Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014
Article history ZnO thin films were prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR... more Article history ZnO thin films were prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) method. The structural analysis of the thin films was done by X-ray diffraction. A rapid and uncontrolled multiplication of pathogenic microbes can seriously compromise health and hygienic living standards. Growing resistance of microorganisms to potent antibiotics has renewed a great interest towards investigating bactericidal properties of nano thin films. ZnO is an inorganic compound which strongly resists microorganisms. The advantage of using these oxides as antimicrobial agents is that they contain mineral elements essential to human and exhibit strong activity even when administrated in small amounts. The Cd doped ZnO sample showed maximum activity (zone of inhibition 16mm) against Salmonella typi whereas; it showed moderate activity against Streptococcus haemolyticus (zone of inhibition 13mm). Pure ZnO sample showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibi...
Plant Tissue Culture: Propagation, Conservation and Crop Improvement
The family Asteraceae (earlier known as Compositae) comprises 43 tribes, 1600–1700 genera and abo... more The family Asteraceae (earlier known as Compositae) comprises 43 tribes, 1600–1700 genera and about 24,000–30,000 species. This is one of the most evolved and largest families of flowering plants representing approximately 10 % of all flowering plants worldwide. The members of this family are distributed worldwide and show rich diversity of habit and habitat. Asteraceae members occupy almost every environment and continent including in the temperate regions and tropical mountains except Antarctica. In India this family is represented by nearly 177 genera and 1052 species. In the present review we tried to compile the important tissue culture works done in the family Asteraceae.
Hairy root is induced when Agrobacterium rhizogenes , a naturally occurring gram-negative soil ba... more Hairy root is induced when Agrobacterium rhizogenes , a naturally occurring gram-negative soil bacterium, infects a plant that is susceptible to infection. During the infection process of the A. rhizogenes to a plant, parts of its plasmid DNA (T-DNA) in the Ri plasmid will be transferred and integrated into the nuclear genome of the host plant. This transformation process eventually resulted in a valuable by-product called as hairy root. During infection of A. rhizogenes the plant oncogenes (i.e. rol A, rol B, rol C and rol D) present in bacteria are incorporated into the plant genomes and cause tumour formation resulting in hairy root disease. The characteristic feature of hairy root is that they have the capability to grow fast on basal media, genetic and biosynthetic stability and ability to produce elevated amount of several useful secondary metabolites. This chapter reviews the recent reports on hairy root culture and secondary metabolite production in various plant species.
To standardize a protocol for the micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Ipomoea sepiaria (I.... more To standardize a protocol for the micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Ipomoea sepiaria (I. sepiaria), an important ethanomedicinal plant.
An efficient protocol for the rapid micropropagation of medicinally important Elephantopus scaber... more An efficient protocol for the rapid micropropagation of medicinally important Elephantopus scaber has been standardized using cotyledonary node explants. Direct multiple shoot induction was observed when the cotyledonary node explants at various age groups were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. The highest shoot induction was obtained when the cotyledonary node explants from 20-day-old seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 TDZ and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA. On this medium, 98% of the cultures responded, with an average number of 33.7 shoots per explant. The highest frequency of rooting (100%) and mean number of roots (3.3 per shoot) were observed when the shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 IBA. The plantlets raised in vitro were acclimatized and transferred to soil with a 92% success rate. The protocol described here may be utilized for multiplication and conservation of elite clones of E. scaber.
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for an endangered ethnomedicinal plant D... more An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for an endangered ethnomedicinal plant Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Morphogenic calli were produced from 96 % of the cultures comprising the immature leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (4.0 mg l(-1)) in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; 0.8 mg l(-1)). For callus regeneration, various concentrations of BA (1.0-5.0 mg l(-1)) or thidiazuron (TDZ; 1.0-5.0 mg l(-1)) alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.2-1.0 mg l(-1)) were used. Highest response of shoot regeneration was observed on MS medium fortified with TDZ (4.0 mg l(-1)) and IAA (0.5 mg l(-1)) combination. Here, 100 % cultures responded with an average number of 22.3 shoots per gram calli. Inclusion of indole-3-butyric acid in half MS medium favored rooting of recovered shoots. Out of 45 rooted plants transferred to soil, 40 survived. Total DNA was extracted from the leaves of the a...
Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology, 2015
An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been standardized for an ethnomed... more An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been standardized for an ethnomedicinal plant, Elephantopus scaber Linn. Two explants i. e. seeds and leaf segments were used for callus induction. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 μM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 μM kinetin (Kn) gave the optimum frequency (89 %) of callus induction from seed explant. The results showed that the highest response in terms of percent callus regenerating (91 %) and number of shoots (56) per culture was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 6.0 μM N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.5 μM α naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The best rooting of regenerated shoots was obtained on half strength MS medium supplemented with 6.0 μM indole-3- butyric acid (IBA). On this medium, 100 % of the shoots produced roots with a mean number of 3.2 roots per shoot. The positive role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) along with potting mix has been well established i...
Malaxis acuminata is a terrestrial orchid that grows in shady areas of semi-evergreen to shrubby ... more Malaxis acuminata is a terrestrial orchid that grows in shady areas of semi-evergreen to shrubby forests. It is highly valued for its medicinal properties as dried pseudo-bulbs are important ingredients of several Ayurvedic preparations. In this study, adventitious shoot buds were induced from internodal explants of M. acuminata grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kn), and thidiazuron (TDZ). Of the three cytokinins used, TDZ at 3 mg l−1 induced the highest frequency (82%) of organogenic explants. However, all responding explants produced only a single adventitious shoot irrespective of the type and concentration of the cytokinin. Adding 0.5 mg l−1 α naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the medium enhanced adventitious shoot formation. In the presence of 3 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, frequency of organogenesis was 96% with a mean number of 6.1 shoots per explant. Prolonged culture or subculture on the same medium did not promote further shoot production. However, transfer of these cultures to MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA and various concentrations of different polyamines (PAs), including spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, significantly increased mean shoot number per explant. The highest frequency of shoot induction (100%) and mean shoot number per explant (14.6) was observed on MS medium with 3 mg l−1 TDZ, 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, and 0.4 mM spermidine. Regenerated shoots were excised and subcultured on an elongation medium consisting of MS medium with 3 mg l−1 BA. Moreover, the highest frequency of rooting (96%) and mean number of roots per shoot (3.3) was observed on MS medium with 4 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.5 mg l−1 activated charcoal (AC). Almost 90% of rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized and established ex vitro.
An efficient and quick in vitro propagation of Cyclea peltata by repeated subculture of nodal cut... more An efficient and quick in vitro propagation of Cyclea peltata by repeated subculture of nodal cuttings has been standardized. The nodal cuttings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations (0.5–7 mg/l) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (Kn) alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.5 mg/l) for culture initiation. Optimum response in terms of percent cultures responding, days to bud break and average shoot length was observed on MS medium fortified with 3 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. On this medium 90% cultures responded with 6.1 cm long unbranched vigorous solitary shoots in 45 days. The proliferated primary shoot emerged from the culture initiation step was incised into small nodal explants measuring a size of about 1.5 cm in length containing a single node and subcultured on multiplication medium supplemented with BA (0.5–7.0 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l). This process was repeated for another three subcultures (each of 45 days) to study the effect of subculturing on shoot multiplication. At the end of third passage 100% of nodal explants produced an average number of 14.2 healthy green shoots on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. The multiplied shoots were harvested and used for rooting on half-strength MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 1–7 mg/l) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 1–7 mg/l) for 45 days. The best rooting response was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l IBA. Here 96% cultures responded with an average number of 4.1 roots per shoot. Of the 40 plants transplanted to soil 28 survived (70%). This cost effective protocol will help the mass multiplication of C. peltata for commercial propagation.
Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014
Article history ZnO thin films were prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR... more Article history ZnO thin films were prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) method. The structural analysis of the thin films was done by X-ray diffraction. A rapid and uncontrolled multiplication of pathogenic microbes can seriously compromise health and hygienic living standards. Growing resistance of microorganisms to potent antibiotics has renewed a great interest towards investigating bactericidal properties of nano thin films. ZnO is an inorganic compound which strongly resists microorganisms. The advantage of using these oxides as antimicrobial agents is that they contain mineral elements essential to human and exhibit strong activity even when administrated in small amounts. The Cd doped ZnO sample showed maximum activity (zone of inhibition 16mm) against Salmonella typi whereas; it showed moderate activity against Streptococcus haemolyticus (zone of inhibition 13mm). Pure ZnO sample showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibi...
Plant Tissue Culture: Propagation, Conservation and Crop Improvement
The family Asteraceae (earlier known as Compositae) comprises 43 tribes, 1600–1700 genera and abo... more The family Asteraceae (earlier known as Compositae) comprises 43 tribes, 1600–1700 genera and about 24,000–30,000 species. This is one of the most evolved and largest families of flowering plants representing approximately 10 % of all flowering plants worldwide. The members of this family are distributed worldwide and show rich diversity of habit and habitat. Asteraceae members occupy almost every environment and continent including in the temperate regions and tropical mountains except Antarctica. In India this family is represented by nearly 177 genera and 1052 species. In the present review we tried to compile the important tissue culture works done in the family Asteraceae.
Hairy root is induced when Agrobacterium rhizogenes , a naturally occurring gram-negative soil ba... more Hairy root is induced when Agrobacterium rhizogenes , a naturally occurring gram-negative soil bacterium, infects a plant that is susceptible to infection. During the infection process of the A. rhizogenes to a plant, parts of its plasmid DNA (T-DNA) in the Ri plasmid will be transferred and integrated into the nuclear genome of the host plant. This transformation process eventually resulted in a valuable by-product called as hairy root. During infection of A. rhizogenes the plant oncogenes (i.e. rol A, rol B, rol C and rol D) present in bacteria are incorporated into the plant genomes and cause tumour formation resulting in hairy root disease. The characteristic feature of hairy root is that they have the capability to grow fast on basal media, genetic and biosynthetic stability and ability to produce elevated amount of several useful secondary metabolites. This chapter reviews the recent reports on hairy root culture and secondary metabolite production in various plant species.
To standardize a protocol for the micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Ipomoea sepiaria (I.... more To standardize a protocol for the micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Ipomoea sepiaria (I. sepiaria), an important ethanomedicinal plant.
An efficient protocol for the rapid micropropagation of medicinally important Elephantopus scaber... more An efficient protocol for the rapid micropropagation of medicinally important Elephantopus scaber has been standardized using cotyledonary node explants. Direct multiple shoot induction was observed when the cotyledonary node explants at various age groups were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. The highest shoot induction was obtained when the cotyledonary node explants from 20-day-old seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 TDZ and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA. On this medium, 98% of the cultures responded, with an average number of 33.7 shoots per explant. The highest frequency of rooting (100%) and mean number of roots (3.3 per shoot) were observed when the shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 IBA. The plantlets raised in vitro were acclimatized and transferred to soil with a 92% success rate. The protocol described here may be utilized for multiplication and conservation of elite clones of E. scaber.
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for an endangered ethnomedicinal plant D... more An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for an endangered ethnomedicinal plant Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Morphogenic calli were produced from 96 % of the cultures comprising the immature leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (4.0 mg l(-1)) in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; 0.8 mg l(-1)). For callus regeneration, various concentrations of BA (1.0-5.0 mg l(-1)) or thidiazuron (TDZ; 1.0-5.0 mg l(-1)) alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.2-1.0 mg l(-1)) were used. Highest response of shoot regeneration was observed on MS medium fortified with TDZ (4.0 mg l(-1)) and IAA (0.5 mg l(-1)) combination. Here, 100 % cultures responded with an average number of 22.3 shoots per gram calli. Inclusion of indole-3-butyric acid in half MS medium favored rooting of recovered shoots. Out of 45 rooted plants transferred to soil, 40 survived. Total DNA was extracted from the leaves of the a...
Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology, 2015
An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been standardized for an ethnomed... more An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been standardized for an ethnomedicinal plant, Elephantopus scaber Linn. Two explants i. e. seeds and leaf segments were used for callus induction. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 μM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 μM kinetin (Kn) gave the optimum frequency (89 %) of callus induction from seed explant. The results showed that the highest response in terms of percent callus regenerating (91 %) and number of shoots (56) per culture was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 6.0 μM N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.5 μM α naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The best rooting of regenerated shoots was obtained on half strength MS medium supplemented with 6.0 μM indole-3- butyric acid (IBA). On this medium, 100 % of the shoots produced roots with a mean number of 3.2 roots per shoot. The positive role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) along with potting mix has been well established i...
Malaxis acuminata is a terrestrial orchid that grows in shady areas of semi-evergreen to shrubby ... more Malaxis acuminata is a terrestrial orchid that grows in shady areas of semi-evergreen to shrubby forests. It is highly valued for its medicinal properties as dried pseudo-bulbs are important ingredients of several Ayurvedic preparations. In this study, adventitious shoot buds were induced from internodal explants of M. acuminata grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kn), and thidiazuron (TDZ). Of the three cytokinins used, TDZ at 3 mg l−1 induced the highest frequency (82%) of organogenic explants. However, all responding explants produced only a single adventitious shoot irrespective of the type and concentration of the cytokinin. Adding 0.5 mg l−1 α naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the medium enhanced adventitious shoot formation. In the presence of 3 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, frequency of organogenesis was 96% with a mean number of 6.1 shoots per explant. Prolonged culture or subculture on the same medium did not promote further shoot production. However, transfer of these cultures to MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA and various concentrations of different polyamines (PAs), including spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, significantly increased mean shoot number per explant. The highest frequency of shoot induction (100%) and mean shoot number per explant (14.6) was observed on MS medium with 3 mg l−1 TDZ, 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, and 0.4 mM spermidine. Regenerated shoots were excised and subcultured on an elongation medium consisting of MS medium with 3 mg l−1 BA. Moreover, the highest frequency of rooting (96%) and mean number of roots per shoot (3.3) was observed on MS medium with 4 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.5 mg l−1 activated charcoal (AC). Almost 90% of rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized and established ex vitro.
An efficient and quick in vitro propagation of Cyclea peltata by repeated subculture of nodal cut... more An efficient and quick in vitro propagation of Cyclea peltata by repeated subculture of nodal cuttings has been standardized. The nodal cuttings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations (0.5–7 mg/l) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (Kn) alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.5 mg/l) for culture initiation. Optimum response in terms of percent cultures responding, days to bud break and average shoot length was observed on MS medium fortified with 3 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. On this medium 90% cultures responded with 6.1 cm long unbranched vigorous solitary shoots in 45 days. The proliferated primary shoot emerged from the culture initiation step was incised into small nodal explants measuring a size of about 1.5 cm in length containing a single node and subcultured on multiplication medium supplemented with BA (0.5–7.0 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l). This process was repeated for another three subcultures (each of 45 days) to study the effect of subculturing on shoot multiplication. At the end of third passage 100% of nodal explants produced an average number of 14.2 healthy green shoots on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. The multiplied shoots were harvested and used for rooting on half-strength MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 1–7 mg/l) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 1–7 mg/l) for 45 days. The best rooting response was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l IBA. Here 96% cultures responded with an average number of 4.1 roots per shoot. Of the 40 plants transplanted to soil 28 survived (70%). This cost effective protocol will help the mass multiplication of C. peltata for commercial propagation.
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