadheravi@gmail.com
Abastoract:
In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has ap... more Abastoract: In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has approved it. One of the most important ages always has approved it. One of the most important ages of iran s history that now has provided the existence of Persian languge and tashaia religion , hijri forth century / tenth Gregorian , and on the other hand is the golden age of iran after lslam . in this period because of governing of samanian s and al buye s government , most of incidents are exposed to the changes of this two political power and also abasian s governmend . so this alloy comes to exist that whether or not, in this situation , paying attention to areas such as Persian golf among historical and geographical sources has been forgoten. In present research has been tried to according to the most important sources of hijri forth century, the significant and complete existence of Persian gulf area and its role in political and economical changes of this era is considered.
چکیده:
شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ
پ... more چکیده: شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ پیشینیان دانست. این اثر سترگ بیش از هر چیز، مشتمل بر روا یوات م لوی تواریخ ا یوران و م ت نوی وب ور روایات اساطیری و تاریخی ایرانیان است که از زمانهای باستان گردآوری و در دوران سامانیان تنظیم یافته است. در این پژوهش، تلاش بر بررسی تحلیلی تویثیرات اجت مواعی، فرهن گوی و سیا سوی ع و صور فردوسی بر آفرینش شاهنامه، برم نای جر یوان ف و یوری شواهنامه نوی و سوی من صوور از ع و صور سا سوانی وتوا شاهنامه سرائی منظوت در دوره سامانی است. هدف فردوسی تعالی بخشیدن به هویت ایرانی در پیو ون ود با گذشتهی ایران باستان است. او با زبانی روان و گویا، شور و شوعور اجت مواعی را م شوتانانه در ج هوت خردورزی و پاسداشت هویت سیاسی و اخلانی بر میانگیزاند تا این روایات راستین تاریخی، در من و ظور عات باور شده و با حرارت حماسی محفوظ بماند. علل بروز و تداوت این جریان تاریخی به ویژه پرداختن فردوسی به میراث فرهنگی ا یوران با سوتان در نالب نظم شاهنامه، بیان مسئله در پژوهش حاضر میبا شود. همانگو ن وه کوه ا یون تحد ویو متر صود پاسخگوئی به این سوال اساسی است که شاهنامه را ثمرۀ کدات ب سوتر ف یوری می تووان دان سوت و و چوه شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی موجب سرایش آن شد؟ روش تحدی در این مداله، تحلیلی_ توصیفی و م تنی بر روایات تاریخی است. کلید واژهها: خداینامه، شاهنامه سرایی، عصر سامانیان، فردوسی
از نخستین اعزام سپاهیان سامانی به سوی قزوین و ولایات مرکزی در سال 287 تا
آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گی... more از نخستین اعزام سپاهیان سامانی به سوی قزوین و ولایات مرکزی در سال 287 تا آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گیری قزوین در سال 335 نیم قرن طول کشید. سلطه بر قزوین به سه سبب صورت گرفت: بهانه مقابله با تعرض قوای علویان؛ حمایت خلیفه عباسی در سرکوب مخالفان سیاسی، مذهبی و توان جنگی امیر اسماعیل سامانی. بر اثر ضعف داخلی، تسلط بر قزوین تنها با تقویت حاکمان دیلمی دست نشانده ممکن بود. سرداران دیلمی در آغاز موجب تثبیت سامانیان در غرب خراسان و رضایت عباسیان شدند، ولی با گذشت اندک زمانی، همچون مدعیان بر سامانیان و در جامۀ مؤسسان دولتهای زیاریان و بویهیان سر برآوردند. تقارن میان قدرت یابی دیلمیان و تضعیف سامانیان، سبب ناکامی در استیلا بر قزوین و دیگر نواحی مرکزی ایران بود و دولت سامانیان تا پایان حیات در 395 دیگر بر قزوین دست نیافت. رفتار امیران سامانی با مردم قزوین در تاریخ ایران، نمونه ای از مردمسالاری بوده است. در مقاله حاضر به این سؤال پاسخ داده می شود که تسلط پنجاه ساله سامانیان بر قزوین چه تاثیری بر اوضاع این ناحیه داشت؟ کلید واژه ها: قزوین، ری، علویان طبرستان، دیلمیان، سامانیان.
Abstract
Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the
share... more Abstract Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the shared heritage and history of the past, is a field for scholarly dialogue among thinkers. The present article attempts to consider the focus of their viewpoints on analyzing the approach of Tajikistan scholars to the Samanid as a shared heritage and tries to consider their complementary efforts in contemporary Iranian research. Tajik historians in the Soviet era, providing a platform for ethnic identity, directed the historiography. The same way, emphasizing the identity-building aspect of the Samanid, especially during Amir Ismail Samani, sought a practical model of a "statesman" and "Amir 'Adel." They are vaguely searching for another identity in the Soviet Union, especially among the Turk and Tajik people, who, fortunately, have not yet been at odds with the Iranian identity. Independent historiography seeks to find the positive side of identity in "Amir Ismail himself" and the opposing side in "Uzbek and Uzbekistan". Although this approach has imposed some methodological and content shortcomings on Tajik historians during independence, it continues to pay special attention to Iranian research and its perpetuation and avoid an aggressive approach to Iranian culture. Keywords: Historical Research. Samanid’s Government, National identity, Tajikistan Independence, Tajik Historians.
The emergence of the Samanids in 287/900 followed the success of war
in battle with the Saffarids... more The emergence of the Samanids in 287/900 followed the success of war in battle with the Saffarids, the Alawids of Tabarestan and some Turk’s tribes bordering the eastern of Khorasan and Transoxiana. However, the intensification of the arrogance of the armies from the fourth century disrupted the court affairs and governance of the Samanid government and made the ministers and the court obey the sword. The main question of this study is if the invasions of the Qarakhanids caused the collapse of the Samanids or the engendered stability of the Ghaznavid Turks? The findings of the study show that if we assume the fall of the Samanids as a blow from the commanders of Ale-Afrasiab, undoubtedly the bedrock of this collapse should be considered in the preparations of the Ghaznavid generals to eliminate the Iranian Samanids. The fall of Bukhara by the Qarakhanids was really influenced by the fall of Neishabour by the Ghaznavids. This problem of this study concerns the consolidation and strengthening of the Ghaznavids, not the Qarakhanids' invasions. It was the greed of the Ghaznavids that was aroused by the invasions of the Qarakhanids and provided the final excuse for the removal of the Samanids. Even the jurists of Transoxiana gradually confirmed the rule of the Ghaznavids. The Qatawan peace treaty clearly realized the real division of power between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids on both sides of the Oxus. The research method is analytical-descriptive and documented to the main sources of the fourth and fifth centuries. Keywords: invasion of the Qarakhanids, rebellion of the Ghaznavids, the fall of Bukhara, peace of Qatawan, collapse of the Samanid.
The unstable role of the Samanids over a century in Tabarestan was not without effect. The main e... more The unstable role of the Samanids over a century in Tabarestan was not without effect. The main element in the political and military domination of the Khorasan amirs in the province was the widespread unrest following the rise of the Alawites, the weakening of the Abbasid Caliphate, and especially the conversion of Tabarestan into a refuge for sinful commanders and claimants. The military conquest of Tabarestan in this time can be actually in line with the policy and intentions of the Al-e Saman government. In such a storm of fire and blood, the sword of a Dailamid’s skirmishers in the boiling furnace of Tabarestan events, instigated and devised by the Samanids, undoubtedly laid the foundation of the dialectic governments, not only the fate of Iran; Rather, it will transform the political and military life of Islamic lands and the caliphate. The result was that Tabarestan, which itself did not have the requisite integrity to establish a stable government at the beginning of the fourth century AH, was subject to political stability by the end of the fourth century. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on references to sources and references. Keywords: Tabarestan, Woshmgir, Ale-Ziar, Ale-Bouyid, Samanid’s Intervention.
The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geograph... more The poem of Abu Abdullah Roudaki, after 250 years of silence of historical, literary and geographical sources in the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries AH, became the material for writing the story of Buye Juye Mullian until the most famous story of Samanid era, apparently created by Harun and increase its global fame. It should be noted that the subject, time and place of the narration are completely different. And although other sources do not confirm the story of the four articles, Nezami has artistically compensated for this shortcoming in his book to explain a fascinating story and inadvertently distort history and literature. Over time, this anecdote has become so popular among the people and properties that no one can separate the military anecdote from Rudaki's.In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, a new explanation of the anecdote in three geographical, historical and literary evaluations; Relying on the main sources, are explained. Thus, the anecdote of the four articles does not correspond to Amir Nasr's four-year absence from Bukhara, and his settlement in Herat or Neishabour, and the depiction of Amir Nasr in the Rudaki era, and is merely an imaginary offspring that can distort the Samanid dynasty.
By rising of the Sassanids, this empire attempted to create gradually a central government domina... more By rising of the Sassanids, this empire attempted to create gradually a central government dominated by the integrity of religion and government, hence, despite of existence of an emerging religion such as Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism dominated in this government. Considering the attitude towards religious minorities during the Sassanid Empire, although there was some laxity during the reign of emperors such as Shapour the First, oppression and rigor was reported in certain periods of this dynasty which to some extent were provoked by Zoroastrian priests. On the other hand, based on the evidence from written historical references, despite of stressing on Zoroastrianism, the Sassanid emperors had some Jewish and Christian women in their seraglio. In the present study, it was assumed that most of these women were involved in the power. The main question was that who were these non-Zoroastrian women of the Sassanid court and did they play any role in the government’s policies towards th...
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Papers by Javad Heravi
The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in history when the Western world was caught in the abyss of medieval darkness and creative ideas were in the throes of ecclesiastical prejudice. The Samanid emirs, with the expansion of free thought and the spread of tolerance and intellectual tolerance, especially appealing to Islamic culture and adherence to Iranian civilization, developed a rational resurrection that achieved masterpieces such as Shahnameh and the emergence of hundreds of thinkers such as Ibn Sina, Biruni, Ferdowsi and Razi.
But research on the Samanid era is so limited that the publication of works such as the book Zenon Sameri should be welcomed; But its description and critique should not be neglected.
In criticizing and evaluating the form of this book, it can be said that a lot of efforts have been made by the author and translators, and it has page layout, fluent translation, beautiful chaptering, a reputable publisher, and so on. However, in the content critique of the book, several weaknesses such as the author's nationalism, superficial analysis, lack of use of main sources, and failure to achieve the objectives of the research subject are significant. The research approach in this article is analytical-critical and based on adaptation to the relevant temporal and spatial sources of the period, and the expression of some suggestions.
Keywords: Samanid, Cultural Resurrection, Science Development, Khorasan and Transoxiana.
1- Assistant Professor of History, Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran - Mr.javadheravi@gmail.com
In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has approved
it. One of the most important ages always has approved it. One of the most important
ages of iran s history that now has provided the existence of Persian languge and tashaia
religion , hijri forth century / tenth Gregorian , and on the other hand is the golden age of
iran after lslam . in this period because of governing of samanian s and al buye s
government , most of incidents are exposed to the changes of this two political power
and also abasian s governmend . so this alloy comes to exist that whether or not, in this
situation , paying attention to areas such as Persian golf among historical and
geographical sources has been forgoten.
In present research has been tried to according to the most important sources of hijri
forth century, the significant and complete existence of Persian gulf area and its role in
political and economical changes of this era is considered.
شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ
پیشینیان دانست. این اثر سترگ بیش از هر چیز، مشتمل بر روا یوات م لوی تواریخ ا یوران و م ت نوی وب ور
روایات اساطیری و تاریخی ایرانیان است که از زمانهای باستان گردآوری و در دوران سامانیان تنظیم
یافته است. در این پژوهش، تلاش بر بررسی تحلیلی تویثیرات اجت مواعی، فرهن گوی و سیا سوی ع و صور
فردوسی بر آفرینش شاهنامه، برم نای جر یوان ف و یوری شواهنامه نوی و سوی من صوور از ع و صور سا سوانی وتوا
شاهنامه سرائی منظوت در دوره سامانی است. هدف فردوسی تعالی بخشیدن به هویت ایرانی در پیو ون ود
با گذشتهی ایران باستان است. او با زبانی روان و گویا، شور و شوعور اجت مواعی را م شوتانانه در ج هوت
خردورزی و پاسداشت هویت سیاسی و اخلانی بر میانگیزاند تا این روایات راستین تاریخی، در من و ظور
عات باور شده و با حرارت حماسی محفوظ بماند.
علل بروز و تداوت این جریان تاریخی به ویژه پرداختن فردوسی به میراث فرهنگی ا یوران با سوتان
در نالب نظم شاهنامه، بیان مسئله در پژوهش حاضر میبا شود. همانگو ن وه کوه ا یون تحد ویو متر صود
پاسخگوئی به این سوال اساسی است که شاهنامه را ثمرۀ کدات ب سوتر ف یوری می تووان دان سوت و و چوه
شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی موجب سرایش آن شد؟
روش تحدی در این مداله، تحلیلی_ توصیفی و م تنی بر روایات تاریخی است.
کلید واژهها: خداینامه، شاهنامه سرایی، عصر سامانیان، فردوسی
آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گیری قزوین در سال 335 نیم قرن طول کشید. سلطه بر
قزوین به سه سبب صورت گرفت: بهانه مقابله با تعرض قوای علویان؛ حمایت خلیفه
عباسی در سرکوب مخالفان سیاسی، مذهبی و توان جنگی امیر اسماعیل سامانی. بر
اثر ضعف داخلی، تسلط بر قزوین تنها با تقویت حاکمان دیلمی دست نشانده ممکن
بود. سرداران دیلمی در آغاز موجب تثبیت سامانیان در غرب خراسان و رضایت
عباسیان شدند، ولی با گذشت اندک زمانی، همچون مدعیان بر سامانیان و در جامۀ
مؤسسان دولتهای زیاریان و بویهیان سر برآوردند. تقارن میان قدرت یابی دیلمیان و
تضعیف سامانیان، سبب ناکامی در استیلا بر قزوین و دیگر نواحی مرکزی ایران بود و
دولت سامانیان تا پایان حیات در 395 دیگر بر قزوین دست نیافت. رفتار امیران
سامانی با مردم قزوین در تاریخ ایران، نمونه ای از مردمسالاری بوده است. در مقاله
حاضر به این سؤال پاسخ داده می شود که تسلط پنجاه ساله سامانیان بر قزوین چه
تاثیری بر اوضاع این ناحیه داشت؟
کلید واژه ها: قزوین، ری، علویان طبرستان، دیلمیان، سامانیان.
Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the
shared heritage and history of the past, is a field for scholarly dialogue among
thinkers. The present article attempts to consider the focus of their viewpoints on
analyzing the approach of Tajikistan scholars to the Samanid as a shared heritage
and tries to consider their complementary efforts in contemporary Iranian research.
Tajik historians in the Soviet era, providing a platform for ethnic identity, directed
the historiography. The same way, emphasizing the identity-building aspect of the
Samanid, especially during Amir Ismail Samani, sought a practical model of a
"statesman" and "Amir 'Adel." They are vaguely searching for another identity in the
Soviet Union, especially among the Turk and Tajik people, who, fortunately, have
not yet been at odds with the Iranian identity. Independent historiography seeks to
find the positive side of identity in "Amir Ismail himself" and the opposing side in
"Uzbek and Uzbekistan". Although this approach has imposed some methodological
and content shortcomings on Tajik historians during independence, it continues to
pay special attention to Iranian research and its perpetuation and avoid an aggressive
approach to Iranian culture.
Keywords: Historical Research. Samanid’s Government, National identity,
Tajikistan Independence, Tajik Historians.
in battle with the Saffarids, the Alawids of Tabarestan and some Turk’s
tribes bordering the eastern of Khorasan and Transoxiana. However, the
intensification of the arrogance of the armies from the fourth century
disrupted the court affairs and governance of the Samanid government
and made the ministers and the court obey the sword. The main
question of this study is if the invasions of the Qarakhanids caused the
collapse of the Samanids or the engendered stability of the Ghaznavid
Turks?
The findings of the study show that if we assume the fall of the Samanids
as a blow from the commanders of Ale-Afrasiab, undoubtedly the
bedrock of this collapse should be considered in the preparations of the
Ghaznavid generals to eliminate the Iranian Samanids. The fall of
Bukhara by the Qarakhanids was really influenced by the fall of
Neishabour by the Ghaznavids.
This problem of this study concerns the consolidation and
strengthening of the Ghaznavids, not the Qarakhanids' invasions. It was
the greed of the Ghaznavids that was aroused by the invasions of the
Qarakhanids and provided the final excuse for the removal of the
Samanids. Even the jurists of Transoxiana gradually confirmed the rule
of the Ghaznavids. The Qatawan peace treaty clearly realized the real
division of power between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids on both
sides of the Oxus.
The research method is analytical-descriptive and documented to the
main sources of the fourth and fifth centuries.
Keywords: invasion of the Qarakhanids, rebellion of the Ghaznavids,
the fall of Bukhara, peace of Qatawan, collapse of the Samanid.
In such a storm of fire and blood, the sword of a Dailamid’s skirmishers in the boiling furnace of Tabarestan events, instigated and devised by the Samanids, undoubtedly laid the foundation of the dialectic governments, not only the fate of Iran; Rather, it will transform the political and military life of Islamic lands and the caliphate. The result was that Tabarestan, which itself did not have the requisite integrity to establish a stable government at the beginning of the fourth century AH, was subject to political stability by the end of the fourth century.
The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on references to sources and references.
Keywords: Tabarestan, Woshmgir, Ale-Ziar, Ale-Bouyid, Samanid’s Intervention.
The flourishing of culture and civilization in Samanid times took place at a time in history when the Western world was caught in the abyss of medieval darkness and creative ideas were in the throes of ecclesiastical prejudice. The Samanid emirs, with the expansion of free thought and the spread of tolerance and intellectual tolerance, especially appealing to Islamic culture and adherence to Iranian civilization, developed a rational resurrection that achieved masterpieces such as Shahnameh and the emergence of hundreds of thinkers such as Ibn Sina, Biruni, Ferdowsi and Razi.
But research on the Samanid era is so limited that the publication of works such as the book Zenon Sameri should be welcomed; But its description and critique should not be neglected.
In criticizing and evaluating the form of this book, it can be said that a lot of efforts have been made by the author and translators, and it has page layout, fluent translation, beautiful chaptering, a reputable publisher, and so on. However, in the content critique of the book, several weaknesses such as the author's nationalism, superficial analysis, lack of use of main sources, and failure to achieve the objectives of the research subject are significant. The research approach in this article is analytical-critical and based on adaptation to the relevant temporal and spatial sources of the period, and the expression of some suggestions.
Keywords: Samanid, Cultural Resurrection, Science Development, Khorasan and Transoxiana.
1- Assistant Professor of History, Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran - Mr.javadheravi@gmail.com
In iran s history , Persian gulf is an eternal truth that history pages always has approved
it. One of the most important ages always has approved it. One of the most important
ages of iran s history that now has provided the existence of Persian languge and tashaia
religion , hijri forth century / tenth Gregorian , and on the other hand is the golden age of
iran after lslam . in this period because of governing of samanian s and al buye s
government , most of incidents are exposed to the changes of this two political power
and also abasian s governmend . so this alloy comes to exist that whether or not, in this
situation , paying attention to areas such as Persian golf among historical and
geographical sources has been forgoten.
In present research has been tried to according to the most important sources of hijri
forth century, the significant and complete existence of Persian gulf area and its role in
political and economical changes of this era is considered.
شاهنامه میراث فاخر شعر و تاریخ نگاری ایرانی است که میتوان آن را، بازنویسی من ظووت تواریخ
پیشینیان دانست. این اثر سترگ بیش از هر چیز، مشتمل بر روا یوات م لوی تواریخ ا یوران و م ت نوی وب ور
روایات اساطیری و تاریخی ایرانیان است که از زمانهای باستان گردآوری و در دوران سامانیان تنظیم
یافته است. در این پژوهش، تلاش بر بررسی تحلیلی تویثیرات اجت مواعی، فرهن گوی و سیا سوی ع و صور
فردوسی بر آفرینش شاهنامه، برم نای جر یوان ف و یوری شواهنامه نوی و سوی من صوور از ع و صور سا سوانی وتوا
شاهنامه سرائی منظوت در دوره سامانی است. هدف فردوسی تعالی بخشیدن به هویت ایرانی در پیو ون ود
با گذشتهی ایران باستان است. او با زبانی روان و گویا، شور و شوعور اجت مواعی را م شوتانانه در ج هوت
خردورزی و پاسداشت هویت سیاسی و اخلانی بر میانگیزاند تا این روایات راستین تاریخی، در من و ظور
عات باور شده و با حرارت حماسی محفوظ بماند.
علل بروز و تداوت این جریان تاریخی به ویژه پرداختن فردوسی به میراث فرهنگی ا یوران با سوتان
در نالب نظم شاهنامه، بیان مسئله در پژوهش حاضر میبا شود. همانگو ن وه کوه ا یون تحد ویو متر صود
پاسخگوئی به این سوال اساسی است که شاهنامه را ثمرۀ کدات ب سوتر ف یوری می تووان دان سوت و و چوه
شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی موجب سرایش آن شد؟
روش تحدی در این مداله، تحلیلی_ توصیفی و م تنی بر روایات تاریخی است.
کلید واژهها: خداینامه، شاهنامه سرایی، عصر سامانیان، فردوسی
آخرین کوشش برای بازپس گیری قزوین در سال 335 نیم قرن طول کشید. سلطه بر
قزوین به سه سبب صورت گرفت: بهانه مقابله با تعرض قوای علویان؛ حمایت خلیفه
عباسی در سرکوب مخالفان سیاسی، مذهبی و توان جنگی امیر اسماعیل سامانی. بر
اثر ضعف داخلی، تسلط بر قزوین تنها با تقویت حاکمان دیلمی دست نشانده ممکن
بود. سرداران دیلمی در آغاز موجب تثبیت سامانیان در غرب خراسان و رضایت
عباسیان شدند، ولی با گذشت اندک زمانی، همچون مدعیان بر سامانیان و در جامۀ
مؤسسان دولتهای زیاریان و بویهیان سر برآوردند. تقارن میان قدرت یابی دیلمیان و
تضعیف سامانیان، سبب ناکامی در استیلا بر قزوین و دیگر نواحی مرکزی ایران بود و
دولت سامانیان تا پایان حیات در 395 دیگر بر قزوین دست نیافت. رفتار امیران
سامانی با مردم قزوین در تاریخ ایران، نمونه ای از مردمسالاری بوده است. در مقاله
حاضر به این سؤال پاسخ داده می شود که تسلط پنجاه ساله سامانیان بر قزوین چه
تاثیری بر اوضاع این ناحیه داشت؟
کلید واژه ها: قزوین، ری، علویان طبرستان، دیلمیان، سامانیان.
Studying the historiography of Iran's neighboring countries, and how they view the
shared heritage and history of the past, is a field for scholarly dialogue among
thinkers. The present article attempts to consider the focus of their viewpoints on
analyzing the approach of Tajikistan scholars to the Samanid as a shared heritage
and tries to consider their complementary efforts in contemporary Iranian research.
Tajik historians in the Soviet era, providing a platform for ethnic identity, directed
the historiography. The same way, emphasizing the identity-building aspect of the
Samanid, especially during Amir Ismail Samani, sought a practical model of a
"statesman" and "Amir 'Adel." They are vaguely searching for another identity in the
Soviet Union, especially among the Turk and Tajik people, who, fortunately, have
not yet been at odds with the Iranian identity. Independent historiography seeks to
find the positive side of identity in "Amir Ismail himself" and the opposing side in
"Uzbek and Uzbekistan". Although this approach has imposed some methodological
and content shortcomings on Tajik historians during independence, it continues to
pay special attention to Iranian research and its perpetuation and avoid an aggressive
approach to Iranian culture.
Keywords: Historical Research. Samanid’s Government, National identity,
Tajikistan Independence, Tajik Historians.
in battle with the Saffarids, the Alawids of Tabarestan and some Turk’s
tribes bordering the eastern of Khorasan and Transoxiana. However, the
intensification of the arrogance of the armies from the fourth century
disrupted the court affairs and governance of the Samanid government
and made the ministers and the court obey the sword. The main
question of this study is if the invasions of the Qarakhanids caused the
collapse of the Samanids or the engendered stability of the Ghaznavid
Turks?
The findings of the study show that if we assume the fall of the Samanids
as a blow from the commanders of Ale-Afrasiab, undoubtedly the
bedrock of this collapse should be considered in the preparations of the
Ghaznavid generals to eliminate the Iranian Samanids. The fall of
Bukhara by the Qarakhanids was really influenced by the fall of
Neishabour by the Ghaznavids.
This problem of this study concerns the consolidation and
strengthening of the Ghaznavids, not the Qarakhanids' invasions. It was
the greed of the Ghaznavids that was aroused by the invasions of the
Qarakhanids and provided the final excuse for the removal of the
Samanids. Even the jurists of Transoxiana gradually confirmed the rule
of the Ghaznavids. The Qatawan peace treaty clearly realized the real
division of power between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids on both
sides of the Oxus.
The research method is analytical-descriptive and documented to the
main sources of the fourth and fifth centuries.
Keywords: invasion of the Qarakhanids, rebellion of the Ghaznavids,
the fall of Bukhara, peace of Qatawan, collapse of the Samanid.
In such a storm of fire and blood, the sword of a Dailamid’s skirmishers in the boiling furnace of Tabarestan events, instigated and devised by the Samanids, undoubtedly laid the foundation of the dialectic governments, not only the fate of Iran; Rather, it will transform the political and military life of Islamic lands and the caliphate. The result was that Tabarestan, which itself did not have the requisite integrity to establish a stable government at the beginning of the fourth century AH, was subject to political stability by the end of the fourth century.
The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on references to sources and references.
Keywords: Tabarestan, Woshmgir, Ale-Ziar, Ale-Bouyid, Samanid’s Intervention.