This book presents a theory, based on Iranian culture, about healthy human. This theory has one p... more This book presents a theory, based on Iranian culture, about healthy human. This theory has one principle and 12 characteristics that are called healthy human features. These features range from health to disease, and the more a person has these features, is closer to health and the less he has, is closer to the illness. The theoretical framework of the theory of healthy human is drawn to this way: first, each feature is defined with emphasis on psychological aspects, then the criteria of a healthy human and ill human are mentioned in each attribute. In the end, the ways to achieve each attribute, appropriate to healthy human characteristics are given in detail by giving examples and practical exercises.
Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with consequences affecting many aspects and dimensions... more Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with consequences affecting many aspects and dimensions of life. Patients experience relates to many aspects of their lives because the disease involves their whole life. The present study aims at defining the role of life style in patient's life. Reviewing their lived-experience can provide basic solutions to reform the life style of patients with diabetes. Method: in this phenomenology qualitative research, sampling was done among patients referred to Isfahan Diabetes Charity Center in a purposeful manner with the most possible variety. A number of 33 women with diabetes in the age range of 35 to 69 years with an experience of at least one year of living with diabetes and without a history of acute mental disease were chosen. Gradual sampling was conducted from January 2017 to March 2017. Patients took part in 45 to 50 minute semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and then the Colaizzi method format was analyzed. Results: analysis process of data gathered from these patients' lived-experiences, resulted in extracting four themes including physical health, psychologic health, spiritual health and social health. Conclusion: In order to reform the life style of patient's' with diabetes, a general comprehensive attitude in way of living is needed. Understanding the lived-experience and analyzing the life style experiences results in the field of health among patients with diabetes can assist the health care staff in providing better services and prevent returns to the inappropriate life style in the future. Keywords: Lived Experience, Healthy Lifestyle, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Aims: Diabetes is a disease that in case of coexisting with low self‐care, its severity and compl... more Aims: Diabetes is a disease that in case of coexisting with low self‐care, its severity and complications may increase. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of combined treatment package (Acceptance and commitment therapy‐based healthy lifestyle) with mindfulness‐based therapy on self‐care and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) in patients with diabetes mellitus, type 2. Materials & Methods: The present research, which was conducted in 2017, is a pretest‐posttest quasi‐experimental study consisting of 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. Firstly, 45 women with diabetes mellitus, type 2 in Isfahan were chosen as the research sample and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Self‐care scale and glycated hemoglobin test were considered as the research instruments. The patients in combined therapy group were treated during 12 three‐hour sessions and patients in mindfulness‐ based therapy group were treated during 10 two‐hour sessions. Finally, the data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS 21 software. Findings: There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups with respect to self‐care. There was a significant difference between ACT‐based healthy lifestyle group with mindfulness‐based therapy and control group, and there was a significant difference between the mindfulness‐based therapy and control group. In terms of A1C, there was a significant difference between intervention and control groups. ACT‐based healthy lifestyle group had a significant difference with mindfulness‐based therapy group and control group, but there was no significant difference between mindfulness‐based therapy and control group. Conclusion: ACT‐based healthy lifestyle can improve the self‐care and decrease glycated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus, type 2 and it is more effective than the mindfulness‐based therapy (standard therapy).
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that because of its unknown... more Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that because of its unknown and recurring nature can reduce the quality of life of the affected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on disease activity and quality of life in patients with UC.
Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 2020
The present study was conducted to investigate the comparison of the effectiveness of resilience ... more The present study was conducted to investigate the comparison of the effectiveness of resilience and emotion regulation on perceived social stigma and mental endurance in the mothers of the children with CP. The present research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the current study included all the mothers of the children with CP in the city of Shiraz in 2017. Non-probable available sampling method and random replacement were used in the present study. After selecting the sample size and replacing them in the experimental and control groups, the experimental group received teaching interventions in ninety-minute sessions once a week during three months. The applied questionnaires in the present study included social stigma and mental endurance. The results from the data analysis showed that teaching resilience and emotion regulation have been effective on perceived social stigma and mental endurance of the mother of the children with (CP ).
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the method is based on acceptanc... more AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the method is based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among girls (18–15 years) in Isfahan. METHODS: Semi-experimental study with pre-and post-test and follow-up with the control group. Multi-stage random cluster sampling from three training and education of 30 students with the highest scores on three scales of anxiety, depression, and stress were selected and randomly assigned into two groups (n = 15) and control group (15 subjects). Training as a group in eight sessions (one session a week for 60 min) was performed on the experimental group. Moreover, all the participants before the start of training, after training and after 45 days as a follow-up period, Lavyb and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 questionnaire (1995) was completed. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. RESULTS: The results showed that the subjects' perceived stress in the track slightly increased, but the increase was not statistically significant. Therefore, based on ACT group therapy in reducing depression, anxiety, and perceived stress and posttraining follow-up period had an impact. Moreover, perceived stress levels have increased significantly in the little track time, but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Based on ACT group therapy on depression, anxiety and posttraining follow-up period have been reduced (P > 0.05). The results of this study, based on ACT group therapy to improve rates of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress among girl student (18–15 years) of treatment is recommended.
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 2018
Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between body image and
... more Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between body image and
psychological wellbeing during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational
study was conducted on 320 pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran,
during 2016 and had the inclusion criteria. They were selected by nonprobability convenient sampling.
Data were gathered using standard psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction questionnaires.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software by descriptive and
inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that the mean (SD) score of psychological
wellbeing among participants was 77.50 (10.10) and their mean (SD) score of satisfaction with
body image was 89.30 (14.60). Moreover, the results revealed a positive and significant relationship
between the scores of psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction (r=0.354, p <0.001). The
results of regression analysis showed that the two variables of self‑acceptance (t = 5.6, p <0.001) and
personal growth (t = 2.06, p = 0.04)) can predict body image in pregnant women. Conclusions: The
findings revealed a significant positive relationship between body image satisfaction and psychological
wellbeing. Therefore, the training of positive attitude with respect to body image or increasing the
level of knowledge on psychological wellbeing can create a positive cycle for these variables, and
thus, make the pregnancy more enjoyable and acceptable.
Journal of Health Promotion Management (JHPM), 2017
Introduction: Female infertility is a problem that affects almost every aspect of women's lives.
... more Introduction: Female infertility is a problem that affects almost every aspect of women's lives. Infertile women usually experience stress, anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the effect of Iranian Positive Therapy and Acceptance -Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression, anxiety, and stress of infertile women in Isfahan City. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and three-month followup, 45 infertile women referred to the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center were selected by the purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of Iranian Positive Therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy and control in 2016. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-DASS- 42. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in the previous study. In the present study, reliability was measured by the Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 18 Software. Results: There was a significant difference in stress, anxiety and depression in the post-test and follow-up between the experimental (Iranian positive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy) and control groups (P < 0.01, F = 10.3), but there was no significant difference between two types of therapies (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Both of the therapeutic methods are equally effective in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in infertile women. Therefore, it can be recommended that these therapies be performed to reduce psychological problems in infertile women.
In the new millennium, curricula should take the next generation's fulfillment and happiness into... more In the new millennium, curricula should take the next generation's fulfillment and happiness into account. The present study aims at achieving an integrated knowledge to characterize the goals of a mental health improvement-based curriculum, performed in the form of research synthesis analyzing previous investigations in the area. Targeted homogeneous sampling was applied to select 100 papers on the subject of pupils' mental health authored by Iranian researchers found accredited data bases between 1996 and 2016. Data analysis using open subject coding encompassing three stages, namely open, axial, and selective coding, indicated that in order to improve the pupils' mental health, a curriculum should embody goals in three areas labeled as knowledge/cognitive, competence/capability, and attitude. Knowledge category would be made up of such objectives as improving mental health literacy, well being knowledge, and mental disorders identification. The competence category, on the other hand, would embrace the following objectives: empathic communication, behavior management, responsibility, tolerance enhancement, self expression competency, enabling adaptation, and finally, decision making and problem solving capabilities. Ultimately, such objectives as value orientation and positive perfectionism, goal orientation, positive self image, and inclination toward positive interaction would make up the attitude-related category.
Objective: The aim of this study was performed to determine the
effectiveness of acceptance and c... more Objective: The aim of this study was performed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological flexibility in obese women in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test trial with follow-up. The study population was all of the obese women in Isfahan in 2014 (BMI≥30).the sample of study was selected by convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 per group). The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (Lillis & Hayes, 2008) was the study instrument. The intervention was 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Acceptance and commitment therapy was provided only to the experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS. Results: Results of covariance analysis showed a significant increase in psychological flexibility at post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has been effective on psychological flexibilityof obese women.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive thinking skills on pessimistic docu... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive thinking skills on pessimistic documentary style among primary school male students. The statistical population was consisted of all 9 t0 11 year- old male students, totally as 450 boys, in Isfahan in academic year of 2013-2014.Being selected through accessible sampling, the research sample included 42 students who were randomly categorized into control and experimental groups (each group of 21 members). Each group completed the Children's documentary Style of Thompson et al questionnaire (1998). Considering the convergent validity, this questionnaire was in an acceptable level and its reliability also, as estimated by Cronbach' alpha, was as %61. Then the experimental group received 12 sessions of education (each 90 minutes) about positive thinking skills based on Chamzadeh Ghanavati' book as " me and my thought"( 2014). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics as frequency table and frequency percentage were used and multivariate analysis of covariance, also, was applied for inferential measurement. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS software 18th version. Findings indicated that the both groups in terms of pessimistic documentary style were meaningfully different based on personalization dimension ( p < 0/05 ) and permanence dimension ( p <0/01); however, no significant difference was observed considering the pervasive dimension (p >0/01 ) .Generally, the pre-test and post-test scores showed that there was a significant relationship between the both group ( p <0/01) and teaching positive thinking skills had an great effect on decreasing the level of pessimistic documentary style.
Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the types of consensual divorce and nonconsensual divorc... more Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the types of consensual divorce and nonconsensual divorce, in a variety of marriage (forced, intellectual, emotional, and rational‑emotional) among couples of applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan Province. Method: The study was conducted during winter 2013 to summer 2014. The sample of research was couples of applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan province. Since the divorce by agreement (0.80) as compared to nonadaptive divorce is (0.20), 80 couples of consensual divorce and 35 couples of nonconsensual divorce were selected by available sampling. Method of research was descriptive research tool was questionnaire of marriage (Aghaei, Khanbany and Golparvar, 2013). Result: The results showed that the group of consensual divorce compared to nonconsensual divorce in terms of marriage just only were significant difference (P < 0.05) in rational‑emotional marriage. Conclusion: According to this study, results showed that less divorces were in rational and rational‑emotional marriages compared with those of compulsory and emotional marriages.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of critical thinking training on cognitive ... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of critical thinking training on cognitive regulation of emotion of female students at third-grade of high school. The method of present study was of quasi experimental and pretest posttest type with control group and follow-up test. The statistical population consisted of all female students at third grade of high school in Isfahan City (first semester, 2014-2015). 40 students were selected through the phased cluster sampling and assigned randomly into experimental and control groups (20 subjects in each group). The experimental group were exposed to 8 sessions,1/5 hour of critical thinking training and the control group was not exposed to any intervention. The data collection instruments employed in this study consisted of a questionnaire of 26 items based on the cognitive regulation of emotion strategies (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001 ). The data collected were analyzed by covariance analysis. The results indicated that no significant difference was found between control and experimental groups during posttest phase regarding cognitive regulation of emotion strategies (p>0.05). But in follow-up phase, there was significant difference in general cognitive emotion regulation strategies, subscales of (self-blame and catastrophizing, other-blame) between control and experimental groups (p0.05).
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of five factor positive thinking skills training o... more This study aims to determine the effectiveness of five factor positive thinking skills training on the attributional style among the primary school male students of Isfahan, Iran. This was a quasi-treatment study. The statistical population involved all 9-11 years old male students of the primary schools of Isfahan in educational year of 2013-2014, of whom 42 were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into the treatment and control groups (each of 21). Research tools included the Revised Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire of Thompson et al (1998) and educational books including Me and My Thoughts by Ghanavati (2014). Participants in each group completed the Revised Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results of ANCOVA analysis indicated that five factor positive thinking skills training had not a significant effect on a pessimistic attribution style in terms of inclusive scale (P<0.01). Five factor positive thinking skills training had a significant effect on the pessimistic attributional style in terms of personalization and permanence scales (P>0.01). Five factor positive thinking skills training had a significant effect on the optimistic attributional style in terms of personalization scale (P<0.05). In general, difference between the scores of pre-test and post-test showed that five factor positive thinking skills training was effective on reducing the pessimistic attributional style.
The purpose of this study was investigating the relation between imaginary audience and personal ... more The purpose of this study was investigating the relation between imaginary audience and personal fable with family communication patterns in third grade high school students in Esfahan city. In this correlation study,379 (189 girls and 190 boys)third grade high school students in Esfahan were selected by clusters sampling and the New Imaginary Audience Scale(Lapsley,1989), New Personal Fable Scale(Lapsley,1989) and the Revised Family Communication Patterns Inventory(Ritchi&Fitzpatrick,1990) were completed with partcipants and used for analysis. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were performed for data analysis. Results indicated that imaginary audience had a significant and positive relation with the family communication patterns(P<0/01) and this scale predicted the conversation orientation(P<0/01), Results also revealed that there are significant correlation between personal fable and conversation orientation(P<0/01) and conformity orientation(P<0/05),within three subscale of personal fable, omnipotence and uniqueness predicted the conversation orientation(P<0/01) whereas only uniqueness was predictor of conformity orientation(P<0/01).
The purpose of this study was to compare the codependency and marriage satisfaction in normal mar... more The purpose of this study was to compare the codependency and marriage satisfaction in normal married women and on the verge of divorce women. The study employed a causal–comparative research. The ststisyical population were all normal married women and on the verge of divorce ones. Participants consisted of 50 couples on the verge of divorce, and 50 normal married women which were selected through available sampling. Research tools included Marital Satisfaction Questionaire (Enrich, 1989) and Codependency Questionnaire (Halivice, 2000). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there are significant differences between the two groups on the external focus (P<0.01), reactivity (P<0.05), codependency (P<0.01), and marital satisfaction (P<0.01). The results indicated that the amount of codependency and its dimensions including external focus, reactivity of women on the verge of divorce are more than normal couples and marital satisfaction of women on the verge of divorce is less than normal couples.
The aim of this research was compare between divorced women's quality of life and undivorced... more The aim of this research was compare between divorced women's quality of life and undivorced women in Shiraz city and study of Relationship between demographic variables of divorced women and their quality of life. Statistics society of this research selected ...
The purpose of this research was to determine the
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment
ther... more The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional eating of obese women in Isfahan. The research used a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a one month follow up. Through convenience sampling method, 30 women with an obesity diagnosis were selected and then, were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. All participants completed the Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (Forman & Herbert, 2009) before intervention, at the end of the intervention and one month after intervention. The intervention involved 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, each lasting for 90 minutes, which were administered only to the experimental group. Results of covariance analysis showed a significant decrease in the amount of emotional eating in the eating behavior subscale at the post-test, and follow up stages (P<0.05). In the eating desire subscale, there was a significant difference between the mean of experimental group and control group only in the follow up stage (P<0.05). The findings of this study confirmed the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional eating of obese women.
Objective: Due to the interactive effects of stress and chronic diseases, The aim of this study w... more Objective: Due to the interactive effects of stress and chronic diseases, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress inoculation training on symptoms of diabetes. Method: study two group pre-test, post-test statistical community of 2, 630 individuals had diabetes diabetes center. Of 16 women and 14 men to control sampling and testing were randomly divided into two groups. Stress inoculation training group for the experimental group over the 6 sessions (90 minutes) with a mean interval sessions were conducted 6 days. And data collection, the General Health Questionnaire depression scale (28-GHQ) in which both pre-and post-tests were performed on both control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: showed that the training reduced (P <0/001) in the mean scores of the experimental group than in the control group had depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Results indicate that stress inoculation training, cognitive behavioral therapy is an intervention sessions opportunity to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts and cognitive errors in the identification and correction is provided And can be useful as an intervention.
This book presents a theory, based on Iranian culture, about healthy human. This theory has one p... more This book presents a theory, based on Iranian culture, about healthy human. This theory has one principle and 12 characteristics that are called healthy human features. These features range from health to disease, and the more a person has these features, is closer to health and the less he has, is closer to the illness. The theoretical framework of the theory of healthy human is drawn to this way: first, each feature is defined with emphasis on psychological aspects, then the criteria of a healthy human and ill human are mentioned in each attribute. In the end, the ways to achieve each attribute, appropriate to healthy human characteristics are given in detail by giving examples and practical exercises.
Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with consequences affecting many aspects and dimensions... more Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with consequences affecting many aspects and dimensions of life. Patients experience relates to many aspects of their lives because the disease involves their whole life. The present study aims at defining the role of life style in patient's life. Reviewing their lived-experience can provide basic solutions to reform the life style of patients with diabetes. Method: in this phenomenology qualitative research, sampling was done among patients referred to Isfahan Diabetes Charity Center in a purposeful manner with the most possible variety. A number of 33 women with diabetes in the age range of 35 to 69 years with an experience of at least one year of living with diabetes and without a history of acute mental disease were chosen. Gradual sampling was conducted from January 2017 to March 2017. Patients took part in 45 to 50 minute semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and then the Colaizzi method format was analyzed. Results: analysis process of data gathered from these patients' lived-experiences, resulted in extracting four themes including physical health, psychologic health, spiritual health and social health. Conclusion: In order to reform the life style of patient's' with diabetes, a general comprehensive attitude in way of living is needed. Understanding the lived-experience and analyzing the life style experiences results in the field of health among patients with diabetes can assist the health care staff in providing better services and prevent returns to the inappropriate life style in the future. Keywords: Lived Experience, Healthy Lifestyle, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Aims: Diabetes is a disease that in case of coexisting with low self‐care, its severity and compl... more Aims: Diabetes is a disease that in case of coexisting with low self‐care, its severity and complications may increase. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of combined treatment package (Acceptance and commitment therapy‐based healthy lifestyle) with mindfulness‐based therapy on self‐care and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) in patients with diabetes mellitus, type 2. Materials & Methods: The present research, which was conducted in 2017, is a pretest‐posttest quasi‐experimental study consisting of 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. Firstly, 45 women with diabetes mellitus, type 2 in Isfahan were chosen as the research sample and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Self‐care scale and glycated hemoglobin test were considered as the research instruments. The patients in combined therapy group were treated during 12 three‐hour sessions and patients in mindfulness‐ based therapy group were treated during 10 two‐hour sessions. Finally, the data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS 21 software. Findings: There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups with respect to self‐care. There was a significant difference between ACT‐based healthy lifestyle group with mindfulness‐based therapy and control group, and there was a significant difference between the mindfulness‐based therapy and control group. In terms of A1C, there was a significant difference between intervention and control groups. ACT‐based healthy lifestyle group had a significant difference with mindfulness‐based therapy group and control group, but there was no significant difference between mindfulness‐based therapy and control group. Conclusion: ACT‐based healthy lifestyle can improve the self‐care and decrease glycated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus, type 2 and it is more effective than the mindfulness‐based therapy (standard therapy).
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that because of its unknown... more Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that because of its unknown and recurring nature can reduce the quality of life of the affected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on disease activity and quality of life in patients with UC.
Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 2020
The present study was conducted to investigate the comparison of the effectiveness of resilience ... more The present study was conducted to investigate the comparison of the effectiveness of resilience and emotion regulation on perceived social stigma and mental endurance in the mothers of the children with CP. The present research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the current study included all the mothers of the children with CP in the city of Shiraz in 2017. Non-probable available sampling method and random replacement were used in the present study. After selecting the sample size and replacing them in the experimental and control groups, the experimental group received teaching interventions in ninety-minute sessions once a week during three months. The applied questionnaires in the present study included social stigma and mental endurance. The results from the data analysis showed that teaching resilience and emotion regulation have been effective on perceived social stigma and mental endurance of the mother of the children with (CP ).
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the method is based on acceptanc... more AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the method is based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among girls (18–15 years) in Isfahan. METHODS: Semi-experimental study with pre-and post-test and follow-up with the control group. Multi-stage random cluster sampling from three training and education of 30 students with the highest scores on three scales of anxiety, depression, and stress were selected and randomly assigned into two groups (n = 15) and control group (15 subjects). Training as a group in eight sessions (one session a week for 60 min) was performed on the experimental group. Moreover, all the participants before the start of training, after training and after 45 days as a follow-up period, Lavyb and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 questionnaire (1995) was completed. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. RESULTS: The results showed that the subjects' perceived stress in the track slightly increased, but the increase was not statistically significant. Therefore, based on ACT group therapy in reducing depression, anxiety, and perceived stress and posttraining follow-up period had an impact. Moreover, perceived stress levels have increased significantly in the little track time, but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Based on ACT group therapy on depression, anxiety and posttraining follow-up period have been reduced (P > 0.05). The results of this study, based on ACT group therapy to improve rates of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress among girl student (18–15 years) of treatment is recommended.
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 2018
Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between body image and
... more Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between body image and
psychological wellbeing during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational
study was conducted on 320 pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran,
during 2016 and had the inclusion criteria. They were selected by nonprobability convenient sampling.
Data were gathered using standard psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction questionnaires.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software by descriptive and
inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that the mean (SD) score of psychological
wellbeing among participants was 77.50 (10.10) and their mean (SD) score of satisfaction with
body image was 89.30 (14.60). Moreover, the results revealed a positive and significant relationship
between the scores of psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction (r=0.354, p <0.001). The
results of regression analysis showed that the two variables of self‑acceptance (t = 5.6, p <0.001) and
personal growth (t = 2.06, p = 0.04)) can predict body image in pregnant women. Conclusions: The
findings revealed a significant positive relationship between body image satisfaction and psychological
wellbeing. Therefore, the training of positive attitude with respect to body image or increasing the
level of knowledge on psychological wellbeing can create a positive cycle for these variables, and
thus, make the pregnancy more enjoyable and acceptable.
Journal of Health Promotion Management (JHPM), 2017
Introduction: Female infertility is a problem that affects almost every aspect of women's lives.
... more Introduction: Female infertility is a problem that affects almost every aspect of women's lives. Infertile women usually experience stress, anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the effect of Iranian Positive Therapy and Acceptance -Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression, anxiety, and stress of infertile women in Isfahan City. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and three-month followup, 45 infertile women referred to the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center were selected by the purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of Iranian Positive Therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy and control in 2016. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-DASS- 42. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in the previous study. In the present study, reliability was measured by the Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 18 Software. Results: There was a significant difference in stress, anxiety and depression in the post-test and follow-up between the experimental (Iranian positive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy) and control groups (P < 0.01, F = 10.3), but there was no significant difference between two types of therapies (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Both of the therapeutic methods are equally effective in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in infertile women. Therefore, it can be recommended that these therapies be performed to reduce psychological problems in infertile women.
In the new millennium, curricula should take the next generation's fulfillment and happiness into... more In the new millennium, curricula should take the next generation's fulfillment and happiness into account. The present study aims at achieving an integrated knowledge to characterize the goals of a mental health improvement-based curriculum, performed in the form of research synthesis analyzing previous investigations in the area. Targeted homogeneous sampling was applied to select 100 papers on the subject of pupils' mental health authored by Iranian researchers found accredited data bases between 1996 and 2016. Data analysis using open subject coding encompassing three stages, namely open, axial, and selective coding, indicated that in order to improve the pupils' mental health, a curriculum should embody goals in three areas labeled as knowledge/cognitive, competence/capability, and attitude. Knowledge category would be made up of such objectives as improving mental health literacy, well being knowledge, and mental disorders identification. The competence category, on the other hand, would embrace the following objectives: empathic communication, behavior management, responsibility, tolerance enhancement, self expression competency, enabling adaptation, and finally, decision making and problem solving capabilities. Ultimately, such objectives as value orientation and positive perfectionism, goal orientation, positive self image, and inclination toward positive interaction would make up the attitude-related category.
Objective: The aim of this study was performed to determine the
effectiveness of acceptance and c... more Objective: The aim of this study was performed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological flexibility in obese women in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test trial with follow-up. The study population was all of the obese women in Isfahan in 2014 (BMI≥30).the sample of study was selected by convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 per group). The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (Lillis & Hayes, 2008) was the study instrument. The intervention was 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Acceptance and commitment therapy was provided only to the experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS. Results: Results of covariance analysis showed a significant increase in psychological flexibility at post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has been effective on psychological flexibilityof obese women.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive thinking skills on pessimistic docu... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive thinking skills on pessimistic documentary style among primary school male students. The statistical population was consisted of all 9 t0 11 year- old male students, totally as 450 boys, in Isfahan in academic year of 2013-2014.Being selected through accessible sampling, the research sample included 42 students who were randomly categorized into control and experimental groups (each group of 21 members). Each group completed the Children's documentary Style of Thompson et al questionnaire (1998). Considering the convergent validity, this questionnaire was in an acceptable level and its reliability also, as estimated by Cronbach' alpha, was as %61. Then the experimental group received 12 sessions of education (each 90 minutes) about positive thinking skills based on Chamzadeh Ghanavati' book as " me and my thought"( 2014). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics as frequency table and frequency percentage were used and multivariate analysis of covariance, also, was applied for inferential measurement. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS software 18th version. Findings indicated that the both groups in terms of pessimistic documentary style were meaningfully different based on personalization dimension ( p < 0/05 ) and permanence dimension ( p <0/01); however, no significant difference was observed considering the pervasive dimension (p >0/01 ) .Generally, the pre-test and post-test scores showed that there was a significant relationship between the both group ( p <0/01) and teaching positive thinking skills had an great effect on decreasing the level of pessimistic documentary style.
Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the types of consensual divorce and nonconsensual divorc... more Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the types of consensual divorce and nonconsensual divorce, in a variety of marriage (forced, intellectual, emotional, and rational‑emotional) among couples of applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan Province. Method: The study was conducted during winter 2013 to summer 2014. The sample of research was couples of applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan province. Since the divorce by agreement (0.80) as compared to nonadaptive divorce is (0.20), 80 couples of consensual divorce and 35 couples of nonconsensual divorce were selected by available sampling. Method of research was descriptive research tool was questionnaire of marriage (Aghaei, Khanbany and Golparvar, 2013). Result: The results showed that the group of consensual divorce compared to nonconsensual divorce in terms of marriage just only were significant difference (P < 0.05) in rational‑emotional marriage. Conclusion: According to this study, results showed that less divorces were in rational and rational‑emotional marriages compared with those of compulsory and emotional marriages.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of critical thinking training on cognitive ... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of critical thinking training on cognitive regulation of emotion of female students at third-grade of high school. The method of present study was of quasi experimental and pretest posttest type with control group and follow-up test. The statistical population consisted of all female students at third grade of high school in Isfahan City (first semester, 2014-2015). 40 students were selected through the phased cluster sampling and assigned randomly into experimental and control groups (20 subjects in each group). The experimental group were exposed to 8 sessions,1/5 hour of critical thinking training and the control group was not exposed to any intervention. The data collection instruments employed in this study consisted of a questionnaire of 26 items based on the cognitive regulation of emotion strategies (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001 ). The data collected were analyzed by covariance analysis. The results indicated that no significant difference was found between control and experimental groups during posttest phase regarding cognitive regulation of emotion strategies (p>0.05). But in follow-up phase, there was significant difference in general cognitive emotion regulation strategies, subscales of (self-blame and catastrophizing, other-blame) between control and experimental groups (p0.05).
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of five factor positive thinking skills training o... more This study aims to determine the effectiveness of five factor positive thinking skills training on the attributional style among the primary school male students of Isfahan, Iran. This was a quasi-treatment study. The statistical population involved all 9-11 years old male students of the primary schools of Isfahan in educational year of 2013-2014, of whom 42 were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into the treatment and control groups (each of 21). Research tools included the Revised Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire of Thompson et al (1998) and educational books including Me and My Thoughts by Ghanavati (2014). Participants in each group completed the Revised Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results of ANCOVA analysis indicated that five factor positive thinking skills training had not a significant effect on a pessimistic attribution style in terms of inclusive scale (P<0.01). Five factor positive thinking skills training had a significant effect on the pessimistic attributional style in terms of personalization and permanence scales (P>0.01). Five factor positive thinking skills training had a significant effect on the optimistic attributional style in terms of personalization scale (P<0.05). In general, difference between the scores of pre-test and post-test showed that five factor positive thinking skills training was effective on reducing the pessimistic attributional style.
The purpose of this study was investigating the relation between imaginary audience and personal ... more The purpose of this study was investigating the relation between imaginary audience and personal fable with family communication patterns in third grade high school students in Esfahan city. In this correlation study,379 (189 girls and 190 boys)third grade high school students in Esfahan were selected by clusters sampling and the New Imaginary Audience Scale(Lapsley,1989), New Personal Fable Scale(Lapsley,1989) and the Revised Family Communication Patterns Inventory(Ritchi&Fitzpatrick,1990) were completed with partcipants and used for analysis. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were performed for data analysis. Results indicated that imaginary audience had a significant and positive relation with the family communication patterns(P<0/01) and this scale predicted the conversation orientation(P<0/01), Results also revealed that there are significant correlation between personal fable and conversation orientation(P<0/01) and conformity orientation(P<0/05),within three subscale of personal fable, omnipotence and uniqueness predicted the conversation orientation(P<0/01) whereas only uniqueness was predictor of conformity orientation(P<0/01).
The purpose of this study was to compare the codependency and marriage satisfaction in normal mar... more The purpose of this study was to compare the codependency and marriage satisfaction in normal married women and on the verge of divorce women. The study employed a causal–comparative research. The ststisyical population were all normal married women and on the verge of divorce ones. Participants consisted of 50 couples on the verge of divorce, and 50 normal married women which were selected through available sampling. Research tools included Marital Satisfaction Questionaire (Enrich, 1989) and Codependency Questionnaire (Halivice, 2000). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there are significant differences between the two groups on the external focus (P<0.01), reactivity (P<0.05), codependency (P<0.01), and marital satisfaction (P<0.01). The results indicated that the amount of codependency and its dimensions including external focus, reactivity of women on the verge of divorce are more than normal couples and marital satisfaction of women on the verge of divorce is less than normal couples.
The aim of this research was compare between divorced women's quality of life and undivorced... more The aim of this research was compare between divorced women's quality of life and undivorced women in Shiraz city and study of Relationship between demographic variables of divorced women and their quality of life. Statistics society of this research selected ...
The purpose of this research was to determine the
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment
ther... more The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional eating of obese women in Isfahan. The research used a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a one month follow up. Through convenience sampling method, 30 women with an obesity diagnosis were selected and then, were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. All participants completed the Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (Forman & Herbert, 2009) before intervention, at the end of the intervention and one month after intervention. The intervention involved 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, each lasting for 90 minutes, which were administered only to the experimental group. Results of covariance analysis showed a significant decrease in the amount of emotional eating in the eating behavior subscale at the post-test, and follow up stages (P<0.05). In the eating desire subscale, there was a significant difference between the mean of experimental group and control group only in the follow up stage (P<0.05). The findings of this study confirmed the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional eating of obese women.
Objective: Due to the interactive effects of stress and chronic diseases, The aim of this study w... more Objective: Due to the interactive effects of stress and chronic diseases, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress inoculation training on symptoms of diabetes. Method: study two group pre-test, post-test statistical community of 2, 630 individuals had diabetes diabetes center. Of 16 women and 14 men to control sampling and testing were randomly divided into two groups. Stress inoculation training group for the experimental group over the 6 sessions (90 minutes) with a mean interval sessions were conducted 6 days. And data collection, the General Health Questionnaire depression scale (28-GHQ) in which both pre-and post-tests were performed on both control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: showed that the training reduced (P <0/001) in the mean scores of the experimental group than in the control group had depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Results indicate that stress inoculation training, cognitive behavioral therapy is an intervention sessions opportunity to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts and cognitive errors in the identification and correction is provided And can be useful as an intervention.
مشاوره آسيب زا يك مشاوره غلط ونامناسب مثل يك روش آموزشي غلط مي باشد كه هم بر مراجع وهم برمشاور ... more مشاوره آسيب زا يك مشاوره غلط ونامناسب مثل يك روش آموزشي غلط مي باشد كه هم بر مراجع وهم برمشاور تاثير منفي مي گذارد. بنابراین ، ازدید ما مشاوره آسیب زاگونه ای ازمشاوره است که آسیب زایی درآن (برای مراجع ، مشاوریا هردو)با احتمال بالایی رخ می دهد ، مگرآن که مشاور ازتوانمندی های حرفه ای ، اخلاقی وشخصیتی لازم برخورداربوده وقادرباشد که فضای مشاوره ای را به گونه ای مدیریت نماید که آسیب زایی مورد نظربه حداقل ممکن تقلیل یابد.
هدف از نگارش این کتاب تعریف استرس و بیان نظریههای مطرح آن نیست، بلکه هدف معرفی یک الگوی تلفیقی ... more هدف از نگارش این کتاب تعریف استرس و بیان نظریههای مطرح آن نیست، بلکه هدف معرفی یک الگوی تلفیقی جهت مدیریت استرس محیط کار و پیامدهای فیزیولوژیکی، روانشناختی، رفتاری و سازمانی ناشی از آن است. با این حال، معرفی چنین الگویی، مستلزم توضیح و تبیین مفهوم استرس شغلی، پیامدهای آن و همچنین شیوههای مدیریت استرس در محیط کار است. از این رو، تبیین چنین الگویی که از تلفیق چندین الگوی علمی و عملی کاهش استرس طرحریزی شده است، ضروری به نظر میرسد.
بر این اساس مطالب کتاب در دو بخش جداگانه تنظیم شده است. در بخش اول که شامل شش فصل است به توضیح و تبیین موضوعات بالا اختصاص دارد. بدین ترتیب در فصل اول درباره تعریف استرس محیط کار، استرس شغلی، مشاغل استرسزا و عوامل استرسزای محیط کار توضیح داده شده است. در فصل دوم پیامدهای استرس شغلی و ناراحتیهای محیط کار به بحث گذاشته شده است. در فصل سوم که تحت عنوان مدیریت استرس محیط کار تنظیم شده، مباحثی همچون نظریههای استرس شغلی و شیوههای مدیریت استرس محیط کار معرفی شدهاند. در فصل چهارم تبیین ویژگیهای مراقبه و مداخلات ذهنآگاهی در دستور کار قرار گرفته است. فصل پنجم نیز به ساختار و محتوای مداخلات ذهنآگاهی اختصاص دارد و طی آن الگوی مورد نظر کتاب تحت عنوان «مدیریت استرس شناختی ـ رفتاری مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی» معرفی شده است. فصل ششم نیز مطالبی در خصوص مراقبهی مهرورزی و مراقبهی دلسوزی برای آشنایی خوانندگان معرفی کرده است.
در بخش دوم کتاب که فصلهای هفتم تا نوزدهم را شامل میشود، به معرفی و ارائه هر یک از جلسات دوازدهگانه الگوی مورد نظر کتاب اختصاص دارد که به صورت کاربردی مهارتهای مورد نیاز برای کنترل استرس محیط کار و پیامدهای آن را معرفی مینماید و به توضیح آنها میپردازد. بدین ترتیب فصلهای هفتم تا هجدهم به معرفی 12 جلسه مربوط به اجرای الگوی مدیریت شناختی ـ رفتاری استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی اختصاص یافته و فصل نوزدهم نیز تغییرات مورد انتظار و تغییرات صورت گرفته را مورد بررسی قرار داده است.
لازم به توضیح است که سوای فصل اول تا ششم که عمدتاً به تبیین مبانی نظری استرس محیط کار و مدیریت آن اخصاص دارند، در سایر فصلهای کتاب سعی شده است که تا حد امکان از افراط و تفریط که بعضاً گریبانگیر کتابهای روانی ـ آموزشی اختلالات روانشناختی است، اجتناب گردد. در واقع، برخی از کتابهایی که جهت آموزش کاربردی یا قدم به قدم درمان و کنترل اختلالات روانشناختی به رشتهی تحریر در میآیند، آنچنان درگیر مبانی نظری و زیربنایی موضوع میشوند که هدف خود را که همانا آموزش گام به گام و عملی اختلال یا نشانگان است را یکسره فراموش میکنند. درست است که خواندن این گونه کتابها موجب افزایش اطلاعات علمی افراد علاقهمند میشود، ولی ممکن است برای افراد نیازمند سود چندانی به همراه نداشته باشد.
از سوی دیگر، برخی از کتابها برای فرار از چنین دامی، مبانی نظری و زیربنایی موضوع را نادیده میگیرند و کتاب را تا حد مجموعهای از دستورالعملها، کاربرگها و تمرینها تنزل میدهند و به اصطلاح «بچه را با لگن دور میاندازند». در چنین حالتی خواننده یا مراجع، بدون اینکه آگاهی چندانی از کم و کیف تمرین یا فعالیتی که انجام میدهد داشته باشد، صرفاً این تمرینها را انجام میدهد. مضاف بر اینکه ممکن است گاهی انجام چنین تمرینهایی بدون آگاهی از چرایی آن، در مراجع یک حالت بیانگیزهگی و یا حتی ناباوری ایجاد نماید.
ذکر این نکته نیز لازم است که همانطور که مفهوم شغل، حرفه و کار با یکدیگر تفاوت دارند ـ که در فصل اول به آن اشاره خواهد شد ـ بین استرس شغلی، استرس سازمانی، استرس حرفهای و استرس محیط کار نیز با وجود نقاط تشابه، اختلافاتی وجود دارد. البته با توجه به ساختار کتاب، ما قصد نداریم که خود را درگیر چنین مفاهیمی نماییم؛ بلکه صرفاً برای روشنتر شدن موضوع به گفتن این مطلب بسنده میکنیم که استرس محیط کار مفهومی فراتر از استرس شغلی است. به طوری که استرس محیط کار علاوه بر استرس ناشی از شغل، استرس ناشی از سایر شرایط محیط کار را نیز پوشش میدهد. با این حال ـ و البته با کمی اغماض ـ هرجا صحبت از استرس شغلی نیز به میان آمده است منظور ما فراتر از استرس ناشی از شغل است و همان مفهوم استرس محیط کار را افاضه میکند.
از سوی دیگر، نباید اینگونه تصور کرد که استرس تنها مشکل روانشناختی است که در محیط کار وجود دارد. در واقع، استرس و به تبع آن استرس محیط کار عامل اصلی بروز اغلب نشانگان و اختلالات روانشناختی و حتی جسمانی به حساب میآید. به همین دلیل در هنگام بحث پیرامون استرس محیط کار باید به پیامدهای روانشناختی، فیزیولوژیکی، رفتاری و سازمانی آن عمیقاً توجه کرد و مشکلاتی که در اثر چنین استرسهایی به وجود میآیند را به منظور پیشگیری از بروز اختلالات شدیدتر تحت کنترل درآورد.
البته کنترل این مشکلات به دلیل چند وجهی بودن استرس اگر نگوییم غیر ممکن ـ ولی تا حدودی دشوار است. از این رو، درمان و کنترل استرس محیط کار شیوههای منحصر به فردی را میطلبد که از روشهای سنتی فراتر روند و بتوانند علاوه بر جنبههای شناختی و رفتاری، بر روی جنبههای فیزیولوژیکی و هیجانی استرس نیز متمرکز شوند. به نظر میرسد بخش عمدهای از این موضوع مهم در برنامهی کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی توسط کاباتزین (2005 الف) تدارک دیده شده است.
هرچند مطالب این کتاب، همچون سایر کتابهای با محتوای ذهنآگاهی، به شدت وامدار کتاب «زندگی مصیبتبار » کاباتزین (2005 الف) است که برای اولین بار تمرینهای مربوط به برنامهی کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی را رواج داد، ولی سعی شده است با توجه به اهمیت استعاره، تمثیل و شعر به منظور ایجاد تغییر در لایههای زیرین ذهن، در نهایت گامهای اساسیتری در جهت تغییر اساسی در سطح شناختی و هیجانی ذهن برداشته شود. همچنین سعی شده است چه در بخش اول که مربوط به مبانی نظری مداخلات ذهنآگاهی است و چه در بخش دوم که به معرفی تمرینهای ذهنآگاهی اختصاص دارد، مطالب نه صرفاً بر اساس 7 کیفیت ذهنآگاهی که توسط کاباتزین (2005 الف) مطرح شده است و نه صرفاً بر اساس 5 کیفیتی که شاپیرو و شوارتز (2000) عنوان کردهاند، بلکه بر اساس 12 کیفیت ذهنآگاهی به صورت تلفیقی و ترکیبی و البته کاملاً مستدل و هماهنگ مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. بررسیهای موشکافانهی مبتنی بر مطالعات تجربی نیز آشکار کردهاند که به خصوص کیفیتهای ذهنآگاهی که توسط شاپیرو و شوارتز (2000) معرفی شدهاند و تحت عنوان «صفات قلبی» شناخته میشوند، از اثربخشی بسیار بالایی برای ایجاد تغییر پایدار بر روی متغیرهای هیجانی و عاطفی برخوردارند (جلالی، در دست انتشار). به نظر میرسد تلفیق این 5 کیفیت با 7 کیفیت قبلی، میتواند بر روی مولفهها و پیامدهای هیجانی و فیزیولوژیکی استرس، فرسودگی و ناراحتیهای محیط کار تاثیر سودمندی به جای بگذارد.
جای بسی امیدواری وجود دارد که مطالب کتاب به دلیل تاکید همزمان بر روی مداخلات شناختی ـ رفتاری، مداخلات ذهنآگاهی و تمثیلها و اشعار متناسب با فرهنگ ایرانی ـ اسلامی بتواند به چنین هدفی نزدیک شود. مطالب به گونهای تنظیم شدهاند که هم برای متخصصان و کارگزاران بهداشت روانی محیط کار، اعم از روانشناسان و مشاوران سازمانی مفید است، و هم به درد مدیران و کارکنان کلیه بخشهای تولیدی، خدماتی و اداری میخورد. در واقع، علاوه بر متخصصان و مدیران، همهی افرادی که درگیر یک شغل دایمی یا غیردایمی، سازمانی یا غیرسازمانی، تولیدی یا خدماتی، اداری و یا آزاد هستند، یا حتی افرادی که کار اصلیشان خانهداری است یا بازنشسته شدهاند و تمایل دارند استرس محیط کار و حتی استرسهای زندگی روزمره خود را مدیریت نمایند، میتوانند از مطالب و به خصوص تمرینهای بخش دوم کتاب استفاده نمایند.
نویسندگان این سطور با امعاننظر به دامهای پیشرو که در ابتدای مقدمه به آنها اشاره شد، سعی کردهاند هم مبانی نظری و هم جنبههای کاربردی مدیریت استرس و سایر ناراحتیهای محیط کار را مورد توجه قرار دهند. تحقق چنین امری از تلفیق دو حوزهی بسیار گسترده روانشناسی، یعنی حوزهی روانشناسی سازمانی و حوزهی روانشناسی بالینی به دست آمده است. مضاف بر این، چون مداخلات ذهنآگاهی و تمرینهای آن از زیربنای قوی فلسفی برخوردارند، لذا در تنظیم مطالب کتاب و به خصوص در بخش دوم در خلال معرفی تمرینهای ذهنآگاهی به این موضوع توجه مضاعفی شده است.
چون نسخهی معرفی شده از تلفیق چندین الگو شکل گرفته است، قطعاً کاستیهایی به همراه دارد. ضمن اینکه ممکن است استعارهها و اشعاری که در بطن جلسات آموزش معرفی شدهاند، هرچند با دقت و وسواس و متناسب با ساختار و اهداف جلسات هماهنگ شدهاند، ولی به هیچ وجه نمیتوان ادعا کرد که آنها بهترین نمونه در نوع خود هستند. این را نیز اضافه کنیم که با امعاننظر به نقش استعاره، تمثیل و شعر در جهت اثرگذاری در لایههای زیرین ذهن، سعی شده است که علاوه بر استفاده از آن در بطن جلسات آموزش، در جای جای کتاب نیز از چنین قطعاتی استفاده شود.
با وجود اینکه مبنای مداخلات ذهنآگاهی بر اساس فلسفهی شرق آسیا بنیان نهاده شده و بعدها با روانشناسی نوین غرب تلفیق گردید، ولی در این کتاب نویسندگان سعی کردهاند در حد وسع و توان علمی خود، با اشاره به روایات، اشعار و تمثیلها به خصوص از نوع وطنی، ذهن خواننده را نسبت به این واقعیت روشن نمایند که فرهنگ ایرانی ـ اسلامی نیز به نوبهی خود از ظرفیت بسیار بالایی برای طرحریزی چنین برنامهها و مداخلاتی برخوردار است. بنابراین به مصداق شعر حافظ این نباشد که تصور کنیم چنین کیفیتی تنها در فلسفهی شرق آسیا یا روانشناسی غرب وجود دارد و ما از آن بیبهرهایم.
سالها دل طلب جام جم از ما میکرد آنچه خود داشت ز بیگانه تمنا میکرد
گوهری کز صدف کون و مکان بیرون است طلب از گمشدگان لب دریا میکرد
یقین داریم که کم و کیف و ارزیابی این استعارهها و قطعات شعر از چشم تیزبین خواننده ایرانی که از لحظهی آغاز زندگی و در طول حیات خود همواره و در هر شرایطی با چنین استعارهها و تمثیلهایی دمخور است، دور نخواهد ماند. بنابراین از خوانندگان ارجمند و فرهیخته تقاضا داریم ضمن چشمپوشی از لغزشها و کاستیهای مطالب کتاب، مولفان را با ارائه نقطهنظرات پیشنهادی و اصلاحی خود به منظور کاهش این کاستیها در چابهای بعدی، قرین منت گردانند.
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Papers by Asghar Aghaei
Patients experience relates to many aspects of their lives because the disease involves their whole life.
The present study aims at defining the role of life style in patient's life. Reviewing their lived-experience can
provide basic solutions to reform the life style of patients with diabetes.
Method: in this phenomenology qualitative research, sampling was done among patients referred to Isfahan
Diabetes Charity Center in a purposeful manner with the most possible variety. A number of 33 women with
diabetes in the age range of 35 to 69 years with an experience of at least one year of living with diabetes and
without a history of acute mental disease were chosen. Gradual sampling was conducted from January 2017
to March 2017. Patients took part in 45 to 50 minute semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded
and then the Colaizzi method format was analyzed.
Results: analysis process of data gathered from these patients' lived-experiences, resulted in extracting four
themes including physical health, psychologic health, spiritual health and social health.
Conclusion: In order to reform the life style of patient's' with diabetes, a general comprehensive attitude in
way of living is needed. Understanding the lived-experience and analyzing the life style experiences results in
the field of health among patients with diabetes can assist the health care staff in providing better services and
prevent returns to the inappropriate life style in the future.
Keywords: Lived Experience, Healthy Lifestyle, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(CP ).
psychological wellbeing during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational
study was conducted on 320 pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran,
during 2016 and had the inclusion criteria. They were selected by nonprobability convenient sampling.
Data were gathered using standard psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction questionnaires.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software by descriptive and
inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that the mean (SD) score of psychological
wellbeing among participants was 77.50 (10.10) and their mean (SD) score of satisfaction with
body image was 89.30 (14.60). Moreover, the results revealed a positive and significant relationship
between the scores of psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction (r=0.354, p <0.001). The
results of regression analysis showed that the two variables of self‑acceptance (t = 5.6, p <0.001) and
personal growth (t = 2.06, p = 0.04)) can predict body image in pregnant women. Conclusions: The
findings revealed a significant positive relationship between body image satisfaction and psychological
wellbeing. Therefore, the training of positive attitude with respect to body image or increasing the
level of knowledge on psychological wellbeing can create a positive cycle for these variables, and
thus, make the pregnancy more enjoyable and acceptable.
Infertile women usually experience stress, anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the
effect of Iranian Positive Therapy and Acceptance -Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression,
anxiety, and stress of infertile women in Isfahan City.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and three-month followup,
45 infertile women referred to the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center were selected by the
purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of Iranian Positive Therapy, acceptance
and commitment therapy and control in 2016. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety
and Stress Scale-DASS- 42. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in the
previous study. In the present study, reliability was measured by the Cronbach's alpha. Data were
analyzed by the SPSS 18 Software.
Results: There was a significant difference in stress, anxiety and depression in the post-test and
follow-up between the experimental (Iranian positive therapy and acceptance and commitment
therapy) and control groups (P < 0.01, F = 10.3), but there was no significant difference between
two types of therapies (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Both of the therapeutic methods are equally effective in reducing anxiety, stress and
depression in infertile women. Therefore, it can be recommended that these therapies be performed
to reduce psychological problems in infertile women.
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological
flexibility in obese women in Isfahan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-test,
post-test trial with follow-up. The study population was all of the obese
women in Isfahan in 2014 (BMI≥30).the sample of study was selected
by convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two
experimental and control groups (15 per group). The Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (Lillis &
Hayes, 2008) was the study instrument. The intervention was 8
sessions of 90 minutes. Acceptance and commitment therapy was
provided only to the experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS.
Results: Results of covariance analysis showed a significant increase
in psychological flexibility at post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that acceptance and commitment
therapy has been effective on psychological flexibilityof obese women.
in a variety of marriage (forced, intellectual, emotional, and rational‑emotional) among couples of
applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan Province. Method: The study
was conducted during winter 2013 to summer 2014. The sample of research was couples of
applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan province. Since the divorce by
agreement (0.80) as compared to nonadaptive divorce is (0.20), 80 couples of consensual divorce
and 35 couples of nonconsensual divorce were selected by available sampling. Method of research
was descriptive research tool was questionnaire of marriage (Aghaei, Khanbany and Golparvar, 2013).
Result: The results showed that the group of consensual divorce compared to nonconsensual
divorce in terms of marriage just only were significant difference (P < 0.05) in rational‑emotional
marriage. Conclusion: According to this study, results showed that less divorces were in rational
and rational‑emotional marriages compared with those of compulsory and emotional marriages.
Marital Satisfaction Questionaire (Enrich, 1989) and Codependency Questionnaire (Halivice, 2000). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there are significant differences between the two groups on the external focus (P<0.01), reactivity (P<0.05), codependency (P<0.01), and marital satisfaction (P<0.01). The results indicated that the amount of codependency and its dimensions including external focus, reactivity of women on the verge of divorce are more than normal couples and marital satisfaction of women on the verge of divorce is less than normal couples.
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment
therapy on emotional eating of obese women in
Isfahan. The research used a quasi-experimental
study with a pretest-posttest design and a one
month follow up. Through convenience sampling
method, 30 women with an obesity diagnosis were
selected and then, were randomly assigned into
experimental and control groups. All participants
completed the Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire
(Forman & Herbert, 2009) before intervention, at
the end of the intervention and one month after
intervention. The intervention involved 8 sessions
of acceptance and commitment therapy, each
lasting for 90 minutes, which were administered
only to the experimental group. Results of
covariance analysis showed a significant decrease
in the amount of emotional eating in the eating
behavior subscale at the post-test, and follow up
stages (P<0.05). In the eating desire subscale, there
was a significant difference between the mean of
experimental group and control group only in the
follow up stage (P<0.05). The findings of this study
confirmed the efficacy of acceptance and commitment
therapy on emotional eating of obese women.
Method: study two group pre-test, post-test statistical community of 2, 630 individuals had diabetes diabetes center. Of 16 women and 14 men to control sampling and testing were randomly divided into two groups. Stress inoculation training group for the experimental group over the 6 sessions (90 minutes) with a mean interval sessions were conducted 6 days. And data collection, the General Health Questionnaire depression scale (28-GHQ) in which both pre-and post-tests were performed on both control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: showed that the training reduced (P <0/001) in the mean scores of the experimental group than in the control group had depressive symptoms.
Conclusions: Results indicate that stress inoculation training, cognitive behavioral therapy is an intervention sessions opportunity to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts and cognitive errors in the identification and correction is provided And can be useful as an intervention.
Patients experience relates to many aspects of their lives because the disease involves their whole life.
The present study aims at defining the role of life style in patient's life. Reviewing their lived-experience can
provide basic solutions to reform the life style of patients with diabetes.
Method: in this phenomenology qualitative research, sampling was done among patients referred to Isfahan
Diabetes Charity Center in a purposeful manner with the most possible variety. A number of 33 women with
diabetes in the age range of 35 to 69 years with an experience of at least one year of living with diabetes and
without a history of acute mental disease were chosen. Gradual sampling was conducted from January 2017
to March 2017. Patients took part in 45 to 50 minute semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded
and then the Colaizzi method format was analyzed.
Results: analysis process of data gathered from these patients' lived-experiences, resulted in extracting four
themes including physical health, psychologic health, spiritual health and social health.
Conclusion: In order to reform the life style of patient's' with diabetes, a general comprehensive attitude in
way of living is needed. Understanding the lived-experience and analyzing the life style experiences results in
the field of health among patients with diabetes can assist the health care staff in providing better services and
prevent returns to the inappropriate life style in the future.
Keywords: Lived Experience, Healthy Lifestyle, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(CP ).
psychological wellbeing during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational
study was conducted on 320 pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran,
during 2016 and had the inclusion criteria. They were selected by nonprobability convenient sampling.
Data were gathered using standard psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction questionnaires.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software by descriptive and
inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that the mean (SD) score of psychological
wellbeing among participants was 77.50 (10.10) and their mean (SD) score of satisfaction with
body image was 89.30 (14.60). Moreover, the results revealed a positive and significant relationship
between the scores of psychological wellbeing and body image satisfaction (r=0.354, p <0.001). The
results of regression analysis showed that the two variables of self‑acceptance (t = 5.6, p <0.001) and
personal growth (t = 2.06, p = 0.04)) can predict body image in pregnant women. Conclusions: The
findings revealed a significant positive relationship between body image satisfaction and psychological
wellbeing. Therefore, the training of positive attitude with respect to body image or increasing the
level of knowledge on psychological wellbeing can create a positive cycle for these variables, and
thus, make the pregnancy more enjoyable and acceptable.
Infertile women usually experience stress, anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the
effect of Iranian Positive Therapy and Acceptance -Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression,
anxiety, and stress of infertile women in Isfahan City.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and three-month followup,
45 infertile women referred to the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center were selected by the
purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of Iranian Positive Therapy, acceptance
and commitment therapy and control in 2016. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety
and Stress Scale-DASS- 42. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in the
previous study. In the present study, reliability was measured by the Cronbach's alpha. Data were
analyzed by the SPSS 18 Software.
Results: There was a significant difference in stress, anxiety and depression in the post-test and
follow-up between the experimental (Iranian positive therapy and acceptance and commitment
therapy) and control groups (P < 0.01, F = 10.3), but there was no significant difference between
two types of therapies (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Both of the therapeutic methods are equally effective in reducing anxiety, stress and
depression in infertile women. Therefore, it can be recommended that these therapies be performed
to reduce psychological problems in infertile women.
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological
flexibility in obese women in Isfahan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-test,
post-test trial with follow-up. The study population was all of the obese
women in Isfahan in 2014 (BMI≥30).the sample of study was selected
by convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two
experimental and control groups (15 per group). The Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (Lillis &
Hayes, 2008) was the study instrument. The intervention was 8
sessions of 90 minutes. Acceptance and commitment therapy was
provided only to the experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS.
Results: Results of covariance analysis showed a significant increase
in psychological flexibility at post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that acceptance and commitment
therapy has been effective on psychological flexibilityof obese women.
in a variety of marriage (forced, intellectual, emotional, and rational‑emotional) among couples of
applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan Province. Method: The study
was conducted during winter 2013 to summer 2014. The sample of research was couples of
applicant divorce who referred to the Justice Department of Isfahan province. Since the divorce by
agreement (0.80) as compared to nonadaptive divorce is (0.20), 80 couples of consensual divorce
and 35 couples of nonconsensual divorce were selected by available sampling. Method of research
was descriptive research tool was questionnaire of marriage (Aghaei, Khanbany and Golparvar, 2013).
Result: The results showed that the group of consensual divorce compared to nonconsensual
divorce in terms of marriage just only were significant difference (P < 0.05) in rational‑emotional
marriage. Conclusion: According to this study, results showed that less divorces were in rational
and rational‑emotional marriages compared with those of compulsory and emotional marriages.
Marital Satisfaction Questionaire (Enrich, 1989) and Codependency Questionnaire (Halivice, 2000). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there are significant differences between the two groups on the external focus (P<0.01), reactivity (P<0.05), codependency (P<0.01), and marital satisfaction (P<0.01). The results indicated that the amount of codependency and its dimensions including external focus, reactivity of women on the verge of divorce are more than normal couples and marital satisfaction of women on the verge of divorce is less than normal couples.
effectiveness of acceptance and commitment
therapy on emotional eating of obese women in
Isfahan. The research used a quasi-experimental
study with a pretest-posttest design and a one
month follow up. Through convenience sampling
method, 30 women with an obesity diagnosis were
selected and then, were randomly assigned into
experimental and control groups. All participants
completed the Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire
(Forman & Herbert, 2009) before intervention, at
the end of the intervention and one month after
intervention. The intervention involved 8 sessions
of acceptance and commitment therapy, each
lasting for 90 minutes, which were administered
only to the experimental group. Results of
covariance analysis showed a significant decrease
in the amount of emotional eating in the eating
behavior subscale at the post-test, and follow up
stages (P<0.05). In the eating desire subscale, there
was a significant difference between the mean of
experimental group and control group only in the
follow up stage (P<0.05). The findings of this study
confirmed the efficacy of acceptance and commitment
therapy on emotional eating of obese women.
Method: study two group pre-test, post-test statistical community of 2, 630 individuals had diabetes diabetes center. Of 16 women and 14 men to control sampling and testing were randomly divided into two groups. Stress inoculation training group for the experimental group over the 6 sessions (90 minutes) with a mean interval sessions were conducted 6 days. And data collection, the General Health Questionnaire depression scale (28-GHQ) in which both pre-and post-tests were performed on both control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: showed that the training reduced (P <0/001) in the mean scores of the experimental group than in the control group had depressive symptoms.
Conclusions: Results indicate that stress inoculation training, cognitive behavioral therapy is an intervention sessions opportunity to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts and cognitive errors in the identification and correction is provided And can be useful as an intervention.
بر این اساس مطالب کتاب در دو بخش جداگانه تنظیم شده است. در بخش اول که شامل شش فصل است به توضیح و تبیین موضوعات بالا اختصاص دارد. بدین ترتیب در فصل اول درباره تعریف استرس محیط کار، استرس شغلی، مشاغل استرسزا و عوامل استرسزای محیط کار توضیح داده شده است. در فصل دوم پیامدهای استرس شغلی و ناراحتیهای محیط کار به بحث گذاشته شده است. در فصل سوم که تحت عنوان مدیریت استرس محیط کار تنظیم شده، مباحثی همچون نظریههای استرس شغلی و شیوههای مدیریت استرس محیط کار معرفی شدهاند. در فصل چهارم تبیین ویژگیهای مراقبه و مداخلات ذهنآگاهی در دستور کار قرار گرفته است. فصل پنجم نیز به ساختار و محتوای مداخلات ذهنآگاهی اختصاص دارد و طی آن الگوی مورد نظر کتاب تحت عنوان «مدیریت استرس شناختی ـ رفتاری مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی» معرفی شده است. فصل ششم نیز مطالبی در خصوص مراقبهی مهرورزی و مراقبهی دلسوزی برای آشنایی خوانندگان معرفی کرده است.
در بخش دوم کتاب که فصلهای هفتم تا نوزدهم را شامل میشود، به معرفی و ارائه هر یک از جلسات دوازدهگانه الگوی مورد نظر کتاب اختصاص دارد که به صورت کاربردی مهارتهای مورد نیاز برای کنترل استرس محیط کار و پیامدهای آن را معرفی مینماید و به توضیح آنها میپردازد. بدین ترتیب فصلهای هفتم تا هجدهم به معرفی 12 جلسه مربوط به اجرای الگوی مدیریت شناختی ـ رفتاری استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی اختصاص یافته و فصل نوزدهم نیز تغییرات مورد انتظار و تغییرات صورت گرفته را مورد بررسی قرار داده است.
لازم به توضیح است که سوای فصل اول تا ششم که عمدتاً به تبیین مبانی نظری استرس محیط کار و مدیریت آن اخصاص دارند، در سایر فصلهای کتاب سعی شده است که تا حد امکان از افراط و تفریط که بعضاً گریبانگیر کتابهای روانی ـ آموزشی اختلالات روانشناختی است، اجتناب گردد. در واقع، برخی از کتابهایی که جهت آموزش کاربردی یا قدم به قدم درمان و کنترل اختلالات روانشناختی به رشتهی تحریر در میآیند، آنچنان درگیر مبانی نظری و زیربنایی موضوع میشوند که هدف خود را که همانا آموزش گام به گام و عملی اختلال یا نشانگان است را یکسره فراموش میکنند. درست است که خواندن این گونه کتابها موجب افزایش اطلاعات علمی افراد علاقهمند میشود، ولی ممکن است برای افراد نیازمند سود چندانی به همراه نداشته باشد.
از سوی دیگر، برخی از کتابها برای فرار از چنین دامی، مبانی نظری و زیربنایی موضوع را نادیده میگیرند و کتاب را تا حد مجموعهای از دستورالعملها، کاربرگها و تمرینها تنزل میدهند و به اصطلاح «بچه را با لگن دور میاندازند». در چنین حالتی خواننده یا مراجع، بدون اینکه آگاهی چندانی از کم و کیف تمرین یا فعالیتی که انجام میدهد داشته باشد، صرفاً این تمرینها را انجام میدهد. مضاف بر اینکه ممکن است گاهی انجام چنین تمرینهایی بدون آگاهی از چرایی آن، در مراجع یک حالت بیانگیزهگی و یا حتی ناباوری ایجاد نماید.
ذکر این نکته نیز لازم است که همانطور که مفهوم شغل، حرفه و کار با یکدیگر تفاوت دارند ـ که در فصل اول به آن اشاره خواهد شد ـ بین استرس شغلی، استرس سازمانی، استرس حرفهای و استرس محیط کار نیز با وجود نقاط تشابه، اختلافاتی وجود دارد. البته با توجه به ساختار کتاب، ما قصد نداریم که خود را درگیر چنین مفاهیمی نماییم؛ بلکه صرفاً برای روشنتر شدن موضوع به گفتن این مطلب بسنده میکنیم که استرس محیط کار مفهومی فراتر از استرس شغلی است. به طوری که استرس محیط کار علاوه بر استرس ناشی از شغل، استرس ناشی از سایر شرایط محیط کار را نیز پوشش میدهد. با این حال ـ و البته با کمی اغماض ـ هرجا صحبت از استرس شغلی نیز به میان آمده است منظور ما فراتر از استرس ناشی از شغل است و همان مفهوم استرس محیط کار را افاضه میکند.
از سوی دیگر، نباید اینگونه تصور کرد که استرس تنها مشکل روانشناختی است که در محیط کار وجود دارد. در واقع، استرس و به تبع آن استرس محیط کار عامل اصلی بروز اغلب نشانگان و اختلالات روانشناختی و حتی جسمانی به حساب میآید. به همین دلیل در هنگام بحث پیرامون استرس محیط کار باید به پیامدهای روانشناختی، فیزیولوژیکی، رفتاری و سازمانی آن عمیقاً توجه کرد و مشکلاتی که در اثر چنین استرسهایی به وجود میآیند را به منظور پیشگیری از بروز اختلالات شدیدتر تحت کنترل درآورد.
البته کنترل این مشکلات به دلیل چند وجهی بودن استرس اگر نگوییم غیر ممکن ـ ولی تا حدودی دشوار است. از این رو، درمان و کنترل استرس محیط کار شیوههای منحصر به فردی را میطلبد که از روشهای سنتی فراتر روند و بتوانند علاوه بر جنبههای شناختی و رفتاری، بر روی جنبههای فیزیولوژیکی و هیجانی استرس نیز متمرکز شوند. به نظر میرسد بخش عمدهای از این موضوع مهم در برنامهی کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی توسط کاباتزین (2005 الف) تدارک دیده شده است.
هرچند مطالب این کتاب، همچون سایر کتابهای با محتوای ذهنآگاهی، به شدت وامدار کتاب «زندگی مصیبتبار » کاباتزین (2005 الف) است که برای اولین بار تمرینهای مربوط به برنامهی کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهنآگاهی را رواج داد، ولی سعی شده است با توجه به اهمیت استعاره، تمثیل و شعر به منظور ایجاد تغییر در لایههای زیرین ذهن، در نهایت گامهای اساسیتری در جهت تغییر اساسی در سطح شناختی و هیجانی ذهن برداشته شود. همچنین سعی شده است چه در بخش اول که مربوط به مبانی نظری مداخلات ذهنآگاهی است و چه در بخش دوم که به معرفی تمرینهای ذهنآگاهی اختصاص دارد، مطالب نه صرفاً بر اساس 7 کیفیت ذهنآگاهی که توسط کاباتزین (2005 الف) مطرح شده است و نه صرفاً بر اساس 5 کیفیتی که شاپیرو و شوارتز (2000) عنوان کردهاند، بلکه بر اساس 12 کیفیت ذهنآگاهی به صورت تلفیقی و ترکیبی و البته کاملاً مستدل و هماهنگ مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. بررسیهای موشکافانهی مبتنی بر مطالعات تجربی نیز آشکار کردهاند که به خصوص کیفیتهای ذهنآگاهی که توسط شاپیرو و شوارتز (2000) معرفی شدهاند و تحت عنوان «صفات قلبی» شناخته میشوند، از اثربخشی بسیار بالایی برای ایجاد تغییر پایدار بر روی متغیرهای هیجانی و عاطفی برخوردارند (جلالی، در دست انتشار). به نظر میرسد تلفیق این 5 کیفیت با 7 کیفیت قبلی، میتواند بر روی مولفهها و پیامدهای هیجانی و فیزیولوژیکی استرس، فرسودگی و ناراحتیهای محیط کار تاثیر سودمندی به جای بگذارد.
جای بسی امیدواری وجود دارد که مطالب کتاب به دلیل تاکید همزمان بر روی مداخلات شناختی ـ رفتاری، مداخلات ذهنآگاهی و تمثیلها و اشعار متناسب با فرهنگ ایرانی ـ اسلامی بتواند به چنین هدفی نزدیک شود. مطالب به گونهای تنظیم شدهاند که هم برای متخصصان و کارگزاران بهداشت روانی محیط کار، اعم از روانشناسان و مشاوران سازمانی مفید است، و هم به درد مدیران و کارکنان کلیه بخشهای تولیدی، خدماتی و اداری میخورد. در واقع، علاوه بر متخصصان و مدیران، همهی افرادی که درگیر یک شغل دایمی یا غیردایمی، سازمانی یا غیرسازمانی، تولیدی یا خدماتی، اداری و یا آزاد هستند، یا حتی افرادی که کار اصلیشان خانهداری است یا بازنشسته شدهاند و تمایل دارند استرس محیط کار و حتی استرسهای زندگی روزمره خود را مدیریت نمایند، میتوانند از مطالب و به خصوص تمرینهای بخش دوم کتاب استفاده نمایند.
نویسندگان این سطور با امعاننظر به دامهای پیشرو که در ابتدای مقدمه به آنها اشاره شد، سعی کردهاند هم مبانی نظری و هم جنبههای کاربردی مدیریت استرس و سایر ناراحتیهای محیط کار را مورد توجه قرار دهند. تحقق چنین امری از تلفیق دو حوزهی بسیار گسترده روانشناسی، یعنی حوزهی روانشناسی سازمانی و حوزهی روانشناسی بالینی به دست آمده است. مضاف بر این، چون مداخلات ذهنآگاهی و تمرینهای آن از زیربنای قوی فلسفی برخوردارند، لذا در تنظیم مطالب کتاب و به خصوص در بخش دوم در خلال معرفی تمرینهای ذهنآگاهی به این موضوع توجه مضاعفی شده است.
چون نسخهی معرفی شده از تلفیق چندین الگو شکل گرفته است، قطعاً کاستیهایی به همراه دارد. ضمن اینکه ممکن است استعارهها و اشعاری که در بطن جلسات آموزش معرفی شدهاند، هرچند با دقت و وسواس و متناسب با ساختار و اهداف جلسات هماهنگ شدهاند، ولی به هیچ وجه نمیتوان ادعا کرد که آنها بهترین نمونه در نوع خود هستند. این را نیز اضافه کنیم که با امعاننظر به نقش استعاره، تمثیل و شعر در جهت اثرگذاری در لایههای زیرین ذهن، سعی شده است که علاوه بر استفاده از آن در بطن جلسات آموزش، در جای جای کتاب نیز از چنین قطعاتی استفاده شود.
با وجود اینکه مبنای مداخلات ذهنآگاهی بر اساس فلسفهی شرق آسیا بنیان نهاده شده و بعدها با روانشناسی نوین غرب تلفیق گردید، ولی در این کتاب نویسندگان سعی کردهاند در حد وسع و توان علمی خود، با اشاره به روایات، اشعار و تمثیلها به خصوص از نوع وطنی، ذهن خواننده را نسبت به این واقعیت روشن نمایند که فرهنگ ایرانی ـ اسلامی نیز به نوبهی خود از ظرفیت بسیار بالایی برای طرحریزی چنین برنامهها و مداخلاتی برخوردار است. بنابراین به مصداق شعر حافظ این نباشد که تصور کنیم چنین کیفیتی تنها در فلسفهی شرق آسیا یا روانشناسی غرب وجود دارد و ما از آن بیبهرهایم.
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یقین داریم که کم و کیف و ارزیابی این استعارهها و قطعات شعر از چشم تیزبین خواننده ایرانی که از لحظهی آغاز زندگی و در طول حیات خود همواره و در هر شرایطی با چنین استعارهها و تمثیلهایی دمخور است، دور نخواهد ماند. بنابراین از خوانندگان ارجمند و فرهیخته تقاضا داریم ضمن چشمپوشی از لغزشها و کاستیهای مطالب کتاب، مولفان را با ارائه نقطهنظرات پیشنهادی و اصلاحی خود به منظور کاهش این کاستیها در چابهای بعدی، قرین منت گردانند.
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