saranya kandhasamy

Mankind knows textiles by generations. On a broad outlook it appears that textiles have no application other than apparel purposes. But as a matter of fact, there are non-apparel uses of textiles such as technical applications. It offers several advantages in their functional aspect for improving health and safety, cost effectiveness and durability and strength of textile material. Technical textiles are the emerging field in India and globally. They are defined as textile materials and products made principally for their functional properties and technical performance and rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics. On the basis of the functional, technical performance and end use, technical textiles are classified in to 12 categories

In a sense, all fibers except the cheapest commodity fibers are high-performance fibers. The natural fibers (cotton, wool, silk . . .) have a high aesthetic appeal in fashion fabrics (clothing, upholstery, carpets...):Until 100 years ago, they were also the fibers used in engineering applications –what are called technical or  industrial textiles. The smart fibers with some special physical or chemical properties, which give a new dimension to the use of textiles. High-performance fibers are those that are engineered for specific uses that require exceptional strength, stiffness, heat resistance, or chemical resistance. The development of special fibers is the consequence of merging fundamentals scientific and technical knowledge, as there is a quest for high-performance fibers, used in fabric applications ranging from bulletproof vests to trampolines, must have a sufficient number of chemical and physical bonds for transferring the stress along the fiber. The fibers should possess high stiffness and strength. Stiffness is brought about by the degree to which the chemical bonds are aligned along the fiber axis. High-performance organic fibers have also become very important in recent years. Aramids are among the best known of the high-performance, synthetic, organic fibers. Teijin has developed high performance aramid fibers which are applicable for ballistic protection, cut protection, friction protection, optical fiber application, rope cable application, heat protection and composites.

Mankind knows textiles by generations. On a broad outlook it appears that textiles have no application other than apparel purposes. But as a matter of fact, there are non-apparel uses of textiles such as technical applications. It  offer several advantages in their functional aspect for improving health and safety, cost effectiveness and durability and strength of textile material. Technical textiles are the emerging field in India and globally. They are defined as textile materials and products made principally for their functional properties and technical performance and rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics. On the basis of the functional, technical performance and end use, technical textiles are classified in to 12 categories namely Agrotech Buildtech, Clothtech , Geotech, Hometech, Indutech (Filtration, cleaning and industrial), Meditech, Mobiltech, Oekotech (Environmental protection), Packtech (Packing materials), Protech, Sportech. This clearly shows us that the technical industry is not a single industry, it caters to a wide gamut of industries right from agriculture to automobiles to construction activities, among others. Automobile is the lifeline of present society. Trade, Industry and Commercial activity extremely dependent on this sector. This automotive sector consumes a lot of textile materials that may be visible or concealed in automobile. The global consumption of textiles used in automobile industry is estimated to be over 4.5 lakh tonnes. The percentage of textile material used in motor car amounts to 2.2% of the overall weight of the car. Apart from traditional uses as interior fabrics, carpets, headliners, etc., textiles are also being used as tyre cord, fuel filters, safety belts, air bags and as a reinforcement material for composites.

Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.

YARN Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing. Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery. Determination of Yarn Count: To determine the yarn count of a sample, it is needed to measure the length and weight of the sample. The equipment used for this purpose is Wrap reel and Analytical balance or Knowles balance or Quadrant balance etc. Beesley's balance can be used to get the yarn count directly from the balance. When yarn specimen supplied is not sufficient to perform the tests on the above methods, Beesley's balance can be used to examine the yarn count with reliability.

The effluent treatment plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from different areas of the plant. The treatment of different effluents varies with the type of effluent. Water is recycled from effluent coming from textile & chemical industries using series of operations i.e. coagulation, flocculation, aeration, and filtration techniques mainly reverse osmosis. The effluent produce has high BOD, COD, pH, TSS, TDS and Color material. This study includes characterization of effluent and making of process flow sheet of Effluent Treatment Plant after visit to various locations in industrial areas. Points of optimization were identified in various unit operations involved considering the total cost incurred during the whole process. It was identified that automation and use of highly substantive dyes during coloration stages (dyeing & printing) in a textile mill considerably reduces the amount of effluent produced. Effect of different mesh sizes of coagulating agents was (also) studied in conjugation mixing speed. It was noted that use of polyphosphazene membranes instead of polyamides for reverse osmosis plants, as they posses better resistance at high pH and temperature. Nature of Effluent: Waste generated in textile industry is essentially based on water-based effluent generated in the various processes. Textile industry originates a complex huge volume of waste water containing various chemical used in dyeing, printing and finishing processes. Many dyes which causes intensive color in the waste water. The effluent generated in different step or processes is well beyond the standard and thus it is highly polluted and dangerous. Water Consumption in Textile Processing The production of textile goods involves spinning (fiber to yarn), weaving / knitting (yarn to fabric), chemical (wet) processing, and garment manufacturing. The majority of the water

In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material and more specifically to any process performed after dyeing the yarn or fabric to improve the look, performance, or "hand" (feel) of the finish textile or clothing.

In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material and more specifically to any process performed after dyeing the yarn or fabric to improve the look, performance, or "hand" (feel) of the finish textile or clothing.

Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fibre, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but in dyeing properly the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, whereas in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns.

The textile products undergo these processes they have to be cleaned to make them receptive so that dyes, pigments and finishing agents can enter the textile material or adhere to it. If they are not appropriately cleaned, the colouration and finishing will be faulty.

The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely perceived as offering huge potential in a wide range of end uses. The unique and new properties of nano materials have attracted not only scientists and researchers but also businesses, due to their huge economical potential. Nanotechnology also has real commercial potential for the textile industry. This is mainly due to the fact that conventional methods used to impart different properties to fabrics often do not lead to permanent effects, and will lose their functions after laundering or wearing. Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics, because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus presenting better affinity for fabrics and leading to an increase in durability of the function. In addition, a coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect their breath ability or hand feel.