Papers by Farshid Iravani Ghadim
Iranian Journal of Anthropology, 2021
Abstract
In the study of the migration route of Eurasian immigrant warrior ethnics from east to w... more Abstract
In the study of the migration route of Eurasian immigrant warrior ethnics from east to west and in order to recognize the cultural characteristics of these ethnics in the north and northwest of Iran, their characteristic burial culture that is called Kurgan burial culture is evaluated and identified in the area assigned for investigation. Due to clarify the presence of these Eurasian nomadic warrior ethnics, the following questions have been designed: What are the basic cultural findings on which can we explain the presence of nomadic ethnics of Eurasian steppe in Iran? In how many types the Kurgans of north and northwest of Iran can be structurally identifiable? On what basis can their subsistent economy be existed?
in order to answer these questions, we analyzed Kurgans and their role in the Transregional cultural relations and have used an analytical fundamental method. Recognizing to the ambiguities of the presence of these ethnics in the area, we have focused on examining the typology of Kurgans as a merely characteristic of these ethnics burial architecture and compared them among neighboring cultural basins. On the basis of the derived data, the role of Kurgans in the life of these ethnics and in their regional and transregional relationship came under analysis
Keywords
Nomadic warrior ethnics of Eurasia, North and Northwest of Iran, Burial, Kurgan
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2021
Abstract
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork a... more Abstract
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork and case studies in some regions like Tabas city have been insignificant and archaeologists were not interested in working there. However, recent archaeological surveys have provided valuable findings for researchers. Specific geographical location and the connection as a natural corridor among central Asia, North of Khorasan, southeast of Iran, and central plateau of Iran, which was made by central desert, can be a great cause of archaeological studies in this region to get better understanding of ancient cultures from east of Iran. Therefore, to achieve perfect understanding over Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC), and the way it was developed across the east of Iran and its intercultural issues with other regions, all of them would demand completed archaeological studies at the same time with this culture in central east. Recent archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) in central east were led to recognize several settlements and some new cemeteries located on the east for this culture. Bekanda site in Tabas is one of the significant sites in central east in which many evidences of the Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) have been observed. This site is located beside the permanent river and of course, it was damaged dramatically. According to archaeological evidences it appears that Bekanda is a cemetery correlated with Bronze Age and associated with Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC). The main sources of this research have been chosen from the library sources and excavations of Bekanda of Tabas. This excavation was done for determining and recommending the border of this site, then these findings were analyzed and interpreted in theoretical studies. This paper intends to introduce and describing Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) at the eastern Part of central Desert of Iran; furthermore, its results can demonstrate different aspects of this culture.
Keyword: South Khorasan, Great Khorasan Culture (GKC), BMAC, Bekanda site.
NTV Tarih, 2011
The turtle shell attested in Kurgan 8 from the excavations of Jafar-Abad and Tu Ali-Sofla kurgans... more The turtle shell attested in Kurgan 8 from the excavations of Jafar-Abad and Tu Ali-Sofla kurgans (in northwestern Iran), is the carapace of an animal belonging to the family Testudiniae sp. and was adapted to make a stringed instrument by a talented hand. It is 18 cm long and 15 cm wide. It was cut into a circle before being ornamented with incised designs. As stated above, it was found together with a bone fingerpick. It is supposed that the excavated tomb was belonged to a Shaman because of stringed musical instrument introduced from kurgan 8, with numerous and various womanish bronze artifacts. The material culture from Kurgan 8 could be dated to the Iron Age II (ca.1200- 800 B.C). The instrument is paralleled in a representation on a terracotta tablet from Susa dated to the second millennium BC The tradition of making musical instruments from tortoises shell, an earliest example of which is introduced here, has continued into the modern period, even possibly retaining the ancient forms.
https://www.academia.edu/38380117/ANIMAL_REMAINS_EXCAVATED_AT_JAFAR_ABAD_AND_TU_AL%C4%B0_SOFLA_KURGANS_NORTHWEST_IRAN_2010_AND_2013_SEASONS_T%C3%9CBA-AR_23._2018_pp.101-120
Archaeological Researches of Iran, 2020
Abstract
Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan Archaeology in recent... more Abstract
Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan Archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. This area comprises two parts from landscape: mountainous and plain. These parts have provided environmentally favorable locations for settlements formation in past. As the formation of early settlements have always been dependent to environmental factors. one of these approaches in archeological studies is the study of the settlement pattern and analysis investigating the formation process of archeological sites in environmental contexts. It seems human interactions with the environment in the South Plain of Sarayan causing a distinct landscape. Information and awareness of settlement pattern of area could improve the perception of its cultural landscapes. In the past, this kind of analysis was done through traditional methods but nowadays analysis of settlement pattern is done by different software like ArcGIS that results in real and accurate information. The present study investigates 16 settlements of the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages in Sarayan region that were identified in archaeological survey of Sarayan. This research studies the settlement pattern recognition of the pre-historic period in this region for the first time. The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chronological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography. Accordingly, various variables were analyzed such as precipitation, rivers and environmental contexts. These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers in this region.
Keywords: Settlement Patterns, Chalcolithic Period, Bronze Age, Archaeological Survey, Sarayan.
Introduction
The interaction between human and her surrounding environment creates cultural landscapes in nature. It is a reciprocal relationship. The environment forms the basis of culture by its capabilities and limitations and cultures adapt to the environment by using environmental features and overcome environmental constraints and lead to the formation of landscape in environmental contexts. Influence of human on the natural environment has always provided a spatial distinction in terms of population and habitat density and it has caused the formation of specific patterns of habitation in different ancient periods. The interaction in between human and environment is important in settlement pattern discussion, as human and environmental conditions have influenced each other in a same place; In other words, human has changed the environment to his advantage as much as affected by the environmental factors. This effect has made some changes in the environment and human behavior. What we know as culture –the human distinctive feature- is the result of this adaptation and behavior basically. The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human, cannot be considered out of the environment.
Khorasan province which is located among the cultural area of southwestern central Asia, northeastern of central plateau and northeastern Iran is one of the unexplored but important regions in archaeological investigation in Iran. Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. Sarayan region is located in North West South Khorasan relatively cool climate and the mountain. Plains and mountains around the Sarayan have been quite capable of living in different moments of human life. Surveys accomplished in this area show that happened the peak of progress and cultural development in the fourth and third millennium BC.
Research Questions: The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages.
Research Hypotheses: These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers.
Research Method: The method of collecting data are field and libraries. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chornological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography.
Discussion
Archaeological survey of central district of Sarayan started in 2011. In this study were discovered different sites from pre-historic to contemporary period. Most of these sites are related from the 4th to 2th millennium BC. Generally, the distribution of these settlements is due to geographical and human factors. In fact, geography has been influenced in all stages of life of human societies. Another factor is the human factor. In fact, the purpose of the human factor is both nomadic and sedentary societies who live more close to each other.
Of total identified settlements in the Sarayan rgion, only 3 sites have been created in mountainous areas and 13 sites in the southern plain of Sarayan. It seems that there are more sites in this plain but they have been buried under the sands over time due to the abundance of sand and heavy winds. However, it is difficult to identify ancient settlements in mountainous areas due to specific topographical conditions and impassable mountains. Undoubtedly, these settlements continue in the northern half of 3Qale district,that needs a systematic survey to obtain a comprehensive scale of the prehistoric sites and their location in the region. In general, of all the identified settlements in this survey, pre-historic settlements inclusive for about 11% of the total identified settlements of the central district.
The samples of pottery collected from the surface of prehistoric settlements are the most of the data related to this period in this region that used for typology and chronology. The results of these studies show the many similarities of the Sarayan pottery traditions with the central plateau, northeast of Iran, southeast of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan regions. The typological results of these sites show that these sites are from the 5th to 2th millennium BC.
Conclusion
The results of the present study show that except for 3 sites including Nodeh, Zou, and tappeh Pas-e- Borj, the other settlements are located in the southern part of Sarayan and in one settlement line. So that all sites are located in the southern plain and southern jungle or on the farmlands. Sandy bedding and strong winds have buried most of these sites under the soil, and this is a potential threat to these sites that may remain unknown or destroyed.
Statistics show that 80% of the settlements are formed in lowly and sandy plains with very low slope and only 20% of settlements are formed in higher and sub montane areas. It should be known that this model has been tested based on surface surveys and for this reason, it may not be able to cover some sites and settlements. As mentioned, it may many sites have been covered by sedimentation and sandstorms. It is also possible some of the sites within the Jungle and the Southern Plains of Sarayan in the pre-historic times have been created to temporary settlement. Because this nomadic life was prevalent in this region in Islamic period. Ethno-archeology models can help us in this context.
Keywords
Settlement Patterns Chalcolithic Period Bronze Age Archaeological Survey Sarayan
Archaeological Researches of Iran, 2019
Abstract
New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Ca... more Abstract
New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Caucasus indicate accumulation of Achaemenid artistic data and the effects of Persian style in architecture that include palaces, columned halls and room, gates, and rock cut tombs. Achaemenid traces and the traces which related to the new art families in the cultural area of Black Sea were taken from different regions such as Anatolia, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At Satrapi of Thrace, Borysa and Doriskos along with a royal residence were built. In Pontus and Oluz Höyük, Achaemenid palaces with column base were made; in Qaracamirli, Azerbaijan, east and central Georgia, historical monuments similar to Achaemenid cases and rockcut tombs affected by Achaemenid architecture have identified in Anatolia. We see a sort of unity in construction and decoration in the obtained works of cultural area of Black Sea that, due to the volume of Achaemenid architecture works, the need for a comprehensive, scientific, and objective research will pose in this regard. The questions raised in this study are: 1- How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How to form the art style “Ionic - Achaemenid” on the architectural monuments of the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? Are. The results of this research show that following the Achaemenid court style, the Achaemenid architecture has been harmonized in the field of study. Also, in the western part of Anatolia, after the formation of a new artistic style called Ionian-Achaemenid, it has had a direct impact on the architecture of this period in the field of study. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea, South Caucasus (Transcaucasia), Achaemenid Architecture.
Introduction
The great Cyrus after the conquest of Lydia and the observation of the magnificent religious buildings and the highly developed architecture of those lands, the thought of creating an appropriate capital came to his mind and a group of Ionic and Lydian stonemasons were brought to the Persia. The footprints of these architects can be seen in Pasargad, which include elements such as platforms, columns and clamps used for fastening the stone blocks. Because the Achaemenid architecture has a certain harmony and proportion and also the most important building of this art period is the majestic palaces of the Achaemenid kings, it could be considered as an art index of this era. This artistic index is recognizable in the Achaemenid dominated lands, which can be cited as an indication of the construction of the Achaemenid nobility or the influence of Achaemenid architecture. Also, in the central part of the Black Sea coastal regions, archeological finds belonging directly to the Achaemenids or they say the Achaemenid influence on them (Dönmez, 2007: 108). The discovered traces which belong to pre-historic, beginning historic and historic era in the cultural region of Black Sea show the importance of this cultural region in different ages. With Cyrus conquest of Lydia and the conquest by Darius I (514 Bc) and his war with Scythians of south Danube and the occupation of Thrace region a new era of culture and art began.
Objectives and Necessity of Research
The purpose of this research is to identify the presence of Achaemenids in the South Caucasus and the Black Sea cultural area. Considerable volume of Achaemenid architecture works in the field of study and identify a kind of unity in the construction and decorating of these works the need for comprehensive, scientific and targeted research.
Research Question: Questions raised in this study are: 1-How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How does the formation of the Ionian-Achaemenid artistic style on the architectural monuments of the Black Sea region and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era?
Research Method: The issue of this research is how the Achaemenid architecture is synonymous with the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Discussion
Architectural works identified in the South Caucasus is include rock cut tombs, palaces, columned halls, gates and temples.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, four rocky tombs were identified: in Paphlagonia in Donalar, Salarkoy, Terelik and Afırözü. The tomb plan is a combination of Ionian and Achaemenid and local elements, but independent of the progress of other places in Anatolia. Rock-cut tombs display Achaemenid symbols in Paphlagonia and also shows the continuation of that in Hellenic Paphlagonia.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, Five palaces included Sari-Tepe palace, Gumbati Palace, a historiacal building complex in Benjamin, Qarajamirli (Ghorban Tepe) palace and Oluz Höyük palace were identified. The plans of these palaces as well as small findings represent the remains of Achaemenid culture.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area Two columned halls included Argishti-Hinili and Erebuni columned halls were identified. These columned halls and pottery found at these places, which closely follow the forms of Achaemenid pottery, show close links with the Achaemenid centers.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, One propyleion was identified in Qarajamirli.
In this place, the column base, which is a typical piece of the Achaemenid architectural decoration and examples of that known in Susa and Persepolis. Also the large clay brick building, that plan and its dimensions are close to similar buildings in Pasargad and Susa.
Five temples included samadlo ritual tower and the temples of Zikhiagora, Sairkhe temple, Zela temple and Oluz Höyük temple were identified. Found Items are similar to Achaemenid architecture.
Conclusion
Although the Achaemenid architecture has always been influenced by the other tribes architecture of the specific regions in its realm, but if we call that imitation, then this imitation has not been passive act, and it could be said that the architecture of Iran during the Achaemenid was an eclectic kind of art. Some scholars named that court style or royal style.
Now based on so far archeological founds associated with the Achaemenid territory around the Black Sea, Caucasus and the South Caucasus, new sort of art forms in this area. And this new art is a combination of the native art of the conquered regions and the main Achaemenian centers of the time. New archaeological excavations in this cultural region represent the accumulation of Achaemenid culture material and Persian influences in the architecture.
The art of Satrapi, due to the influence of the Achaemenid art of the court as well as the additions and omissions, created a new kind of style that could be called artistic style of “Ionic-Achaemenid” work. This new style is believed to have been emerged in the western part of Anatolia and Cyprus and then have extended to the entire Achaemenid Empire.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) Achaemenid architecture
پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ, 2018
The data collected from friezes and cornices can help one know about the geographic history of a ... more The data collected from friezes and cornices can help one know about the geographic history of a land. The Mesopotamian scripts since Ur III to the early middle Elamite period, mentioned a land named Tukrish which exported gold, lapis lazuli, chlorite, and marbled dishes to Mesopotamia. This paper studies the Mesopotamian written resources and compares them with the documents discovered in the archeological excavations of BMAC in the Northeast Iran and South Turkmenistan. Based on this comparative study, the paper intends to locate Tukrish somewhere within the boundaries of Northeast Iran and South Turkmenistan. In this comparative study, the traded products of Tukrish which have been listed in the Mesopotamian scripts were assessed against the Mesopotamian domestic products and the items discovered in the excavations of BMAC settlements. The most important questions concerned how the scripts correspond to the iconographic and geographic history interpretations and how the archeological discoveries in the area match the list of the traded products in the Mesopotamian scripts. The results indicated that the list of the traded products from Tukrish, detailed in the Mesopotamian scripts, correspond to the products and merchandise of BMAC. Moreover, BMAC is chronologically contemporaneous with Tukrish, as mentioned in the Mesopotamian scripts. Considering these points and the cultural-artistic propinquity between the Northeast Iran-South Turkmenistan region and Mesopotamia at that point in history, the study suggests Tukrish be positioned somewhere within the cultural-geographic limits of BMAC.
IJFPS, Vol 5, No 3, 2015
North east of Iran has been of crucial importance compared to other areas due to important routes... more North east of Iran has been of crucial importance compared to other areas due to important routes crossing it. From the perspective of archaeologists, the expansion of regional and trans-regional trade exchanges is an evidence of Bronze Age in Iran. Resistive animals in land trade are of crucial importance. Chariots and wheeled vehicles were important transportation means in Bronze Age. Wheeled chariots became prevalent in north east of Iran and four-wheeled chariots replaced two-wheeled ones over time. At first they were drawn by cow power, but then animals like camels and equids replaced cows. Considering the importance of adequate and appropriate means of transporting goods and trade materials in one hand, and the strategic and special role of the north east of the Iranian Plateau on the other hand, this paper attempts to study and recognize transportation means used in this area in Bronze Age, using archaeological documents and data.
پژوهشهای باستان شناسی ایران, 2018
Megaron - shaped buildings are one of the specific kinds of rectangular architecture that have b... more Megaron - shaped buildings are one of the specific kinds of rectangular architecture that have been used for many centuries, as a common form, within a wide geographical range from West Asia to Europe. These types of buildings were built in central, east, and southeast of Europe, Anatolia, Aegean Cultural Area, and Eastern Mediterranean coast. The oldest remains of Megaron-shaped architectural structures were found in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Levant area), in an archaeological site near the Jordan River, dating back to the seventh millennium BC. In addition, the first remains of Megaron-shaped structures in Anatolia were found in the site of Troy (the Hissarlik Hill), which dates back to the beginning of the third millennium and the end of the fourth millennium BC. The historical and cultural influence of this architectural style can be seen in the architectural traditions of classical antiquity in Greece and Roman civilization, especially in the construction of residential houses and temples. The oldest written documentary evidence and reference about Megaron, as an architectural structure, has been identified in the poems of Homer, an ancient Greek poet. There are hypotheses about the origin of the word Megaron that refers it to the Semitic or Egyptian languages, but they have not provided sufficient evidence for their assumptions. Therefore, there is generally more agreement on the theory that the root of the word Megaron is Indo-European. Academic awareness and research around the first forms of this architecture have made major progress since 1870 and after archaeological excavation at the west of Turkey and Greece. The period in which this architecture was invented and used is synchronous with the widespread social complexity, cultural and economic changes in the western Anatolian, Aegean, and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The spread of geographic extent, time period, and functional characteristics of Megaron buildings have led to the formation of different and sometimes contradictory views and opinions about the structure and concepts associated with the architecture of the Megaron. This form of building and its derivatives, in Anatolia and its surrounding territories, are specifically used as religious, ritual or political centers (ceremonial), workshops, public buildings, and especially residential buildings. Hence, in accordance with different functions, many secondary functional structural ingredients have been created. This research was conducted because of the historical background and importance of the Megaron and its role in the history of Anatolian architecture, and is based on official archaeological reports in mentioned areas, and historical sources. It also addresses the issue of how the definition of the Megaron architecture can be redefined by considering different and sometimes conflicting views. In this regard, the Megaron is usually a rectangular building or a right-corner construction divided into two sections by two lateral walls, the larger section (main hall), and the smaller one (vestibule). These features, regardless of other features, form the basic skeleton of the structure. In this regard, the Megaron type architecture is divided into two groups of single-structure and complexes. Secondary structures in this type of architecture are divided into two groups: structural extensions and non-structural extensions. In defining this architecture, we should not ignore variable criteria dependent on secondary factors. It should be considered that the Megaron architecture is not a fixed form with definite and absolute elements, but according to efficiency, the era, or geographic location, other functional parts may exist. In this research, in the Anatolian region, considering various indicators and important Megaron structures still more information exists to be explored about these structures apart from the One hundred and seventy-one buildings identified, reviewed, and introduced to this date.
پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ, 2017
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2014
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2013
Journal of Archaeology of Cultural Persia , 2012
From engraved metal artifacts of bronze land (Luristan), it should be referred to unique objects ... more From engraved metal artifacts of bronze land (Luristan), it should be referred to unique objects named disc pin head that are from makeup, ritual and religious requirements. Different types of these pinheads are observed from graves, temples and also on deco rational motive of figures applied in decoration motive of figures applied in decoration of pinhead. Building pinheads began from the late of third millennium B.C and continue to the first half of first millennium B.C. Disk pinheads have much more diversity and different species that at eight and nine centuries B.C reach to its peak of development and beauty. Disk pinheads is composed of one flat engraved head and one bar that often are made of bronze and sometimes both bronze and iron with two methods. Molted in mold and hammering. Pin heads are divided into two disc pinheads: circle and square and based on motive and deco rational subjects on its disk are divided into several motive and subjects that are geometrical, herbal, human, animal and combinational motives, Key questions pacing present researcher are: 1) what is the objective of building and decoration of these pinheads? 2) Why these objects are often obtained from grave and temples? In present writing. In addition to answer the questions and considering and analyzing the motive of these pinheads from the art and visual perspective, it is tried to offer the integrated and rationale analysis based on motive typology, use kind, building method, building technique and motive of disc pinheads that are made in bronze and iron age.
Anadolu Araştırmaları - Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschung, 2005
Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 2018
2019 7th Iranian Joint Congress on Fuzzy and Intelligent Systems (CFIS), 2019
In this research, applications of fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy inference systems in archaeology ar... more In this research, applications of fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy inference systems in archaeology are explained. Then, a fuzzy inference system is designed for one of the archaeological indexes called Gender Determination. Rules of such a fuzzy inference system are obtained by using archaeological and osteological concepts. Based on the designed system, one can evaluate the gender of uncovered bones in archaeological studies.
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Papers by Farshid Iravani Ghadim
In the study of the migration route of Eurasian immigrant warrior ethnics from east to west and in order to recognize the cultural characteristics of these ethnics in the north and northwest of Iran, their characteristic burial culture that is called Kurgan burial culture is evaluated and identified in the area assigned for investigation. Due to clarify the presence of these Eurasian nomadic warrior ethnics, the following questions have been designed: What are the basic cultural findings on which can we explain the presence of nomadic ethnics of Eurasian steppe in Iran? In how many types the Kurgans of north and northwest of Iran can be structurally identifiable? On what basis can their subsistent economy be existed?
in order to answer these questions, we analyzed Kurgans and their role in the Transregional cultural relations and have used an analytical fundamental method. Recognizing to the ambiguities of the presence of these ethnics in the area, we have focused on examining the typology of Kurgans as a merely characteristic of these ethnics burial architecture and compared them among neighboring cultural basins. On the basis of the derived data, the role of Kurgans in the life of these ethnics and in their regional and transregional relationship came under analysis
Keywords
Nomadic warrior ethnics of Eurasia, North and Northwest of Iran, Burial, Kurgan
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork and case studies in some regions like Tabas city have been insignificant and archaeologists were not interested in working there. However, recent archaeological surveys have provided valuable findings for researchers. Specific geographical location and the connection as a natural corridor among central Asia, North of Khorasan, southeast of Iran, and central plateau of Iran, which was made by central desert, can be a great cause of archaeological studies in this region to get better understanding of ancient cultures from east of Iran. Therefore, to achieve perfect understanding over Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC), and the way it was developed across the east of Iran and its intercultural issues with other regions, all of them would demand completed archaeological studies at the same time with this culture in central east. Recent archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) in central east were led to recognize several settlements and some new cemeteries located on the east for this culture. Bekanda site in Tabas is one of the significant sites in central east in which many evidences of the Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) have been observed. This site is located beside the permanent river and of course, it was damaged dramatically. According to archaeological evidences it appears that Bekanda is a cemetery correlated with Bronze Age and associated with Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC). The main sources of this research have been chosen from the library sources and excavations of Bekanda of Tabas. This excavation was done for determining and recommending the border of this site, then these findings were analyzed and interpreted in theoretical studies. This paper intends to introduce and describing Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) at the eastern Part of central Desert of Iran; furthermore, its results can demonstrate different aspects of this culture.
Keyword: South Khorasan, Great Khorasan Culture (GKC), BMAC, Bekanda site.
https://www.academia.edu/38380117/ANIMAL_REMAINS_EXCAVATED_AT_JAFAR_ABAD_AND_TU_AL%C4%B0_SOFLA_KURGANS_NORTHWEST_IRAN_2010_AND_2013_SEASONS_T%C3%9CBA-AR_23._2018_pp.101-120
Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan Archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. This area comprises two parts from landscape: mountainous and plain. These parts have provided environmentally favorable locations for settlements formation in past. As the formation of early settlements have always been dependent to environmental factors. one of these approaches in archeological studies is the study of the settlement pattern and analysis investigating the formation process of archeological sites in environmental contexts. It seems human interactions with the environment in the South Plain of Sarayan causing a distinct landscape. Information and awareness of settlement pattern of area could improve the perception of its cultural landscapes. In the past, this kind of analysis was done through traditional methods but nowadays analysis of settlement pattern is done by different software like ArcGIS that results in real and accurate information. The present study investigates 16 settlements of the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages in Sarayan region that were identified in archaeological survey of Sarayan. This research studies the settlement pattern recognition of the pre-historic period in this region for the first time. The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chronological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography. Accordingly, various variables were analyzed such as precipitation, rivers and environmental contexts. These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers in this region.
Keywords: Settlement Patterns, Chalcolithic Period, Bronze Age, Archaeological Survey, Sarayan.
Introduction
The interaction between human and her surrounding environment creates cultural landscapes in nature. It is a reciprocal relationship. The environment forms the basis of culture by its capabilities and limitations and cultures adapt to the environment by using environmental features and overcome environmental constraints and lead to the formation of landscape in environmental contexts. Influence of human on the natural environment has always provided a spatial distinction in terms of population and habitat density and it has caused the formation of specific patterns of habitation in different ancient periods. The interaction in between human and environment is important in settlement pattern discussion, as human and environmental conditions have influenced each other in a same place; In other words, human has changed the environment to his advantage as much as affected by the environmental factors. This effect has made some changes in the environment and human behavior. What we know as culture –the human distinctive feature- is the result of this adaptation and behavior basically. The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human, cannot be considered out of the environment.
Khorasan province which is located among the cultural area of southwestern central Asia, northeastern of central plateau and northeastern Iran is one of the unexplored but important regions in archaeological investigation in Iran. Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. Sarayan region is located in North West South Khorasan relatively cool climate and the mountain. Plains and mountains around the Sarayan have been quite capable of living in different moments of human life. Surveys accomplished in this area show that happened the peak of progress and cultural development in the fourth and third millennium BC.
Research Questions: The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages.
Research Hypotheses: These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers.
Research Method: The method of collecting data are field and libraries. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chornological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography.
Discussion
Archaeological survey of central district of Sarayan started in 2011. In this study were discovered different sites from pre-historic to contemporary period. Most of these sites are related from the 4th to 2th millennium BC. Generally, the distribution of these settlements is due to geographical and human factors. In fact, geography has been influenced in all stages of life of human societies. Another factor is the human factor. In fact, the purpose of the human factor is both nomadic and sedentary societies who live more close to each other.
Of total identified settlements in the Sarayan rgion, only 3 sites have been created in mountainous areas and 13 sites in the southern plain of Sarayan. It seems that there are more sites in this plain but they have been buried under the sands over time due to the abundance of sand and heavy winds. However, it is difficult to identify ancient settlements in mountainous areas due to specific topographical conditions and impassable mountains. Undoubtedly, these settlements continue in the northern half of 3Qale district,that needs a systematic survey to obtain a comprehensive scale of the prehistoric sites and their location in the region. In general, of all the identified settlements in this survey, pre-historic settlements inclusive for about 11% of the total identified settlements of the central district.
The samples of pottery collected from the surface of prehistoric settlements are the most of the data related to this period in this region that used for typology and chronology. The results of these studies show the many similarities of the Sarayan pottery traditions with the central plateau, northeast of Iran, southeast of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan regions. The typological results of these sites show that these sites are from the 5th to 2th millennium BC.
Conclusion
The results of the present study show that except for 3 sites including Nodeh, Zou, and tappeh Pas-e- Borj, the other settlements are located in the southern part of Sarayan and in one settlement line. So that all sites are located in the southern plain and southern jungle or on the farmlands. Sandy bedding and strong winds have buried most of these sites under the soil, and this is a potential threat to these sites that may remain unknown or destroyed.
Statistics show that 80% of the settlements are formed in lowly and sandy plains with very low slope and only 20% of settlements are formed in higher and sub montane areas. It should be known that this model has been tested based on surface surveys and for this reason, it may not be able to cover some sites and settlements. As mentioned, it may many sites have been covered by sedimentation and sandstorms. It is also possible some of the sites within the Jungle and the Southern Plains of Sarayan in the pre-historic times have been created to temporary settlement. Because this nomadic life was prevalent in this region in Islamic period. Ethno-archeology models can help us in this context.
Keywords
Settlement Patterns Chalcolithic Period Bronze Age Archaeological Survey Sarayan
New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Caucasus indicate accumulation of Achaemenid artistic data and the effects of Persian style in architecture that include palaces, columned halls and room, gates, and rock cut tombs. Achaemenid traces and the traces which related to the new art families in the cultural area of Black Sea were taken from different regions such as Anatolia, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At Satrapi of Thrace, Borysa and Doriskos along with a royal residence were built. In Pontus and Oluz Höyük, Achaemenid palaces with column base were made; in Qaracamirli, Azerbaijan, east and central Georgia, historical monuments similar to Achaemenid cases and rockcut tombs affected by Achaemenid architecture have identified in Anatolia. We see a sort of unity in construction and decoration in the obtained works of cultural area of Black Sea that, due to the volume of Achaemenid architecture works, the need for a comprehensive, scientific, and objective research will pose in this regard. The questions raised in this study are: 1- How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How to form the art style “Ionic - Achaemenid” on the architectural monuments of the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? Are. The results of this research show that following the Achaemenid court style, the Achaemenid architecture has been harmonized in the field of study. Also, in the western part of Anatolia, after the formation of a new artistic style called Ionian-Achaemenid, it has had a direct impact on the architecture of this period in the field of study. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea, South Caucasus (Transcaucasia), Achaemenid Architecture.
Introduction
The great Cyrus after the conquest of Lydia and the observation of the magnificent religious buildings and the highly developed architecture of those lands, the thought of creating an appropriate capital came to his mind and a group of Ionic and Lydian stonemasons were brought to the Persia. The footprints of these architects can be seen in Pasargad, which include elements such as platforms, columns and clamps used for fastening the stone blocks. Because the Achaemenid architecture has a certain harmony and proportion and also the most important building of this art period is the majestic palaces of the Achaemenid kings, it could be considered as an art index of this era. This artistic index is recognizable in the Achaemenid dominated lands, which can be cited as an indication of the construction of the Achaemenid nobility or the influence of Achaemenid architecture. Also, in the central part of the Black Sea coastal regions, archeological finds belonging directly to the Achaemenids or they say the Achaemenid influence on them (Dönmez, 2007: 108). The discovered traces which belong to pre-historic, beginning historic and historic era in the cultural region of Black Sea show the importance of this cultural region in different ages. With Cyrus conquest of Lydia and the conquest by Darius I (514 Bc) and his war with Scythians of south Danube and the occupation of Thrace region a new era of culture and art began.
Objectives and Necessity of Research
The purpose of this research is to identify the presence of Achaemenids in the South Caucasus and the Black Sea cultural area. Considerable volume of Achaemenid architecture works in the field of study and identify a kind of unity in the construction and decorating of these works the need for comprehensive, scientific and targeted research.
Research Question: Questions raised in this study are: 1-How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How does the formation of the Ionian-Achaemenid artistic style on the architectural monuments of the Black Sea region and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era?
Research Method: The issue of this research is how the Achaemenid architecture is synonymous with the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Discussion
Architectural works identified in the South Caucasus is include rock cut tombs, palaces, columned halls, gates and temples.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, four rocky tombs were identified: in Paphlagonia in Donalar, Salarkoy, Terelik and Afırözü. The tomb plan is a combination of Ionian and Achaemenid and local elements, but independent of the progress of other places in Anatolia. Rock-cut tombs display Achaemenid symbols in Paphlagonia and also shows the continuation of that in Hellenic Paphlagonia.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, Five palaces included Sari-Tepe palace, Gumbati Palace, a historiacal building complex in Benjamin, Qarajamirli (Ghorban Tepe) palace and Oluz Höyük palace were identified. The plans of these palaces as well as small findings represent the remains of Achaemenid culture.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area Two columned halls included Argishti-Hinili and Erebuni columned halls were identified. These columned halls and pottery found at these places, which closely follow the forms of Achaemenid pottery, show close links with the Achaemenid centers.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, One propyleion was identified in Qarajamirli.
In this place, the column base, which is a typical piece of the Achaemenid architectural decoration and examples of that known in Susa and Persepolis. Also the large clay brick building, that plan and its dimensions are close to similar buildings in Pasargad and Susa.
Five temples included samadlo ritual tower and the temples of Zikhiagora, Sairkhe temple, Zela temple and Oluz Höyük temple were identified. Found Items are similar to Achaemenid architecture.
Conclusion
Although the Achaemenid architecture has always been influenced by the other tribes architecture of the specific regions in its realm, but if we call that imitation, then this imitation has not been passive act, and it could be said that the architecture of Iran during the Achaemenid was an eclectic kind of art. Some scholars named that court style or royal style.
Now based on so far archeological founds associated with the Achaemenid territory around the Black Sea, Caucasus and the South Caucasus, new sort of art forms in this area. And this new art is a combination of the native art of the conquered regions and the main Achaemenian centers of the time. New archaeological excavations in this cultural region represent the accumulation of Achaemenid culture material and Persian influences in the architecture.
The art of Satrapi, due to the influence of the Achaemenid art of the court as well as the additions and omissions, created a new kind of style that could be called artistic style of “Ionic-Achaemenid” work. This new style is believed to have been emerged in the western part of Anatolia and Cyprus and then have extended to the entire Achaemenid Empire.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) Achaemenid architecture
In the study of the migration route of Eurasian immigrant warrior ethnics from east to west and in order to recognize the cultural characteristics of these ethnics in the north and northwest of Iran, their characteristic burial culture that is called Kurgan burial culture is evaluated and identified in the area assigned for investigation. Due to clarify the presence of these Eurasian nomadic warrior ethnics, the following questions have been designed: What are the basic cultural findings on which can we explain the presence of nomadic ethnics of Eurasian steppe in Iran? In how many types the Kurgans of north and northwest of Iran can be structurally identifiable? On what basis can their subsistent economy be existed?
in order to answer these questions, we analyzed Kurgans and their role in the Transregional cultural relations and have used an analytical fundamental method. Recognizing to the ambiguities of the presence of these ethnics in the area, we have focused on examining the typology of Kurgans as a merely characteristic of these ethnics burial architecture and compared them among neighboring cultural basins. On the basis of the derived data, the role of Kurgans in the life of these ethnics and in their regional and transregional relationship came under analysis
Keywords
Nomadic warrior ethnics of Eurasia, North and Northwest of Iran, Burial, Kurgan
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork and case studies in some regions like Tabas city have been insignificant and archaeologists were not interested in working there. However, recent archaeological surveys have provided valuable findings for researchers. Specific geographical location and the connection as a natural corridor among central Asia, North of Khorasan, southeast of Iran, and central plateau of Iran, which was made by central desert, can be a great cause of archaeological studies in this region to get better understanding of ancient cultures from east of Iran. Therefore, to achieve perfect understanding over Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC), and the way it was developed across the east of Iran and its intercultural issues with other regions, all of them would demand completed archaeological studies at the same time with this culture in central east. Recent archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) in central east were led to recognize several settlements and some new cemeteries located on the east for this culture. Bekanda site in Tabas is one of the significant sites in central east in which many evidences of the Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) have been observed. This site is located beside the permanent river and of course, it was damaged dramatically. According to archaeological evidences it appears that Bekanda is a cemetery correlated with Bronze Age and associated with Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC). The main sources of this research have been chosen from the library sources and excavations of Bekanda of Tabas. This excavation was done for determining and recommending the border of this site, then these findings were analyzed and interpreted in theoretical studies. This paper intends to introduce and describing Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) at the eastern Part of central Desert of Iran; furthermore, its results can demonstrate different aspects of this culture.
Keyword: South Khorasan, Great Khorasan Culture (GKC), BMAC, Bekanda site.
https://www.academia.edu/38380117/ANIMAL_REMAINS_EXCAVATED_AT_JAFAR_ABAD_AND_TU_AL%C4%B0_SOFLA_KURGANS_NORTHWEST_IRAN_2010_AND_2013_SEASONS_T%C3%9CBA-AR_23._2018_pp.101-120
Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan Archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. This area comprises two parts from landscape: mountainous and plain. These parts have provided environmentally favorable locations for settlements formation in past. As the formation of early settlements have always been dependent to environmental factors. one of these approaches in archeological studies is the study of the settlement pattern and analysis investigating the formation process of archeological sites in environmental contexts. It seems human interactions with the environment in the South Plain of Sarayan causing a distinct landscape. Information and awareness of settlement pattern of area could improve the perception of its cultural landscapes. In the past, this kind of analysis was done through traditional methods but nowadays analysis of settlement pattern is done by different software like ArcGIS that results in real and accurate information. The present study investigates 16 settlements of the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages in Sarayan region that were identified in archaeological survey of Sarayan. This research studies the settlement pattern recognition of the pre-historic period in this region for the first time. The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chronological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography. Accordingly, various variables were analyzed such as precipitation, rivers and environmental contexts. These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers in this region.
Keywords: Settlement Patterns, Chalcolithic Period, Bronze Age, Archaeological Survey, Sarayan.
Introduction
The interaction between human and her surrounding environment creates cultural landscapes in nature. It is a reciprocal relationship. The environment forms the basis of culture by its capabilities and limitations and cultures adapt to the environment by using environmental features and overcome environmental constraints and lead to the formation of landscape in environmental contexts. Influence of human on the natural environment has always provided a spatial distinction in terms of population and habitat density and it has caused the formation of specific patterns of habitation in different ancient periods. The interaction in between human and environment is important in settlement pattern discussion, as human and environmental conditions have influenced each other in a same place; In other words, human has changed the environment to his advantage as much as affected by the environmental factors. This effect has made some changes in the environment and human behavior. What we know as culture –the human distinctive feature- is the result of this adaptation and behavior basically. The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human, cannot be considered out of the environment.
Khorasan province which is located among the cultural area of southwestern central Asia, northeastern of central plateau and northeastern Iran is one of the unexplored but important regions in archaeological investigation in Iran. Sarayan region is one of the most studied areas of South Khorasan archaeology in recent years which has not been many studies. Sarayan region is located in North West South Khorasan relatively cool climate and the mountain. Plains and mountains around the Sarayan have been quite capable of living in different moments of human life. Surveys accomplished in this area show that happened the peak of progress and cultural development in the fourth and third millennium BC.
Research Questions: The most important questions are how settlements are formed in the region and factors affecting settlements formation during the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages.
Research Hypotheses: These analyzes showed that different variables have an important influence on the settlements formation. These variables include elevation code, temperature status, access to permanent water sources. Even the number of sites have been created on the border of permanent rivers.
Research Method: The method of collecting data are field and libraries. Therefore, first, were performed typological comparison of the data and the settlements chornological then, GIS software was used to analyze and identify settlement patterns of Sarayan area with various factors of natural and human geography.
Discussion
Archaeological survey of central district of Sarayan started in 2011. In this study were discovered different sites from pre-historic to contemporary period. Most of these sites are related from the 4th to 2th millennium BC. Generally, the distribution of these settlements is due to geographical and human factors. In fact, geography has been influenced in all stages of life of human societies. Another factor is the human factor. In fact, the purpose of the human factor is both nomadic and sedentary societies who live more close to each other.
Of total identified settlements in the Sarayan rgion, only 3 sites have been created in mountainous areas and 13 sites in the southern plain of Sarayan. It seems that there are more sites in this plain but they have been buried under the sands over time due to the abundance of sand and heavy winds. However, it is difficult to identify ancient settlements in mountainous areas due to specific topographical conditions and impassable mountains. Undoubtedly, these settlements continue in the northern half of 3Qale district,that needs a systematic survey to obtain a comprehensive scale of the prehistoric sites and their location in the region. In general, of all the identified settlements in this survey, pre-historic settlements inclusive for about 11% of the total identified settlements of the central district.
The samples of pottery collected from the surface of prehistoric settlements are the most of the data related to this period in this region that used for typology and chronology. The results of these studies show the many similarities of the Sarayan pottery traditions with the central plateau, northeast of Iran, southeast of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan regions. The typological results of these sites show that these sites are from the 5th to 2th millennium BC.
Conclusion
The results of the present study show that except for 3 sites including Nodeh, Zou, and tappeh Pas-e- Borj, the other settlements are located in the southern part of Sarayan and in one settlement line. So that all sites are located in the southern plain and southern jungle or on the farmlands. Sandy bedding and strong winds have buried most of these sites under the soil, and this is a potential threat to these sites that may remain unknown or destroyed.
Statistics show that 80% of the settlements are formed in lowly and sandy plains with very low slope and only 20% of settlements are formed in higher and sub montane areas. It should be known that this model has been tested based on surface surveys and for this reason, it may not be able to cover some sites and settlements. As mentioned, it may many sites have been covered by sedimentation and sandstorms. It is also possible some of the sites within the Jungle and the Southern Plains of Sarayan in the pre-historic times have been created to temporary settlement. Because this nomadic life was prevalent in this region in Islamic period. Ethno-archeology models can help us in this context.
Keywords
Settlement Patterns Chalcolithic Period Bronze Age Archaeological Survey Sarayan
New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Caucasus indicate accumulation of Achaemenid artistic data and the effects of Persian style in architecture that include palaces, columned halls and room, gates, and rock cut tombs. Achaemenid traces and the traces which related to the new art families in the cultural area of Black Sea were taken from different regions such as Anatolia, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At Satrapi of Thrace, Borysa and Doriskos along with a royal residence were built. In Pontus and Oluz Höyük, Achaemenid palaces with column base were made; in Qaracamirli, Azerbaijan, east and central Georgia, historical monuments similar to Achaemenid cases and rockcut tombs affected by Achaemenid architecture have identified in Anatolia. We see a sort of unity in construction and decoration in the obtained works of cultural area of Black Sea that, due to the volume of Achaemenid architecture works, the need for a comprehensive, scientific, and objective research will pose in this regard. The questions raised in this study are: 1- How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How to form the art style “Ionic - Achaemenid” on the architectural monuments of the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? Are. The results of this research show that following the Achaemenid court style, the Achaemenid architecture has been harmonized in the field of study. Also, in the western part of Anatolia, after the formation of a new artistic style called Ionian-Achaemenid, it has had a direct impact on the architecture of this period in the field of study. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea, South Caucasus (Transcaucasia), Achaemenid Architecture.
Introduction
The great Cyrus after the conquest of Lydia and the observation of the magnificent religious buildings and the highly developed architecture of those lands, the thought of creating an appropriate capital came to his mind and a group of Ionic and Lydian stonemasons were brought to the Persia. The footprints of these architects can be seen in Pasargad, which include elements such as platforms, columns and clamps used for fastening the stone blocks. Because the Achaemenid architecture has a certain harmony and proportion and also the most important building of this art period is the majestic palaces of the Achaemenid kings, it could be considered as an art index of this era. This artistic index is recognizable in the Achaemenid dominated lands, which can be cited as an indication of the construction of the Achaemenid nobility or the influence of Achaemenid architecture. Also, in the central part of the Black Sea coastal regions, archeological finds belonging directly to the Achaemenids or they say the Achaemenid influence on them (Dönmez, 2007: 108). The discovered traces which belong to pre-historic, beginning historic and historic era in the cultural region of Black Sea show the importance of this cultural region in different ages. With Cyrus conquest of Lydia and the conquest by Darius I (514 Bc) and his war with Scythians of south Danube and the occupation of Thrace region a new era of culture and art began.
Objectives and Necessity of Research
The purpose of this research is to identify the presence of Achaemenids in the South Caucasus and the Black Sea cultural area. Considerable volume of Achaemenid architecture works in the field of study and identify a kind of unity in the construction and decorating of these works the need for comprehensive, scientific and targeted research.
Research Question: Questions raised in this study are: 1-How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How does the formation of the Ionian-Achaemenid artistic style on the architectural monuments of the Black Sea region and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era?
Research Method: The issue of this research is how the Achaemenid architecture is synonymous with the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.
Discussion
Architectural works identified in the South Caucasus is include rock cut tombs, palaces, columned halls, gates and temples.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, four rocky tombs were identified: in Paphlagonia in Donalar, Salarkoy, Terelik and Afırözü. The tomb plan is a combination of Ionian and Achaemenid and local elements, but independent of the progress of other places in Anatolia. Rock-cut tombs display Achaemenid symbols in Paphlagonia and also shows the continuation of that in Hellenic Paphlagonia.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, Five palaces included Sari-Tepe palace, Gumbati Palace, a historiacal building complex in Benjamin, Qarajamirli (Ghorban Tepe) palace and Oluz Höyük palace were identified. The plans of these palaces as well as small findings represent the remains of Achaemenid culture.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area Two columned halls included Argishti-Hinili and Erebuni columned halls were identified. These columned halls and pottery found at these places, which closely follow the forms of Achaemenid pottery, show close links with the Achaemenid centers.
Based on the investigation carried out in the study area, One propyleion was identified in Qarajamirli.
In this place, the column base, which is a typical piece of the Achaemenid architectural decoration and examples of that known in Susa and Persepolis. Also the large clay brick building, that plan and its dimensions are close to similar buildings in Pasargad and Susa.
Five temples included samadlo ritual tower and the temples of Zikhiagora, Sairkhe temple, Zela temple and Oluz Höyük temple were identified. Found Items are similar to Achaemenid architecture.
Conclusion
Although the Achaemenid architecture has always been influenced by the other tribes architecture of the specific regions in its realm, but if we call that imitation, then this imitation has not been passive act, and it could be said that the architecture of Iran during the Achaemenid was an eclectic kind of art. Some scholars named that court style or royal style.
Now based on so far archeological founds associated with the Achaemenid territory around the Black Sea, Caucasus and the South Caucasus, new sort of art forms in this area. And this new art is a combination of the native art of the conquered regions and the main Achaemenian centers of the time. New archaeological excavations in this cultural region represent the accumulation of Achaemenid culture material and Persian influences in the architecture.
The art of Satrapi, due to the influence of the Achaemenid art of the court as well as the additions and omissions, created a new kind of style that could be called artistic style of “Ionic-Achaemenid” work. This new style is believed to have been emerged in the western part of Anatolia and Cyprus and then have extended to the entire Achaemenid Empire.
Keywords: Cultural area of the Black Sea South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) Achaemenid architecture