Nicholas Theodorakis is an Associate Professor of Sport Management at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He is also an adjunct faculty member at Qatar University. He has published more than 40 research articles in such journals as the European Sport Management Quarterly, Sport Management Review, and Journal of Service Theory and Practice. He is the Associate Editor for the International Journal of Sport Management, as well as a member of the Editorial Board of several sport management journals. He serves as a regular or guest reviewer in more than 30 academic journals. Nicholas was the Football Competition Manager in the Olympic Games in Athens and has worked as a consultant in several sport-related projects and organizations such as the Super League and the “Alexander the Great” International Marathon. He has also working as a consultant in several educational and research projects outside Greece with institutions such as Georgetown University, the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute at Qatar University, and the Supreme Committee for the Delivery of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2021
Purpose-Given the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizer... more Purpose-Given the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizers to comprehend how they can retain a base of loyal customers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between sport event personality and loyalty intentions of runners participating in a running event. More specifically, it examined the relationship of sport event personality dimensions with the overall image of a sporting event as well as the association of event image with runners' loyalty intentions. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected from 247 participants of an international running event. A structural equation model analysis was followed. Findings-The results showed that three dimensions of event personality (namely, excitement, sophistication and sincerity) predicted event image, which in turn positively associated with loyalty intentions. Practical implications-The study discusses how event managers can improve the image of their events in order to increase their customers' loyalty levels. Originality/value-This is one of the first endeavors that examined the role of event image, a construct that has not received much attention in the context of road races, in a model concerning event participation.
The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle Eas... more The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle East and to make comparisons between the different football markets in the region. Overall, 2133 football fans from 10 countries participated in the survey. Results showed that football is popular among all fans, regardless of country, age and income brackets. In the Middle East, fans frequently follow multiple football teams, while both males and females are highly identified with their favored teams. Results also showed that the big European football teams have created a solid fan base in this part of the world. Finally, the more passionate group of fans is keen not only on attending football games, but participating more in different types of sporting, leisure and art events and activities as well. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2020
Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework ... more Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework in explaining sport fan behavior. However, limited attention has been devoted to the consequences of distant (i.e., foreign) team identification. The purpose of the current research was to examine the way in which fans (local and distant) can increase their levels of collective and personal self-esteem due to their team identification. Design/methodology/approach-Data were accumulated from three Greek websites (N 5 742). Among them, 623 subjects were grouped as local and 119 as distant football fans. A structural invariance analysis was followed. Findings-The results revealed how team identification, enduring team-related social connections, and basking in reflected glory are interrelated to affect collective and finally personal self-esteem. Moreover, no differences were found between local and distant fans regarding the paths from eam identification to collective self-esteem and from collective self-esteem to personal self-esteem. Originality/value-This is one of the first endeavors to examine the psychological consequences of distant team identification and to test the invariance across local and distant fans concerning the mechanisms that their personal self-esteem can be enhanced because their psychological connection to their favorite sport team.
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2018
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emeral... more If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.
EDUCATION 3-13 International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education, 2017
The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perception of the ... more The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perception of the quality of their relationships with their students’ and teachers’ professional self-efficacy. Fifty public school teachers were asked: (a) to assess their perceived levels of efficacy and (b) to randomly select eight students from their classrooms (4 males and 4 females) for whom (n = 395) to evaluate the quality of their relationships. The two administered instruments were the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale [Tschannen-Moran and Hoy. 2001. “Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct.” Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (7): 783–805] and the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory (TSRI; Ang. 2005. “Development and Validation of the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” The Journal of Experimental Education 74 (1): 55–74). Initially, the psychometric properties of the TSRI were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Greek version of TSRI has the same three-factor structure reported in other cultures. Multilevel analysis revealed that teachers’ beliefs were not related to any of the TSRI dimensions. Teachers’ and students’ gender seem to affect teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with their students.
The current investigation extended past efforts on cultural differences in sport fandom by invest... more The current investigation extended past efforts on cultural differences in sport fandom by investigating sport fandom in Qatar, a previously unexplored culture. A sample o/259 sport fans completed a questionnaire packet assessing demographic variables, sport fandom, team identification, impacts of various socialization agents. and six typical sport/an behaviors. The results revealed a number of interesting findings including gender difl'erences (males exhibited both greater levels of identification with a team and sport fandom than females), the influence of team-related factors for selecting a sport team, and a particularly large percentage of foreign teams listed as one 11 favorite team. To farther our understanding of the behavior of sport /01111 globally and provide insights to sport manages, the results of this research are compared and contrasted with similar studies conducted in Australia, Greece, Norway, U.K., and the U.S.
Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular intere... more Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular interest for ski resort managers and marketers, since it has been reported that recreational skiers’ dropout rates are considerably high. This study examines how intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints, influence the development of skiers’ stage-based attitudinal loyalty (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance stages), as conceptualised by the psychological continuum model, and further tests if constraints can be used for classifying skiers into the three stages of the model (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance). Two hundred and thirty (N = 230) recreational skiers from one ski resort in North Greece participated in the study. The results indicated that the intensity of perceived constraints decreased from the lowest (attraction) to the highest (Allegiance) stage of the model. However, the hierarchical influence of constraints was not entirely confirmed, since all three types of constraints contributed to the stage classification of recreational skiers. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure s... more The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure spectators’ levels of identification with a sport team. Despite the fact that several studies were conducted to examine its validity and reliability, these past efforts relied solely on Classical Test Theory (Lock et al. 2009; Theodorakis et al., 2006; Wann & Branscombe, 1993). The purpose of the present study was to reevaluate the SSIS psychometric properties within the Item Response Theory (IRT) framework. Although the findings are encouraging, there are issues of concern and suggestions for the instrument’s further improvement
The present study examined the role of social psychological and developmental processes in predic... more The present study examined the role of social psychological and developmental processes in predicting children’s sport team identification. Although there is previous research on the factors that predict adults’ sport team identification and research on children’s social (mainly ethnic) identification, there is no research on examining children’s team identification. One hundred and fifty pupils first reported their favorite sport team, the degree of their team identification and their need to belong to a social group. Multiple regression analyses using bootstrapping approach showed that both need of belongingness and age significantly predicted team identification. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
This study aimed to extent the use of the Other Customer Perception (OCP) scale by testing its ps... more This study aimed to extent the use of the Other Customer Perception (OCP) scale by testing its psychometric properties and its generalizability in the context of sport and fitness centres. 360 members of three fitness clubs in Greece participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two subsamples (a calibration and a validation sample). Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and composite reliability estimates the construct validity of OCP was supported. A cross-validation approach using invariance testing procedures across the two samples further supported the validity and generalizability of OCP in sport and fitness settings. OCP was found to be a reliable and valid scale for assessing the role of other customers in the service experience.
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2021
Purpose-Given the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizer... more Purpose-Given the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizers to comprehend how they can retain a base of loyal customers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between sport event personality and loyalty intentions of runners participating in a running event. More specifically, it examined the relationship of sport event personality dimensions with the overall image of a sporting event as well as the association of event image with runners' loyalty intentions. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected from 247 participants of an international running event. A structural equation model analysis was followed. Findings-The results showed that three dimensions of event personality (namely, excitement, sophistication and sincerity) predicted event image, which in turn positively associated with loyalty intentions. Practical implications-The study discusses how event managers can improve the image of their events in order to increase their customers' loyalty levels. Originality/value-This is one of the first endeavors that examined the role of event image, a construct that has not received much attention in the context of road races, in a model concerning event participation.
The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle Eas... more The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle East and to make comparisons between the different football markets in the region. Overall, 2133 football fans from 10 countries participated in the survey. Results showed that football is popular among all fans, regardless of country, age and income brackets. In the Middle East, fans frequently follow multiple football teams, while both males and females are highly identified with their favored teams. Results also showed that the big European football teams have created a solid fan base in this part of the world. Finally, the more passionate group of fans is keen not only on attending football games, but participating more in different types of sporting, leisure and art events and activities as well. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2020
Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework ... more Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework in explaining sport fan behavior. However, limited attention has been devoted to the consequences of distant (i.e., foreign) team identification. The purpose of the current research was to examine the way in which fans (local and distant) can increase their levels of collective and personal self-esteem due to their team identification. Design/methodology/approach-Data were accumulated from three Greek websites (N 5 742). Among them, 623 subjects were grouped as local and 119 as distant football fans. A structural invariance analysis was followed. Findings-The results revealed how team identification, enduring team-related social connections, and basking in reflected glory are interrelated to affect collective and finally personal self-esteem. Moreover, no differences were found between local and distant fans regarding the paths from eam identification to collective self-esteem and from collective self-esteem to personal self-esteem. Originality/value-This is one of the first endeavors to examine the psychological consequences of distant team identification and to test the invariance across local and distant fans concerning the mechanisms that their personal self-esteem can be enhanced because their psychological connection to their favorite sport team.
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2018
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emeral... more If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.
EDUCATION 3-13 International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education, 2017
The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perception of the ... more The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perception of the quality of their relationships with their students’ and teachers’ professional self-efficacy. Fifty public school teachers were asked: (a) to assess their perceived levels of efficacy and (b) to randomly select eight students from their classrooms (4 males and 4 females) for whom (n = 395) to evaluate the quality of their relationships. The two administered instruments were the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale [Tschannen-Moran and Hoy. 2001. “Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct.” Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (7): 783–805] and the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory (TSRI; Ang. 2005. “Development and Validation of the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” The Journal of Experimental Education 74 (1): 55–74). Initially, the psychometric properties of the TSRI were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Greek version of TSRI has the same three-factor structure reported in other cultures. Multilevel analysis revealed that teachers’ beliefs were not related to any of the TSRI dimensions. Teachers’ and students’ gender seem to affect teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with their students.
The current investigation extended past efforts on cultural differences in sport fandom by invest... more The current investigation extended past efforts on cultural differences in sport fandom by investigating sport fandom in Qatar, a previously unexplored culture. A sample o/259 sport fans completed a questionnaire packet assessing demographic variables, sport fandom, team identification, impacts of various socialization agents. and six typical sport/an behaviors. The results revealed a number of interesting findings including gender difl'erences (males exhibited both greater levels of identification with a team and sport fandom than females), the influence of team-related factors for selecting a sport team, and a particularly large percentage of foreign teams listed as one 11 favorite team. To farther our understanding of the behavior of sport /01111 globally and provide insights to sport manages, the results of this research are compared and contrasted with similar studies conducted in Australia, Greece, Norway, U.K., and the U.S.
Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular intere... more Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular interest for ski resort managers and marketers, since it has been reported that recreational skiers’ dropout rates are considerably high. This study examines how intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints, influence the development of skiers’ stage-based attitudinal loyalty (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance stages), as conceptualised by the psychological continuum model, and further tests if constraints can be used for classifying skiers into the three stages of the model (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance). Two hundred and thirty (N = 230) recreational skiers from one ski resort in North Greece participated in the study. The results indicated that the intensity of perceived constraints decreased from the lowest (attraction) to the highest (Allegiance) stage of the model. However, the hierarchical influence of constraints was not entirely confirmed, since all three types of constraints contributed to the stage classification of recreational skiers. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure s... more The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure spectators’ levels of identification with a sport team. Despite the fact that several studies were conducted to examine its validity and reliability, these past efforts relied solely on Classical Test Theory (Lock et al. 2009; Theodorakis et al., 2006; Wann & Branscombe, 1993). The purpose of the present study was to reevaluate the SSIS psychometric properties within the Item Response Theory (IRT) framework. Although the findings are encouraging, there are issues of concern and suggestions for the instrument’s further improvement
The present study examined the role of social psychological and developmental processes in predic... more The present study examined the role of social psychological and developmental processes in predicting children’s sport team identification. Although there is previous research on the factors that predict adults’ sport team identification and research on children’s social (mainly ethnic) identification, there is no research on examining children’s team identification. One hundred and fifty pupils first reported their favorite sport team, the degree of their team identification and their need to belong to a social group. Multiple regression analyses using bootstrapping approach showed that both need of belongingness and age significantly predicted team identification. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
This study aimed to extent the use of the Other Customer Perception (OCP) scale by testing its ps... more This study aimed to extent the use of the Other Customer Perception (OCP) scale by testing its psychometric properties and its generalizability in the context of sport and fitness centres. 360 members of three fitness clubs in Greece participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two subsamples (a calibration and a validation sample). Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and composite reliability estimates the construct validity of OCP was supported. A cross-validation approach using invariance testing procedures across the two samples further supported the validity and generalizability of OCP in sport and fitness settings. OCP was found to be a reliable and valid scale for assessing the role of other customers in the service experience.
Un estudio de validación cruzada sobre la escala de percepción de otros consumidores en el contex... more Un estudio de validación cruzada sobre la escala de percepción de otros consumidores en el contexto de centros deportivos y de fitness
The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure s... more The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a widely used instrument designed to measure spectators’ levels of identification with a sport team. Despite the fact that several studies were conducted to examine its validity and reliability, these past efforts relied solely on Classical Test Theory (Lock et al. 2009; Theodorakis et al., 2006; Wann & Branscombe, 1993). The purpose of the present study was to reevaluate the SSIS psychometric properties within the Item Response Theory (IRT) framework. Although the findings are encouraging, there are issues of concern and suggestions for the instrument’s further improvement
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2020
PurposeThe concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework i... more PurposeThe concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework in explaining sport fan behavior. However, limited attention has been devoted to the consequences of distant (i.e., foreign) team identification. The purpose of the current research was to examine the way in which fans (local and distant) can increase their levels of collective and personal self-esteem due to their team identification.Design/methodology/approachData were accumulated from three Greek websites (N = 742). Among them, 623 subjects were grouped as local and 119 as distant football fans. A structural invariance analysis was followed.FindingsThe results revealed how team identification, enduring team-related social connections, and basking in reflected glory are interrelated to affect collective and finally personal self-esteem. Moreover, no differences were found between local and distant fans regarding the paths from eam identification to collective self-esteem and from collec...
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2018
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the sources of inspiration for active participant... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the sources of inspiration for active participants in sport events, and the link between inspiration sources and event-related outcomes (i.e. life satisfaction and behavioral intentions). Design/methodology/approach Research questions were examined using a Greek (n=264) and a US (n=103) sample of participants of two small-scale running events. Content analysis was used to identify and code the themes of inspiration, while a multivariate analyses of variance was performed to test the inspiration group differences on life satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Findings The qualitative findings revealed three categories of inspiration source identified in each sample. The quantitative results showed that the interaction between inspiration source and event type had an overall effect on participants’ life satisfaction and future participation intention. Specifically, findings highlighted the different roles of inspiration on influencing l...
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2019
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the psychometric properties of the Team Brand Person... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the psychometric properties of the Team Brand Personality Scale by Blank et al. (2013, 2018) in the context of the professional football clubs in Greece, based on the perceptions of fans for their own team and the rival team. The brand personality team scores of the fans are also used to create a league map presenting the brand personality of the different teams of the Greek football Super League. Design/methodology/approach Following a quantitative research design, 724 Greek football fans completed an electronic questionnaire assessing demographics, brand personality, team identification, sport involvement, attitudinal loyalty and game attractiveness. Findings The results partially confirmed the psychometric properties of the brand personality scale and suggested that the notion of brand personality influences positively the attitudinal loyalty and game attractiveness of the fans. Based on the results, the personality structure for the f...
ABSTRACT The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perceptio... more ABSTRACT The present study was set out to investigate the association between teachers’ perception of the quality of their relationships with their students’ and teachers’ professional self-efficacy. Fifty public school teachers were asked: (a) to assess their perceived levels of efficacy and (b) to randomly select eight students from their classrooms (4 males and 4 females) for whom (n = 395) to evaluate the quality of their relationships. The two administered instruments were the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale [Tschannen-Moran and Hoy. 2001. “Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct.” Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (7): 783–805] and the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory (TSRI; Ang. 2005. “Development and Validation of the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” The Journal of Experimental Education 74 (1): 55–74). Initially, the psychometric properties of the TSRI were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Greek version of TSRI has the same three-factor structure reported in other cultures. Multilevel analysis revealed that teachers’ beliefs were not related to any of the TSRI dimensions. Teachers’ and students’ gender seem to affect teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with their students.
Abstract Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particul... more Abstract Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular interest for ski resort managers and marketers, since it has been reported that recreational skiers’ dropout rates are considerably high. This study examines how intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints, influence the development of skiers’ stage-based attitudinal loyalty (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance stages), as conceptualised by the psychological continuum model, and further tests if constraints can be used for classifying skiers into the three stages of the model (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance). Two hundred and thirty (N = 230) recreational skiers from one ski resort in North Greece participated in the study. The results indicated that the intensity of perceived constraints decreased from the lowest (attraction) to the highest (Allegiance) stage of the model. However, the hierarchical influence of constraints was not entirely confirmed, since all three types of constraints contributed to the stage classification of recreational skiers. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
Place Attachment is a concept with growing importance in Sports tourism. This concept refers to t... more Place Attachment is a concept with growing importance in Sports tourism. This concept refers to the extent to which an individual values or identifies with a particular environmental setting (Moore & Graefe, 1994; Moore & Scott, 2003). Four dimensions constitute Place attachment: place dependence, place identity, social bonding and affective attachment (Kyle et al., 2004b). In this study, the concept was brought to the team sports, namely, to Soccer. The objective of this study is to translate the Place Attachment Scale (PAS) into Portuguese and to examine the crosscultural generalizability of the factor structure and psychometric properties underlying responses to the translated scale. Therefore, the present study extends the use of the PAS to Portuguese soccer fans through testing the psychometric properties and the cross-cultural validity of the translated scales. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the alpha scores provide evidence for the validity and reliabilit...
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2021
PurposeGiven the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizers... more PurposeGiven the increased competition among running events, it is important for event organizers to comprehend how they can retain a base of loyal customers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between sport event personality and loyalty intentions of runners participating in a running event. More specifically, it examined the relationship of sport event personality dimensions with the overall image of a sporting event as well as the association of event image with runners’ loyalty intentions.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 247 participants of an international running event. A structural equation model analysis was followed.FindingsThe results showed that three dimensions of event personality (namely, excitement, sophistication and sincerity) predicted event image, which in turn positively associated with loyalty intentions.Practical implicationsThe study discusses how event managers can improve the image of their events in order ...
The majority of studies, from what is known to date, have focused on the effect of the service qu... more The majority of studies, from what is known to date, have focused on the effect of the service quality dimensions in overall satisfaction not dynamic but in a cross sectional way, without highlighting the contribution of their experience level. Latest research in services, support that, the needs and customer’s perceptions change over time depending on their experience level. The present study examines the relationship between three specific service quality dimensions with overall satisfaction among novice and experienced participants in the field of SfA (Sport for All) programs. In total, there were 478 men and women participants from SfA programs offered by two adjacent Municipalities in Northern Greece. According to their participation time in specific programs, 116 of them were classified as novice and 296 as experienced, while the results of the survey found statistically significant differences between the two groups only in one dimension, the outcome quality. Based on the abo...
The current investigation examined the interrelationships among overall sport team identification... more The current investigation examined the interrelationships among overall sport team identification, specific dimensions of team identification, and behavioral intentions. Using an antecedents approach to guide pre dictions (Dabholkar, Shepherd, & Thorpe, 2000), a model was tested in which overall identification would mediate the relationship between specific dimensions of team identification and behavioral intentions. To test the hypothesized pattern of effects, participants completed a questionnaire packet assessing overall iden tification via the Sport Spectator Identification Scale (Wann & Branscombe, 1993), specific dimensions of identification assessed via the Team Identification Scale (Dimmock & Grove, 2006; Theodorakis, Dimmock, Wann, & Barlas, 2010), and four items assessing behavioral intentions. A series of regression analyses con firmed the predicted pattern of effects. Specifically, both overall identification and the specific dimensions of identification predicted behavi...
The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle Eas... more The present study aimed to examine the attitudes and behaviors of football fans in the Middle East and to make comparisons between the different football markets in the region. Overall, 2133 football fans from 10 countries participated in the survey. Results showed that football is popular among all fans, regardless of country, age and income brackets. In the Middle East, fans frequently follow multiple football teams, while both males and females are highly identified with their favored teams. Results also showed that the big European football teams have created a solid fan base in this part of the world. Finally, the more passionate group of fans is keen not only on attending football games, but participating more in different types of sporting, leisure and art events and activities as well. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
Abstract Sport events constitute attractive platforms for providing unique experiences which incr... more Abstract Sport events constitute attractive platforms for providing unique experiences which increase, among others, participants’ satisfaction and purchase happiness. The current research explores whether (a) how event service quality elements influence have an impact on event satisfaction; (b) how satisfaction with the event influences happiness with the consumption experience; and (c) happiness influences the participant’s perceived quality of life. Data were collected from 344 participants of an international running event in Greece, adopting survey methods. Results indicated that event evaluations, in terms of quality and satisfaction, are inter-related and affect happiness with the experiential purchase. Furthermore, for the first time evidence is provided connecting purchase happiness with quality of life. The study contributes to leisure and sport management literature by empirically demonstrating that participation in quality sport events can significantly enhance the participants’ quality of life. Implications of this study include the designing of events to have more experiential elements to contribute to consumption happiness and enhanced quality of life.
The present study aimed to develop a scale for measuring Qataris’ attitudes toward coaching and t... more The present study aimed to develop a scale for measuring Qataris’ attitudes toward coaching and their intentions towards this profession. The survey target population included Qataris who were 18 years or older and who lived in residential housing units in Qatar. To assure representation of population a proportionate stratified sampling method was used. Overall, 823 Qatari nationals participated in the study. To develop the scale for measuring Qataris’ attitudes toward coaching (ATC), standard scale development procedures were followed. These procedures resulted in a 5-factors measure; Image, Personal development, Job nature, Rewards and Limitations. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided initial evidence regarding the factorial, convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. The reliability of all factors were also satisfactory. The five aforementioned factors predicted 22% of the variability in job intentions. Theoretical and practical implications of the study ...
... Olympic Games: a framework for international public relations Yvonne Harahousou, Chris Kabits... more ... Olympic Games: a framework for international public relations Yvonne Harahousou, Chris Kabitsis, Anna ... for the public relations in organizing committees which, with certain minor alterations, based on ... promotion of the state lotteries, increased awareness on the torch relay route ...
Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular intere... more Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular interest for ski resort managers and marketers, since it has been reported that recreational skiers' dropout rates are considerably high. This study examines how intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints, influence the development of skiers' stage-based attitudinal loyalty (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance stages), as conceptualised by the psychological continuum model, and further tests if constraints can be used for classifying skiers into the three stages of the model (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance). Two hundred and thirty (N = 230) recreational skiers from one ski resort in North Greece participated in the study. The results indicated that the intensity of perceived constraints decreased from the lowest (attraction) to the highest (Allegiance) stage of the model. However, the hierarchical influence of constraints was not entirely confirmed, since all three types of constraints contributed to the stage classification of recreational skiers. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
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Research Papers by Nicholas D Theodorakis
Sense of Efficacy Scale [Tschannen-Moran and Hoy. 2001. “Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct.” Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (7): 783–805] and the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory (TSRI; Ang. 2005. “Development and Validation of the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” The Journal of Experimental Education 74 (1): 55–74). Initially, the psychometric properties of the TSRI were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Greek version of TSRI has the same three-factor structure reported in other cultures. Multilevel analysis
revealed that teachers’ beliefs were not related to any of the TSRI dimensions. Teachers’ and students’ gender seem to affect teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with their students.
Sense of Efficacy Scale [Tschannen-Moran and Hoy. 2001. “Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct.” Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (7): 783–805] and the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory (TSRI; Ang. 2005. “Development and Validation of the Teacher–Student Relationship Inventory Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” The Journal of Experimental Education 74 (1): 55–74). Initially, the psychometric properties of the TSRI were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Greek version of TSRI has the same three-factor structure reported in other cultures. Multilevel analysis
revealed that teachers’ beliefs were not related to any of the TSRI dimensions. Teachers’ and students’ gender seem to affect teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with their students.