<jats:p>This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional... more <jats:p>This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness. </jats:p>
Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either... more Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either in the forefront or in the background) the compound multidisciplinary approach standing behind it. Heritage interpretation, not surprisingly, very often plays a key role in this process. Contemporary understanding of heritage management, by professionals as well as by laymen (since they are interconnected), must consider all the relevant (site/county/country/region) specific factors, foremost the social or economic ones beside essential preservation. Heritage management tends towards ensuring tangible (as well as intangible, or more precisely indirect) benefits for local communities and in this way towards the development of society in general. Critical heritage studies over the last few years have significantly influenced the perception of heritage, and consequently the essence of heritage management and heritage interpretation. Stress on the participative and inclusive approach has be...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017
Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disa... more Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disasters of the recent years not only had a serious impact on the tangible heritage fabric, but also on the intangible values of heritage sites. With the challenges of managing drastic changes the field of heritage is faced with in mind, this paper proposes a documentation strategy that utilizes “collective memory” as a tool for risk mitigation of culturally diverse sites. Intangible and tangible values of two cases studies, from Turkey and Canada, are studied in a comparative way to create a methodology for the use of collected data on “collective memory and identity” in risk mitigation and managing change as a living value of the site.
Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures
Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always been an im... more Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always been an important city, decorated with emblematic buildings. The seismicity of the city and the surrounding area, however, has been one of the most challenging points the designer of these daring historical structures had to face. Very strong tremors, recurring in every one and a half century in average, hit the city leaving a tragic mark in the history. The legendry dome of Hagia Sophia, the most important structure of the city, for instance, collapsed in 1509 due to a strong shaking. The dome of Beyazıt Mosque, commissioned by the Sultan Beyazıt, collapsed 3 years after its completion during the 1509 Earthquake as well. Fatih Mosque, commissioned by the conqueror of the city, Mehmet the 2nd, collapsed during the 1766 Earthquake to such an extend that the bearing system of the structure had to be redesigned during the reconstruction works. Atik Ali Paşa Mosque in Beyazıt Square, experienced a severe damage during the 1766 Earthquake thus the load bearing system and the dome had to be repaired and even altered. This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is found that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures have been found to be quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.
Depending on the construction period, geometrical typology, construction and organization of the ... more Depending on the construction period, geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and construction material of historic monumental structures; constructed with bricks, stones, adobe and mortar, are diverse and very complicated. Structural safety is guaranteed by the codes, guidelines, and specifications for recently constructed concrete and steel buildings, but there is no specific criterion for evaluating the historic monumental buildings. This study presents a scoring system method for classifying the risk level of the historic monumental structures based on visual information. This method is based on the acquisition of visual data of the building by using the developed building inspection form, storage of the acquired data on the web database and evaluation of the risk score of the inspected building automatically by the computer database system.
The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building aspects concerning the tabi... more The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building aspects concerning the tabique construction. Tabique is a traditional building technique which applies raw building materials such as timber and earth, for example. External and partition walls are the main tabique building components, which may have a relevant structural performance in the overall stability of a building. In general, the traditional tabique buildings are facing high levels of degradation. This problem is mainly due to the lack of maintenance and technical knowledge. Therefore, reconstruction processes of this type of buildings also require accurate and updated technical information related to materials, to building details, to the main likely pathologies, to the knowledge of the physical and mechanical behaviour of the building components, to the reinforcement solutions, among other aspects. This research work intends to give some guidance in this context and to make a parallel analysis between the Portuguese and the Turkish tabique constructions.
There is a mutual dependence between culture and identity which brings together tangible and inta... more There is a mutual dependence between culture and identity which brings together tangible and intangible values such as traditions, the social structure of communities, rituals and the like. In the past centuries when the term globalization did not exist, identity was shaped by community culture and dominated by local traditions and lifestyles. On the contrary, the last century has brought globalization which strengthens the interactions and interrelations among different communities, cultures, etc., worldwide. Therefore, sharp lines of the borders between cultures and identities have become more invisible. In the present;international education, travel opportunities, migration and immigration due to various motives/reasons have led to globalization where distinguishing between the local and global has become harder. On the other hand 2020 experiences the fact of COVID-19 which started to change the idea of globalization, however, that topic is not within the scope of this study. Thi...
Artan enerji tuketiminin dogaya verdigi zarar, elde edilen enerjiden en yuksek verimin elde edilm... more Artan enerji tuketiminin dogaya verdigi zarar, elde edilen enerjiden en yuksek verimin elde edilmesini ve enerji kayiplarinin onune gecilmesini oldukca onemli kilmaktadir. Insanligin gelecegini korumak isteyen butun ulkeler enerji veriminin artirilmasi ve enerji tuketiminin azaltilmasi icin calismalar yapmaktadir. Bu calismasinin amaci, dunyanin toplam enerji tuketiminde onemli bir yer tutan mevcut binalardaki enerji tuketimini etkileyen etmenleri belirleyerek, mevcut binalarin enerji performansini artirmak ve enerji tuketimini azaltmak icin mimari cozum onerileri sunmaktir. Konut binalarinda enerji tuketimi ve enerji verimliligi incelenmistir. Turkiye’de ve dunyada binalarda enerji tuketimi ile ilgili yasal duzenlemeler incelenmistir. Konutlarin enerji performansini artirici yontemler ve sistemlerden mevcut betonarme konut binalarinda kullanilmasi elverisli bulunanlar onerilmistir. Sonuc bolumunde, binalarda enerji tasarrufu saglanmasi ve enerji maliyetlerinin dusurulmesi icin yeni...
There is a big stock of historic structures in Turkey. Many of those structures continue to serve... more There is a big stock of historic structures in Turkey. Many of those structures continue to serve by changing their functions which brings new loads to the building. During their long life, historic structures have experienced many actions occurred over long periods of time and endured long term deteriorating effects and earthquake loads, besides these effects changing of the function affects the load bearing capacity of the building. This study is focused on restoration and retrofitting of historic multi storey masonry building named Deniz Palace Building which is located in Istanbul where the whole city is seismic prone area itself. Earthquake resistance is the main purpose of decision for retrofitting and strengthening of the building. In this sense walls are sheathed by concrete, floors are strengthened by steel I profiles and concrete, and foundations are reconstructed. During the restoration, interventions are made based on prevention of historic values. Static calculations ar...
Monumental historical masonry buildings made of bricks, stones, adobe and mortar are very complex... more Monumental historical masonry buildings made of bricks, stones, adobe and mortar are very complex structures. Geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and type of construction material vary depending upon the construction period, cultural context to which it belongs and the place where it is located. There are different approaches and methodologies for assessing the damage state of the existing vernacular masonry buildings, concrete buildings and new constructions after any natural hazard. But pre hazard risk assessment of historical structures is not common. It is obvious that there is necessity to develop methods for assessing the damage state of the historical buildings before any hazardous event in hazard prone areas. The fact that there are many historical structures and few specialists on this field it is very important to develop simpler methods for vulnerability assessment of historical structures and involve non-expert inspectors in...
<jats:p>This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional... more <jats:p>This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness. </jats:p>
Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either... more Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either in the forefront or in the background) the compound multidisciplinary approach standing behind it. Heritage interpretation, not surprisingly, very often plays a key role in this process. Contemporary understanding of heritage management, by professionals as well as by laymen (since they are interconnected), must consider all the relevant (site/county/country/region) specific factors, foremost the social or economic ones beside essential preservation. Heritage management tends towards ensuring tangible (as well as intangible, or more precisely indirect) benefits for local communities and in this way towards the development of society in general. Critical heritage studies over the last few years have significantly influenced the perception of heritage, and consequently the essence of heritage management and heritage interpretation. Stress on the participative and inclusive approach has be...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017
Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disa... more Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disasters of the recent years not only had a serious impact on the tangible heritage fabric, but also on the intangible values of heritage sites. With the challenges of managing drastic changes the field of heritage is faced with in mind, this paper proposes a documentation strategy that utilizes “collective memory” as a tool for risk mitigation of culturally diverse sites. Intangible and tangible values of two cases studies, from Turkey and Canada, are studied in a comparative way to create a methodology for the use of collected data on “collective memory and identity” in risk mitigation and managing change as a living value of the site.
Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures
Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always been an im... more Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always been an important city, decorated with emblematic buildings. The seismicity of the city and the surrounding area, however, has been one of the most challenging points the designer of these daring historical structures had to face. Very strong tremors, recurring in every one and a half century in average, hit the city leaving a tragic mark in the history. The legendry dome of Hagia Sophia, the most important structure of the city, for instance, collapsed in 1509 due to a strong shaking. The dome of Beyazıt Mosque, commissioned by the Sultan Beyazıt, collapsed 3 years after its completion during the 1509 Earthquake as well. Fatih Mosque, commissioned by the conqueror of the city, Mehmet the 2nd, collapsed during the 1766 Earthquake to such an extend that the bearing system of the structure had to be redesigned during the reconstruction works. Atik Ali Paşa Mosque in Beyazıt Square, experienced a severe damage during the 1766 Earthquake thus the load bearing system and the dome had to be repaired and even altered. This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is found that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures have been found to be quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.
Depending on the construction period, geometrical typology, construction and organization of the ... more Depending on the construction period, geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and construction material of historic monumental structures; constructed with bricks, stones, adobe and mortar, are diverse and very complicated. Structural safety is guaranteed by the codes, guidelines, and specifications for recently constructed concrete and steel buildings, but there is no specific criterion for evaluating the historic monumental buildings. This study presents a scoring system method for classifying the risk level of the historic monumental structures based on visual information. This method is based on the acquisition of visual data of the building by using the developed building inspection form, storage of the acquired data on the web database and evaluation of the risk score of the inspected building automatically by the computer database system.
The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building aspects concerning the tabi... more The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building aspects concerning the tabique construction. Tabique is a traditional building technique which applies raw building materials such as timber and earth, for example. External and partition walls are the main tabique building components, which may have a relevant structural performance in the overall stability of a building. In general, the traditional tabique buildings are facing high levels of degradation. This problem is mainly due to the lack of maintenance and technical knowledge. Therefore, reconstruction processes of this type of buildings also require accurate and updated technical information related to materials, to building details, to the main likely pathologies, to the knowledge of the physical and mechanical behaviour of the building components, to the reinforcement solutions, among other aspects. This research work intends to give some guidance in this context and to make a parallel analysis between the Portuguese and the Turkish tabique constructions.
There is a mutual dependence between culture and identity which brings together tangible and inta... more There is a mutual dependence between culture and identity which brings together tangible and intangible values such as traditions, the social structure of communities, rituals and the like. In the past centuries when the term globalization did not exist, identity was shaped by community culture and dominated by local traditions and lifestyles. On the contrary, the last century has brought globalization which strengthens the interactions and interrelations among different communities, cultures, etc., worldwide. Therefore, sharp lines of the borders between cultures and identities have become more invisible. In the present;international education, travel opportunities, migration and immigration due to various motives/reasons have led to globalization where distinguishing between the local and global has become harder. On the other hand 2020 experiences the fact of COVID-19 which started to change the idea of globalization, however, that topic is not within the scope of this study. Thi...
Artan enerji tuketiminin dogaya verdigi zarar, elde edilen enerjiden en yuksek verimin elde edilm... more Artan enerji tuketiminin dogaya verdigi zarar, elde edilen enerjiden en yuksek verimin elde edilmesini ve enerji kayiplarinin onune gecilmesini oldukca onemli kilmaktadir. Insanligin gelecegini korumak isteyen butun ulkeler enerji veriminin artirilmasi ve enerji tuketiminin azaltilmasi icin calismalar yapmaktadir. Bu calismasinin amaci, dunyanin toplam enerji tuketiminde onemli bir yer tutan mevcut binalardaki enerji tuketimini etkileyen etmenleri belirleyerek, mevcut binalarin enerji performansini artirmak ve enerji tuketimini azaltmak icin mimari cozum onerileri sunmaktir. Konut binalarinda enerji tuketimi ve enerji verimliligi incelenmistir. Turkiye’de ve dunyada binalarda enerji tuketimi ile ilgili yasal duzenlemeler incelenmistir. Konutlarin enerji performansini artirici yontemler ve sistemlerden mevcut betonarme konut binalarinda kullanilmasi elverisli bulunanlar onerilmistir. Sonuc bolumunde, binalarda enerji tasarrufu saglanmasi ve enerji maliyetlerinin dusurulmesi icin yeni...
There is a big stock of historic structures in Turkey. Many of those structures continue to serve... more There is a big stock of historic structures in Turkey. Many of those structures continue to serve by changing their functions which brings new loads to the building. During their long life, historic structures have experienced many actions occurred over long periods of time and endured long term deteriorating effects and earthquake loads, besides these effects changing of the function affects the load bearing capacity of the building. This study is focused on restoration and retrofitting of historic multi storey masonry building named Deniz Palace Building which is located in Istanbul where the whole city is seismic prone area itself. Earthquake resistance is the main purpose of decision for retrofitting and strengthening of the building. In this sense walls are sheathed by concrete, floors are strengthened by steel I profiles and concrete, and foundations are reconstructed. During the restoration, interventions are made based on prevention of historic values. Static calculations ar...
Monumental historical masonry buildings made of bricks, stones, adobe and mortar are very complex... more Monumental historical masonry buildings made of bricks, stones, adobe and mortar are very complex structures. Geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and type of construction material vary depending upon the construction period, cultural context to which it belongs and the place where it is located. There are different approaches and methodologies for assessing the damage state of the existing vernacular masonry buildings, concrete buildings and new constructions after any natural hazard. But pre hazard risk assessment of historical structures is not common. It is obvious that there is necessity to develop methods for assessing the damage state of the historical buildings before any hazardous event in hazard prone areas. The fact that there are many historical structures and few specialists on this field it is very important to develop simpler methods for vulnerability assessment of historical structures and involve non-expert inspectors in...
Metropolises like Istanbul, where marginalized populations have hope of finding a job, having a s... more Metropolises like Istanbul, where marginalized populations have hope of finding a job, having a safe place to live or simply trying to sustain their lives, have seen a large influx of migrants and immigrants. The profile of these new citizens includes ordinary people, refugees and victims of war. Demographic change and city's transformation are due to these new citizens and in some particular periods, mass migration has an important role in settling as large groups in a certain district or settlement and transforms city's faces as well. Focusing on the Aksaray district as a case study, this paper attempts to emphasize the significance of cultural identity, the feeling of being part of the city and the feeling of being connected to the city in terms of conserving and sustaining the city's identity – particularly in metropolises with rich histories, spanning hundreds of years from historic periods till the present. Make a proposal for using of urban space and managing the risks in order to protect culture and identity and to structure the new ones in course of the time could be stated as challenges of this case study.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017
Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disa... more Increasing immigration activities due to globalized economies, political conflicts, wars and disasters of the recent years not only had a serious impact on the tangible heritage fabric, but also on the intangible values of heritage sites. With the challenges of managing drastic changes the field of heritage is faced with in mind, this paper proposes a documentation strategy that utilizes " collective memory " as a tool for risk mitigation of culturally diverse sites. Intangible and tangible values of two cases studies, from Turkey and Canada, are studied in a comparative way to create a methodology for the use of collected data on " collective memory and identity " in risk mitigation and managing change as a living value of the site.
Due to the local availability and easy construction; wood, masonry and adobe were the most used c... more Due to the local availability and easy construction; wood, masonry and adobe were the most used construction materials in traditional house buildings in Turkey. Although depending on the region and its geographical constraints the construction and physical characteristics could have some differences, generally Anatolian tradition was to use wooden frame with masonry infill such as stone, brick and adobe. In terms of earthquake resistance, this type of construction had showed well behavior along the history and its development was based on experiences of locals by apprenticeship and oral communication between generations as father and sun. The structural behavior concept is based on tensile capacity of wood to resist to flexural forces and compression capacity of masonry to provide confinement to slender wooden frame elements. The aim of this paper is to present earthquake resistance performance and well behavior of traditional wooden framed Turkish house buildings with masonry infill which is called locally hımış construction. Traditional wooden frame with masonry infill construction technique was spread in all regions of Turkey with some particularities of each region. This study is focused on site experiences of Kemaliye – Erzincan and general knowledge about hımış construction which is not only one in Turkish traditional buildings but also has examples around the globe. Through Kemaliye examples the construction technique and its seismic response is highlighted. Kemaliye town, close to Erzincan, is located in East Anatolia – Turkey. Due to its location the town has a very rich history dating back to thousands years ago to Mesopotamia. The settlement is located along the Euphrates River in accordance with its geography and its constraints. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism and UNDP signed an agreement as " The Euphrates River Basin Sustainable Tourism Development Project " with a period of 2015 – 2019. In the scope of this agreement the importance of traditional cultural heritage of the region is increased and protection of traditional construction techniques and restoration projects are encouraged for the local people by giving financial support and increasing awareness.
Cultural Urban Heritage Development, Learning and Landscape Strategies, 2019
Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either... more Heritage management is a complex and demanding task; when successful, it will always show (either in the forefront or in the background) the compound multidisciplinary approach standing behind it. Heritage interpretation, not surprisingly, very often plays a key role in this process. Contemporary understanding of heritage management, by professionals as well as by laymen (since they are interconnected), must consider all the relevant (site/county/country/region) specific factors, foremost the social or economic ones beside essential preservation. Heritage management tends towards ensuring tangible (as well as intangible, or more precisely indirect) benefits for local communities and in this way towards the development of society in general. Critical heritage studies over the last few years have significantly influenced the perception of heritage, and consequently the essence of heritage management and heritage interpretation. Stress on the participative and inclusive approach has become crucial, where multi/polyvocality is (almost) self-evident. While the aforementioned words are regular buzzwords today, this article looks for their origins. Surprisingly, this practice could be easily tracked to the early 1970s and the eco-museums movement which is quite a revealing experience. We attempt to demonstrate how the practices of eco-museums could be interlinked with contemporary demands, the need for participative and inclusive heritage interpretation, and management approaches/practices. Finally, the paper will point forward the need for socially responsible heritage management which could indeed be recognised as a demand for heritage literacy and as a model/tool to mitigate diverse interests where contemporary heritage management is concerned.
The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building
aspects concerning the tabi... more The main goal of this chapter consists in revising technical building aspects concerning the tabique construction. Tabique is a traditional building technique which applies raw building materials such as timber and earth, for example. External and partition walls are the main tabique building components, which may have a relevant structural performance in the overall stability of a building. In general, the traditional tabique buildings are facing high levels of degradation. This problem is mainly due to the lack of maintenance and technical knowledge. Therefore, reconstruction processes of this type of buildings also require accurate and updated technical information related to materials, to building details, to the main likely pathologies, to the knowledge of the physical and mechanical behaviour of the building components, to the reinforcement solutions, among other aspects. This research work intends to give some guidance in this context and to make a parallel analysis between the Portuguese and the Turkish tabique constructions.
This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong... more This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is underlined once more that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures are quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.
This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional
structural sy... more This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness.
The prominence of historic buildings as values of cultural heritage is very important for human h... more The prominence of historic buildings as values of cultural heritage is very important for human history and collective memory with their tangible and intangible characteristics. In accordance with conservation approaches, historic buildings should be altered and intervened in as little as possible, even though this concept can include risks in some cases. On the other hand, alteration or intervention based on modern techniques can lead to structural risks due to the uncertainties as well. Therefore, studying traditional construction techniques and understanding their concepts scientifically and methodically are very important in terms of conservation and protection of cultural heritage. Based on this fact, the motivation of this research is studying recorded historic damage and discussing the structural behavior of domed masonry monumental buildings in terms of understanding the traditional way in scientific methodology. Due to the fact that the existing literature and studies about this topic are very limited, this paper aims to give the basis for further studies. The significance of Istanbul as the capital of Eastern Rome, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire has always played an important role in history and still does so today. Due to this fact, the number of domed monumental buildings is higher than that of many historic places. Monuments and historic buildings are representatives of their long and rich history with the traces of each layer of the historic periods embodied in the texture of the city. Most of the monuments are made of masonry including bricks, stones, adobe and mortar, and their structural and geometrical layout is very complex. Depending on the construction period; geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and type of construction materials vary. Historic structures have experienced many actions which occurred over long periods of time and endured deteriorating effects and earthquake loads for a long time. In accordance with this fact, this study aims to examine structural weaknesses of domed monumental buildings in Turkey in general and to explore three case studies from Istanbul specifically to put forward discussion based on recorded damage which occurred during strong historical earthquakes. Most structural weaknesses and problems of domed monumental buildings are based on the geometry of the building, supporting elements, transition elements and the integrity among those elements and load path of the building. In this sense, geometrical weaknesses in particular are investigated.
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Papers by meltem vatan
aspects concerning the tabique construction. Tabique is a traditional building technique
which applies raw building materials such as timber and earth, for example. External
and partition walls are the main tabique building components, which may have a
relevant structural performance in the overall stability of a building. In general, the
traditional tabique buildings are facing high levels of degradation. This problem is mainly due to the lack of maintenance and technical knowledge. Therefore,
reconstruction processes of this type of buildings also require accurate and
updated technical information related to materials, to building details, to the
main likely pathologies, to the knowledge of the physical and mechanical
behaviour of the building components, to the reinforcement solutions, among
other aspects. This research work intends to give some guidance in this context
and to make a parallel analysis between the Portuguese and the Turkish
tabique constructions.
historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component
of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated
epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in
the domed structures has been examined. It is underlined once more that the Historical Peninsula, which
is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard
level at the same time. Certain structures are quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant
damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the
historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.
structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to
the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural
systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link
between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural
beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate
effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems.
Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link
between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction
techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems
in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive
manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present
as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness.
The significance of Istanbul as the capital of Eastern Rome, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire has always played an important role in history and still does so today. Due to this fact, the number of domed monumental buildings is higher than that of many historic places. Monuments and historic buildings are representatives of their long and rich history with the traces of each layer of the historic periods embodied in the texture of the city.
Most of the monuments are made of masonry including bricks, stones, adobe and mortar, and their structural and geometrical layout is very complex. Depending on the construction period; geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and type of construction materials vary.
Historic structures have experienced many actions which occurred over long periods of time and endured deteriorating effects and earthquake loads for a long time. In accordance with this fact, this study aims to examine structural weaknesses of domed monumental buildings in Turkey in general and to explore three case studies from Istanbul specifically to put forward discussion based on recorded damage which occurred during strong historical earthquakes.
Most structural weaknesses and problems of domed monumental buildings are based on the geometry of the building, supporting elements, transition elements and the integrity among those elements and load path of the building. In this sense, geometrical weaknesses in particular are investigated.