Editando Llingües d'Estaos Xuníos (seición)

== Llingües indíxenes norteamericanes ==
[[Ficheru:Americanindiansmapcensusbureau.gif|thumb|250px|Reserves indies n'Estaos Xuníos, onde se falen inda más d'un centenar de [[llingües indíxenes d'América|llingües indíxenes]].]]
Antes del asentamientu de los europeos en Norteamérica falábense gran cantidá de llingües nos territorios que más tarde formaríen parte de los Estaos Xuníos. Estes llingües siguieron falándose profusamente mientres siquier dos sieglos más, la mayoría de llingües fueron perdiendo falantes y munches hanse escastáu (namái unes poques tienen más falantes na actualidá qu'a principios del sieglu XIX). En delles partes d'Estaos Xuníos, principalmente en ciertes [[reserva india|reserves indies]], siguen falándose y tienen un númberu abondu de falantes fluentes. La mayor parte de les [[llingües de Norteamérica|llingües indíxenes]] que se siguen falando tán severamente [[llingua amenazada|amenaciaes]], yá qu'en munchos casos tienen pocos falantes, les mayor parte d'ellos vieyos o de mediana edá, ente que les nueves xeneraciones d'indíxenas usen mayoritariamente l'inglés y tienen un manexu deficiente de la so llingua ancestral.

Escontra 2008, el númberu de falantes de llingües indíxenes autóctones d'Estaos Xuníos yera de 373.949, pertenecientes a 135 llingües natives qu'inda se falen nel territoriu.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls "Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006-2008 : Release Date: April, 2010" (XLS)]. Census.gov. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</ref>

=== Principales llingües indíxenes ===
Acordies con el [https://www.census.gov/mp/www/spectab/languagespokenSTP224.xls censu de 2000] y otres encuestes llingüístiques, la llingua indíxena con mayor númberu de falantes anguaño n'Estaos Xuníos ye'l [[idioma navajo|navajo (navaho)]]. Les otres llingües n'orde d'importancia numbérica son el [[idioma cheroqui|cheroqui]] y el [[idioma choctaw|choctaw]].

<!-- [[Navajo language|Navajo]] is an [[Athabascan languages|Athabascan language]] with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Utah]], in addition to smaller numbers of speakers across the country. [[Dakota language|Dakota]] is a [[Siouan languages|Siouan language]] with 18,000 speakers in the US alone (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related [[Lakota language|Lakota]]. Most speakers live in the states of [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]]. [[Yupik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]] is an [[Eskimo-Aleut languages|Eskimo-Aleut language]] with 16,000 speakers, most of whom live in Alaska. [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] belongs to the [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian language family]], and had about 22,000 speakers as of 2005.<ref>Ben Frey, [https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/f05.cherokee.language.pdf A Look at the Cherokee Language], North Carolina Museum of History, from Tar Heel Junior Historien 45:1 (fall 2005).</ref>

The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S., but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language. Recent efforts to conserve and increase the Cherokee language in [[Oklahoma]] and the Cherokee [[Indian reservation]] in [[North Carolina]] have been productive. [[Western Apache]], with 12,500 speakers, is a [[Southern Athabaskan language]] closely related to Navajo, but not mutually intelligible with it. Most speakers live in [[Arizona]]. The [[O'odham language]], spoken by the [[Pima people|Pima]] and the [[Tohono O'odham]], is a [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan language]] with more than 12,000 speakers, most of whom live in central and southern [[Arizona]] and northern [[Sonora]].

[[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] has 11,000 speakers. One of the [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean language family]], like [[Creek language|Seminole]] and [[Alabama language|Alabama]]. [[Keresan languages|Keres]] has 11,000 speakers. A [[language isolate]], the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations. The Keres pueblo of [[Acoma Pueblu|Acoma]] is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States. [[Zuni language|Zuni]] has 10,000 speakers. Zuni is a language isolate mostly spoken in a single pueblu, [[Zuni Pueblu, New Mexico|Zuni]], the largest in the U.S. [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] has 7,000 speakers (about 55,000 including speakers in Canada). The [[Algic languages|Algonquian language family]] includes populous languages like [[Cree language|Cree]] in Canada.

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=== Llingües indíxenes falaes por estaos ===

Sacante Alaska que tien oficialmente delles llingües indíxenes, nel restu d'estaos punxo la llingua indíxena mayoritaria del estáu como llingua oficial a nivel de tol estáu y les demás ensin oficialidá nun intentu de que siquier una llingua indíxena sobreviviera por estáu.

* Llista d'estaos 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Los 50 estaos de los Estaos Xuníos'''
| [[Alabama]]
| ''State of Alabama''
| [[Idioma alabama]]
|-
| [[Alaska]]
| ''State of Alaska''
| [[Llingües esquimo-aleutianes]]
|-
| [[Arizona]]
| ''State of Arizona''
| [[Llingües apacheanas]], [[Idioma hopi]], [[Idioma navajo]], [[Idioma ute]], [[Idioma zuñi]]
|-
| [[Arkansas]]
| ''State of Arkansas''
| 
|-
| [[California]]
| ''State of California''
| [[Llingües hokanas]], [[Llingües penutíes]]
|-
| [[Carolina del Norte]]
| ''State of North Carolina''
| [[Idioma cheroqui]]
|-
| [[Carolina del Sur]]
| ''State of South Carolina''
| [[Llingües siux]] (o siux-catawba), [[Idioma cheroqui]] 
|-
| [[Colorado]]
| ''State of Colorado''
| [[Idioma navajo]], [[Idioma ute]]
|-
| [[Connecticut]]
| ''State of Connecticut''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Dakota del Norte]]
| ''State of North Dakota''
| [[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota), [[Idioma ojibwa]]
|-
| [[Dakota del Sur]]
| ''State of South Dakota''
| [[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota) 
|-
| [[Delaware]]
| ''State of Delaware''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Florida]]
| ''State of Florida''
| 
|-
| [[Georgia (Estaos Xuníos)|Georgia]]
| ''State of Georgia''
| 
|-
| [[Ḥawai]]
| ''State of Hawaii,<br />Moku'āina o Hawai'i''
| [[Idioma ḥawaianu]]
|-
| [[Idaho]]
| ''State of Idaho''
| [[Idioma shoshoni]]
|-
| [[Illinois]]
| ''State of Illinois''
| [[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Indiana]]
| ''State of Indiana''
| [[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Iowa]]
| ''State of Iowa''
| [[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota)
|-
| [[Kansas]]
| ''State of Kansas''
| [[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota)
|-
| [[Kentucky]]
| ''Commonwealth of Kentucky''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]], [[Idioma cheroqui]], [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Louisiana]]
| ''State of Louisiana,<br />État de Louisiane''
| [[Idioma choctaw]], [[Idioma chitimacha]], [[Llingües muskogueanas]]
|-
| [[Maine]]
| ''State of Maine''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Maryland]]
| ''State of Maryland''
| 
|-
| [[Massachusetts]]
| ''Commonwealth of Massachusetts''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Michigan]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Michigan |títulu=Michigan |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of Michigan''
| [[Idioma ojibwa]], [[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Minnesota]]
| ''State of Minnesota''
| [[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Mississippi]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Mississippi|títulu=Mississippi |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of Mississippi''
| [[Idioma choctaw]]
|-
| [[Missouri]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Missouri|títulu=Missouri |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of Missouri''
| [[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota))
|-
| [[Montana]]
| ''State of Montana''
|[[Idioma cheyenne]], [[Idioma crow]], [[Idioma shoshoni]]
|-
| [[Nebraska]]
| ''State of Nebraska''
| [[Idioma omaha]] ([[Idioma siux]] (tamién llamáu dacuando lakhota o dakhota))
|-
| [[Nevada]]
| ''State of Nevada''
| [[Llingües uto-azteques]], [[Idioma shoshoni]]
|-
| [[Nueva Jersey]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Nueva%20Xerséi |títulu=Nueva Jersey|editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of New Jersey''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Estáu de Nueva York|Nueva York]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Nueva%20York |títulu=Nueva York|editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of New York''
| [[Idioma mohawk]], [[Llingües iroqueses]], [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[New Hampshire]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Nuevu%20Hampshire |títulu=New Hampshire|editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of New Hampshire''
| 
|-
| [[Nuevu Méxicu]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Nuevu%20México |títulu=Nuevu Méxicu |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of New Mexico'',<br />Estáu de Nuevu Méxicu
| [[Idioma lipán]], [[Llingües apacheanas]], [[Idioma navajo]], [[Idioma zuñi]]
|-
| [[Ohio]]
| ''State of Ohio''
|[[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Oklahoma]]
| ''State of Oklahoma''
|[[Idioma choctaw]], [[Llingües apacheanas]], [[Idioma cheyenne]], [[Idioma comanche]], [[Idioma apache kiowa]], [[Idioma alabama]]
|-
| [[Oregón]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Oregón |títulu=Oregón |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of Oregon''
| 
|-
| [[Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Pennsylvania |títulu=Pennsylvania |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''Commonwealth of Pennsylvania''
| [[Llingües iroqueses]], [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Rhode Island]]
| ''State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations''
| [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Tennessee]]
| ''State of Tennessee''
| [[Idioma choctaw]]
|-
| [[Texas]]<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=Texas |títulu=Texas |editorial=[[Real Academia Española]] |obra=[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]] |fecha = ochobre de 2005 |fechaaccesu=21 d'agostu de 2009}}</ref>
| ''State of Texas''
| [[Idioma alabama]]
|-
| [[Utah]]
| ''State of Utah''
|[[Idioma shoshoni]], [[Idioma navajo]]
|-
| [[Vermont]]
| ''State of Vermont''
| [[Idioma navajo]], [[Llingües algonquinas]]
|-
| [[Virxinia]]
| ''Commonwealth of Virxinia''
| 
|-
| [[Virxinia Occidental]]
| ''State of West Virginia''
| 
|-
| [[Washington (estáu)|Washington]]
| ''State of Washington''
|
|-
| [[Wisconsin]]
| ''State of Wisconsin''
| [[Llingües iroqueses]]
|-
| [[Wyoming]]
| ''State of Wyoming''
| [[Idioma shoshoni]]
|-
|}

=== Diversidá llingüística ===
{{ap|Diversidá llingüística}}
Amás de les llingües mentaes munches otres llingües indíxenes fálense inda dientro del territoriu estauxunidense. Amás la so diversidá interna ye enorme una y bones les llingües qu'inda se falen pertenecen a 28 [[familia llingüística|families llingüístiques]] distintes:

{| border="3" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 2em 2em 2em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|
* [[llingües álgicas|F. álgica]]
* [[llingües alseas|F. alseana]]
* [[llingües atabascanes|F. atabascana]]
* [[llingües caddoanas|F. cadoana]]
* [[llingües chimaku|F. chimaku]]
* [[llingües chinook|F. chinook]]
* [[llingües chumash|F. chumash]]
* [[llingües comecrudas|F. comecrudana]]
* [[llingües kusanas|F. cusana]]
* [[llingües esquimo-aleutianes|F. esquimo–aleutiana]]
* [[llingües iroqueses|F. iroquesa]]
* [[llingües kalapuya|F. kalapuya]]
* [[llingües maidu|F. maidu]]
* [[llingües muskogueanas|F. muskogui]]
|
* [[llingües palaihnihanas|F. palaihnihana]]
* [[llingües penutíes del Pandu|F. penutia mesetaria]]
* [[llingües pomo|F. pomo]]
* [[llingües salish|F. salish]]
* [[llingües shasta|F. shasta]]
* [[llingües siux|F. siux]]
* [[llingües tanoanas|F. tano]]
* [[llingües tsimshiánicas|F. tsimshiánica]]
* [[llingües uti|F. uti]]<ref name="yok-uti">Apocayá comprobóse'l parentescu ente les families uti y yokuts: Catherine A. Callaghan (1997): "Evidence for Yok-Utian", International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 63, Non. 1 (Jan., 1997), páxs. 18-64.</ref>
* [[llingües utoazteques|F. utoazateca]]
* [[llingües wakash|F. wakash]]
* [[llingües wintu|F. wintu]]
* [[llingües yokuts|F. yokuts]]<ref name="yok-uti" />
* [[llingües yumanas|F. yumana]]
|}

<!-- In addition to the above list of families, there are many languages in the United States that are sufficiently well-known to attempt to classify but which have not been shown to be related to any other language in the world. These 25 language isolates are listed below. With further study, some of these will likely prove to be related to each other or to one of the established families. There are also larger and more contentious proposals such as [[Penutian]] and [[Hokan languages|Hokan]].

{| border="3" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 2em 2em 2em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|
* [[Adai language|Adai]]
* [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
* [[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
* [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
* [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]
* [[Coahuilteco language|Coahuilteco]]
* [[Esselen language|Esselen]]
* [[Haida language|Haida]]
* [[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
* [[Karok language|Karok]]
* [[Keres language|Keres]]
* [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]]
* [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
|
* [[Salinan language|Salinan]]
* [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]]
* [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
* [[Timucua language|Timucua]]
* [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
* [[Tunica language|Tunica]]
* [[Washo language|Washo]]
* [[Yana language|Yana]]
* [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
* [[Yuki language|Yuki]]
* [[Wappo language|Wappo]]
* [[Zuni language|Zuni]]
|}

Since the languages in the Americas have a history stretching for about 17,000 to 12,000 years, current knowledge of American languages is limited. There are doubtless a number of languages that were spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record.

====Native American sign languages====
A sign-language [[trade]] [[pidgin]], known as '''[[Plains Indian Sign Language]]''' or '''Plains Standard''', arose among the [[Plains Indians]]. Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language, that was used by the hearing, and these were not mutually intelligible. Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations. It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north, through the [[Great Plains]], as far as [[British Columbia]]. There are still a few users today, especially among the [[Crow Indians|Crow]], [[Cheyenne Indians|Cheyenne]], and [[Arapaho]]. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages.
 -->