When the multi-party system started in the Republic of Turkey after World War II, the Democrat Pa... more When the multi-party system started in the Republic of Turkey after World War II, the Democrat Party, which was founded on January 7, 1946, was met with great interest by the public as an opposition party. Unable to win the dubious 1946 elections, the Democratic Party won the 1950 elections overwhelmingly and remained in power for ten years. The reflections of the actions of the Democrat Party government on the Balikesir local press were handled and analyzed in three periods
Kongresi'ndeki konuşması ile sona eren "Batı Anadolu Gezisi" oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ba... more Kongresi'ndeki konuşması ile sona eren "Batı Anadolu Gezisi" oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Balıkesir Zağnos Paşa Camii'ndeki nutuk da bu gezi sırasında gerçekleşmiştir. Gazi Paşa'nın bu gezisinde Eskişehir, İzmit, Bursa yoluyla İzmir'e gideceği haberi o zaman basında da yer aldı.
ÖZET
Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli p... more ÖZET Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli paylaşım planlarını uygulamaya sokmuşlardı. Bu çerçevede İngilizler ve Yunanlılar Batı Anadolu’da da hızlı bir çalışma başlattılar. Bölgede Yunan işgalinin başlamasıyla birlikte Yunanlılar halka savaş hukukuna aykırı davranışlarda bulundular. Her fırsatta köyleri basarak Türklerin mallarına el koydular ve haksız yere dayak atarak köylüleri yurtlarından göç etmeye zorladılar. 15 Mayıs 1919’da İzmir’in işgaliyle başlayan bu Yunan mezalimi, kısa sürede Batı Anadolu’nun tamamında kendisini hissettirmiştir. Yunan ordusunun işgal ettiği yerlerde yaşayan Türklere, Yunan askerleri ve onlarla birlikte hareket eden yerli Rumlar müthiş bir zulüm, vahşet ve katliam uygulamışlardır. Batı Anadolu’nun Yunan işgaline uğrayan bütün köy, kasaba ve şehirleri bu mezalimden nasibini almıştır. Yunan işgaline uğrayan bu yerlerde toplu katliam yapmak, adam öldürmek, işkence yapmak, çocuk yaştaki kızlara ya da ihtiyar kadınlara tecavüz etmek, ayrıca camileri, evleri, iş yerlerini, tarlaları yağmalamak, hayvanları telef etmek Yunan askerleri ve yerli Rumlar için sıradan olaylar haline gelmiştir. 22 Haziran 1920 tarihinde hem Kuzey-Batı Anadolu’da hem de Trakya’da başlayan Yunan askerî harekâtı sonucunda Kuva-yı Milliye Cephesi çöktü. 30 Haziran’da Balıkesir merkez düştü. 02 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde de Yunanlılar tarafından işgal edilen Bandırma 2 yıl 2 ay 15 gün işgal altında kalmıştır. Bandırma’da çok uzun yıllar Türklerle bir arada, kardeşçe yaşayan Ermeni'ler ve Rum'lar özellikle işgal yıllarının son zamanlarında Türklere büyük baskılar ve işkenceler yapmışlardır. Bu bildiride Yunan işgali sırasında Bandırma ve çevresinde gerçekleşen Yunan vahşet ve mezalimi Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgeleri, Müttefikler arası Tahkik Heyeti raporu, hatırat ve basılı eserlere dayanarak incelenecek ve tartışılacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: I. Dünya Savaşı, Mondros Mütarekesi, Millî Mücadele GREEK LEGISLATION IN BANDIRMA AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE Prof. Dr. Zeki ÇEVİK Balikesir University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences,Department of History, e. mail: zcevik41@hotmail.com ABSTRACT After the Armistice of Mondros, Entente States put into practice the secret sharing plans they signed in the First World War. In this framework, the British and the Greeks also started a rapid work in Western Anatolia. With the beginning of the Greek occupation in the region, the Greeks were in public behavior against the law of war. At every opportunity, the villagers have been raiding the goods of the Turks, beating the unfair places and forced the villagers to migrate from their homes.
Beginning with the invasion of İzmir on May 15, 1919, this Greek affair briefly felt itself in Western Anatolia. The Turks who lived in the places where the Greek army occupied, the Greek soldiers and the native Greek Cypriots who acted with them, carried out terrible persecution, brutality and massacre. All the villages, towns and cities of Western Anatolia that have been in Greek occupation have received this atrocities. Massacre, murder, torture, raping children of the aged girls or elderly women, and the destruction of animals, homes, work places, fields, and animals have become commonplace for Greek soldiers and indigenous Greeks in these places where Greek occupation is taking place. On June 22, 1920, the Kuva-yı National Front was collapsed as a result of Greek military operations that began in both North-Western Anatolia and Trakya. On June 30, the center of Balıkesir fell. Bandırma, occupied by the Greeks on 02 July 1920, was occupied for 2 years 2 months 15 days. Armenians and Greeks living in Bandırma together with Turks for many years, brothers and sisters have made great pressure and tortures on Turks especially in the last years of occupation. In this paper, the Greek brutality and the atrocities committed during and during the Greek occupation in Bandırma and its vicinity will be examined and discussed based on memorandum and printed works, the Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry, the report of the Confederation of Allies. Key words: World War I, Mondros Armistice, National Struggle, Bandirma.
Milli Mücadele Döneminde Osmanlı Hükümeti’nin İstanbul’a Gelen Batı Anadolu Mültecilerine Yardımları (1919-1922) , 2018
Istanbul, capital of Ottoman Empire, was centre of attention throughout history due to the fact ... more Istanbul, capital of Ottoman Empire, was centre of attention throughout history due to the fact that it was regarded as both the safest and the most developed city of the empire. Istanbul which was exposed to external and internal migration several times because of these features in its history allowed immigrants especially 19th and 20th century. Going out of Ottoman’s possessions of Caucasian lands and losing Balkan Wars increased the immigrations to Ottoman territories, and a large number of immigrants took refuge in Istanbul. Besides these unpreventable migrations, Western Anatolian refugees because of Greek invasion were included in addition to those who migrated from Vilayet-i Şarkiye during World War I. These refugee groups, which Ottoman Empire hosted at the end of its last years, changed the phantom of the city and mosques, parks, madrasahs, even streets, swarmed with refugees. Those who took refuge in Istanbul after the Greek invasion of Aydın, obliged the Ottoman Empire to be provided subventions continuously and more seriously. Aşâir ve Muhâcirin Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyesi (General Directorate of the Tribes and İmmigrants) which was authorized organization about this issue tried to solve inhabiting, subsistence, economy and health problems of Western Anatolian refugees.
THE POLICIES THAT BULGARIAN GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTED ON THE TURKISH POPULATION DURING THE BALKAN WARS (1912-1913), 2019
The tragedy of the Turks in Bulgaria started about the time when they
were called ‘The Turks of ... more The tragedy of the Turks in Bulgaria started about the time when they were called ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, called the 93 War in Turkish historical literature, shook the Ottoman Empire from the east and the west, and gave rise to the beginning of the disaster for hundreds of thousands of Turks, particularly those from the territory of Rumelia, and the forced-mass migration (1). The Turks, who were left within the borders of the principality of Bulgaria, established under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), signed at the end of this war, were started to be called and defined as ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Romanya Osmanlı Askeri Valiliği, 2018
From September 1916 onwards, the 6th Army Corps consisting of 5th division and 25th ... more From September 1916 onwards, the 6th Army Corps consisting of 5th division and 25th division and 26th division was transferred to the proximity of Danube River in the Dobruja Region of Romania. The referral and administration on the Danube River were assigned to the Tuna Ottoman Menzil (Range) Inspectorate. On the occasion of the occupation of Bucharest by the co- forces of the Allied Powers on 6 December 1916, an institution called the Ottoman Military Governorship of Romania came into service on January 9, 1917. This study, based on local and foreign sources, aims to examine the activities of the Ottoman Military Governorship established on 9 January 1917 in Romania during the Great War.
When the multi-party system started in the Republic of Turkey after World War II, the Democrat Pa... more When the multi-party system started in the Republic of Turkey after World War II, the Democrat Party, which was founded on January 7, 1946, was met with great interest by the public as an opposition party. Unable to win the dubious 1946 elections, the Democratic Party won the 1950 elections overwhelmingly and remained in power for ten years. The reflections of the actions of the Democrat Party government on the Balikesir local press were handled and analyzed in three periods
Kongresi'ndeki konuşması ile sona eren "Batı Anadolu Gezisi" oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ba... more Kongresi'ndeki konuşması ile sona eren "Batı Anadolu Gezisi" oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Balıkesir Zağnos Paşa Camii'ndeki nutuk da bu gezi sırasında gerçekleşmiştir. Gazi Paşa'nın bu gezisinde Eskişehir, İzmit, Bursa yoluyla İzmir'e gideceği haberi o zaman basında da yer aldı.
ÖZET
Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli p... more ÖZET Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli paylaşım planlarını uygulamaya sokmuşlardı. Bu çerçevede İngilizler ve Yunanlılar Batı Anadolu’da da hızlı bir çalışma başlattılar. Bölgede Yunan işgalinin başlamasıyla birlikte Yunanlılar halka savaş hukukuna aykırı davranışlarda bulundular. Her fırsatta köyleri basarak Türklerin mallarına el koydular ve haksız yere dayak atarak köylüleri yurtlarından göç etmeye zorladılar. 15 Mayıs 1919’da İzmir’in işgaliyle başlayan bu Yunan mezalimi, kısa sürede Batı Anadolu’nun tamamında kendisini hissettirmiştir. Yunan ordusunun işgal ettiği yerlerde yaşayan Türklere, Yunan askerleri ve onlarla birlikte hareket eden yerli Rumlar müthiş bir zulüm, vahşet ve katliam uygulamışlardır. Batı Anadolu’nun Yunan işgaline uğrayan bütün köy, kasaba ve şehirleri bu mezalimden nasibini almıştır. Yunan işgaline uğrayan bu yerlerde toplu katliam yapmak, adam öldürmek, işkence yapmak, çocuk yaştaki kızlara ya da ihtiyar kadınlara tecavüz etmek, ayrıca camileri, evleri, iş yerlerini, tarlaları yağmalamak, hayvanları telef etmek Yunan askerleri ve yerli Rumlar için sıradan olaylar haline gelmiştir. 22 Haziran 1920 tarihinde hem Kuzey-Batı Anadolu’da hem de Trakya’da başlayan Yunan askerî harekâtı sonucunda Kuva-yı Milliye Cephesi çöktü. 30 Haziran’da Balıkesir merkez düştü. 02 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde de Yunanlılar tarafından işgal edilen Bandırma 2 yıl 2 ay 15 gün işgal altında kalmıştır. Bandırma’da çok uzun yıllar Türklerle bir arada, kardeşçe yaşayan Ermeni'ler ve Rum'lar özellikle işgal yıllarının son zamanlarında Türklere büyük baskılar ve işkenceler yapmışlardır. Bu bildiride Yunan işgali sırasında Bandırma ve çevresinde gerçekleşen Yunan vahşet ve mezalimi Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgeleri, Müttefikler arası Tahkik Heyeti raporu, hatırat ve basılı eserlere dayanarak incelenecek ve tartışılacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: I. Dünya Savaşı, Mondros Mütarekesi, Millî Mücadele GREEK LEGISLATION IN BANDIRMA AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE Prof. Dr. Zeki ÇEVİK Balikesir University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences,Department of History, e. mail: zcevik41@hotmail.com ABSTRACT After the Armistice of Mondros, Entente States put into practice the secret sharing plans they signed in the First World War. In this framework, the British and the Greeks also started a rapid work in Western Anatolia. With the beginning of the Greek occupation in the region, the Greeks were in public behavior against the law of war. At every opportunity, the villagers have been raiding the goods of the Turks, beating the unfair places and forced the villagers to migrate from their homes.
Beginning with the invasion of İzmir on May 15, 1919, this Greek affair briefly felt itself in Western Anatolia. The Turks who lived in the places where the Greek army occupied, the Greek soldiers and the native Greek Cypriots who acted with them, carried out terrible persecution, brutality and massacre. All the villages, towns and cities of Western Anatolia that have been in Greek occupation have received this atrocities. Massacre, murder, torture, raping children of the aged girls or elderly women, and the destruction of animals, homes, work places, fields, and animals have become commonplace for Greek soldiers and indigenous Greeks in these places where Greek occupation is taking place. On June 22, 1920, the Kuva-yı National Front was collapsed as a result of Greek military operations that began in both North-Western Anatolia and Trakya. On June 30, the center of Balıkesir fell. Bandırma, occupied by the Greeks on 02 July 1920, was occupied for 2 years 2 months 15 days. Armenians and Greeks living in Bandırma together with Turks for many years, brothers and sisters have made great pressure and tortures on Turks especially in the last years of occupation. In this paper, the Greek brutality and the atrocities committed during and during the Greek occupation in Bandırma and its vicinity will be examined and discussed based on memorandum and printed works, the Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry, the report of the Confederation of Allies. Key words: World War I, Mondros Armistice, National Struggle, Bandirma.
Milli Mücadele Döneminde Osmanlı Hükümeti’nin İstanbul’a Gelen Batı Anadolu Mültecilerine Yardımları (1919-1922) , 2018
Istanbul, capital of Ottoman Empire, was centre of attention throughout history due to the fact ... more Istanbul, capital of Ottoman Empire, was centre of attention throughout history due to the fact that it was regarded as both the safest and the most developed city of the empire. Istanbul which was exposed to external and internal migration several times because of these features in its history allowed immigrants especially 19th and 20th century. Going out of Ottoman’s possessions of Caucasian lands and losing Balkan Wars increased the immigrations to Ottoman territories, and a large number of immigrants took refuge in Istanbul. Besides these unpreventable migrations, Western Anatolian refugees because of Greek invasion were included in addition to those who migrated from Vilayet-i Şarkiye during World War I. These refugee groups, which Ottoman Empire hosted at the end of its last years, changed the phantom of the city and mosques, parks, madrasahs, even streets, swarmed with refugees. Those who took refuge in Istanbul after the Greek invasion of Aydın, obliged the Ottoman Empire to be provided subventions continuously and more seriously. Aşâir ve Muhâcirin Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyesi (General Directorate of the Tribes and İmmigrants) which was authorized organization about this issue tried to solve inhabiting, subsistence, economy and health problems of Western Anatolian refugees.
THE POLICIES THAT BULGARIAN GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTED ON THE TURKISH POPULATION DURING THE BALKAN WARS (1912-1913), 2019
The tragedy of the Turks in Bulgaria started about the time when they
were called ‘The Turks of ... more The tragedy of the Turks in Bulgaria started about the time when they were called ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, called the 93 War in Turkish historical literature, shook the Ottoman Empire from the east and the west, and gave rise to the beginning of the disaster for hundreds of thousands of Turks, particularly those from the territory of Rumelia, and the forced-mass migration (1). The Turks, who were left within the borders of the principality of Bulgaria, established under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), signed at the end of this war, were started to be called and defined as ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Romanya Osmanlı Askeri Valiliği, 2018
From September 1916 onwards, the 6th Army Corps consisting of 5th division and 25th ... more From September 1916 onwards, the 6th Army Corps consisting of 5th division and 25th division and 26th division was transferred to the proximity of Danube River in the Dobruja Region of Romania. The referral and administration on the Danube River were assigned to the Tuna Ottoman Menzil (Range) Inspectorate. On the occasion of the occupation of Bucharest by the co- forces of the Allied Powers on 6 December 1916, an institution called the Ottoman Military Governorship of Romania came into service on January 9, 1917. This study, based on local and foreign sources, aims to examine the activities of the Ottoman Military Governorship established on 9 January 1917 in Romania during the Great War.
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Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli paylaşım planlarını uygulamaya sokmuşlardı. Bu çerçevede İngilizler ve Yunanlılar Batı Anadolu’da da hızlı bir çalışma başlattılar. Bölgede Yunan işgalinin başlamasıyla birlikte Yunanlılar halka savaş hukukuna aykırı davranışlarda bulundular. Her fırsatta köyleri basarak Türklerin mallarına el koydular ve haksız yere dayak atarak köylüleri yurtlarından göç etmeye zorladılar.
15 Mayıs 1919’da İzmir’in işgaliyle başlayan bu Yunan mezalimi, kısa sürede Batı Anadolu’nun tamamında kendisini hissettirmiştir. Yunan ordusunun işgal ettiği yerlerde yaşayan Türklere, Yunan askerleri ve onlarla birlikte hareket eden yerli Rumlar müthiş bir zulüm, vahşet ve katliam uygulamışlardır. Batı Anadolu’nun Yunan işgaline uğrayan bütün köy, kasaba ve şehirleri bu mezalimden nasibini almıştır. Yunan işgaline uğrayan bu yerlerde toplu katliam yapmak, adam öldürmek, işkence yapmak, çocuk yaştaki kızlara ya da ihtiyar kadınlara tecavüz etmek, ayrıca camileri, evleri, iş yerlerini, tarlaları yağmalamak, hayvanları telef etmek Yunan askerleri ve yerli Rumlar için sıradan olaylar haline gelmiştir.
22 Haziran 1920 tarihinde hem Kuzey-Batı Anadolu’da hem de Trakya’da başlayan Yunan askerî harekâtı sonucunda Kuva-yı Milliye Cephesi çöktü. 30 Haziran’da Balıkesir merkez düştü. 02 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde de Yunanlılar tarafından işgal edilen Bandırma 2 yıl 2 ay 15 gün işgal altında kalmıştır. Bandırma’da çok uzun yıllar Türklerle bir arada, kardeşçe yaşayan Ermeni'ler ve Rum'lar özellikle işgal yıllarının son zamanlarında Türklere büyük baskılar ve işkenceler yapmışlardır.
Bu bildiride Yunan işgali sırasında Bandırma ve çevresinde gerçekleşen Yunan vahşet ve mezalimi Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgeleri, Müttefikler arası Tahkik Heyeti raporu, hatırat ve basılı eserlere dayanarak incelenecek ve tartışılacaktır.
Anahtar kelimeler: I. Dünya Savaşı, Mondros Mütarekesi, Millî Mücadele
GREEK LEGISLATION IN BANDIRMA AND ENVIRONMENT
IN THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE
Prof. Dr. Zeki ÇEVİK
Balikesir University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences,Department of History, e. mail: zcevik41@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
After the Armistice of Mondros, Entente States put into practice the secret sharing plans they signed in the First World War. In this framework, the British and the Greeks also started a rapid work in Western Anatolia. With the beginning of the Greek occupation in the region, the Greeks were in public behavior against the law of war. At every opportunity, the villagers have been raiding the goods of the Turks, beating the unfair places and forced the villagers to migrate from their homes.
Beginning with the invasion of İzmir on May 15, 1919, this Greek affair briefly felt itself in Western Anatolia. The Turks who lived in the places where the Greek army occupied, the Greek soldiers and the native Greek Cypriots who acted with them, carried out terrible persecution, brutality and massacre. All the villages, towns and cities of Western Anatolia that have been in Greek occupation have received this atrocities. Massacre, murder, torture, raping children of the aged girls or elderly women, and the destruction of animals, homes, work places, fields, and
animals have become commonplace for Greek soldiers and indigenous Greeks in these places where Greek occupation is taking place.
On June 22, 1920, the Kuva-yı National Front was collapsed as a result of Greek military operations that began in both North-Western Anatolia and Trakya. On June 30, the center of Balıkesir fell. Bandırma, occupied by the Greeks on 02 July 1920, was occupied for 2 years 2 months 15 days. Armenians and Greeks living in Bandırma together with Turks for many years, brothers and sisters have made great pressure and tortures on Turks especially in the last years of occupation.
In this paper, the Greek brutality and the atrocities committed during and during the Greek occupation in Bandırma and its vicinity will be examined and discussed based on memorandum and printed works, the Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry, the report of the Confederation of Allies.
Key words: World War I, Mondros Armistice, National Struggle, Bandirma.
that it was regarded as both the safest and the most developed city of the empire. Istanbul which was
exposed to external and internal migration several times because of these features in its history allowed
immigrants especially 19th and 20th century. Going out of Ottoman’s possessions of Caucasian lands and
losing Balkan Wars increased the immigrations to Ottoman territories, and a large number of immigrants
took refuge in Istanbul. Besides these unpreventable migrations, Western Anatolian refugees because of
Greek invasion were included in addition to those who migrated from Vilayet-i Şarkiye during World
War I. These refugee groups, which Ottoman Empire hosted at the end of its last years, changed the
phantom of the city and mosques, parks, madrasahs, even streets, swarmed with refugees. Those who
took refuge in Istanbul after the Greek invasion of Aydın, obliged the Ottoman Empire to be provided
subventions continuously and more seriously. Aşâir ve Muhâcirin Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyesi (General
Directorate of the Tribes and İmmigrants) which was authorized organization about this issue tried to
solve inhabiting, subsistence, economy and health problems of Western Anatolian refugees.
were called ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78,
called the 93 War in Turkish historical literature, shook the Ottoman
Empire from the east and the west, and gave rise to the beginning of the
disaster for hundreds of thousands of Turks, particularly those from the
territory of Rumelia, and the forced-mass migration (1). The Turks, who
were left within the borders of the principality of Bulgaria, established
under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), signed at the end of this war, were
started to be called and defined as ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’.
division was transferred to the proximity of Danube River in the Dobruja Region of Romania. The referral and
administration on the Danube River were assigned to the Tuna Ottoman Menzil (Range) Inspectorate. On the
occasion of the occupation of Bucharest by the co- forces of the Allied Powers on 6 December 1916, an
institution called the Ottoman Military Governorship of Romania came into service on January 9, 1917. This
study, based on local and foreign sources, aims to examine the activities of the Ottoman Military Governorship
established on 9 January 1917 in Romania during the Great War.
Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri I. Dünya Savaşı içinde imzaladıkları gizli paylaşım planlarını uygulamaya sokmuşlardı. Bu çerçevede İngilizler ve Yunanlılar Batı Anadolu’da da hızlı bir çalışma başlattılar. Bölgede Yunan işgalinin başlamasıyla birlikte Yunanlılar halka savaş hukukuna aykırı davranışlarda bulundular. Her fırsatta köyleri basarak Türklerin mallarına el koydular ve haksız yere dayak atarak köylüleri yurtlarından göç etmeye zorladılar.
15 Mayıs 1919’da İzmir’in işgaliyle başlayan bu Yunan mezalimi, kısa sürede Batı Anadolu’nun tamamında kendisini hissettirmiştir. Yunan ordusunun işgal ettiği yerlerde yaşayan Türklere, Yunan askerleri ve onlarla birlikte hareket eden yerli Rumlar müthiş bir zulüm, vahşet ve katliam uygulamışlardır. Batı Anadolu’nun Yunan işgaline uğrayan bütün köy, kasaba ve şehirleri bu mezalimden nasibini almıştır. Yunan işgaline uğrayan bu yerlerde toplu katliam yapmak, adam öldürmek, işkence yapmak, çocuk yaştaki kızlara ya da ihtiyar kadınlara tecavüz etmek, ayrıca camileri, evleri, iş yerlerini, tarlaları yağmalamak, hayvanları telef etmek Yunan askerleri ve yerli Rumlar için sıradan olaylar haline gelmiştir.
22 Haziran 1920 tarihinde hem Kuzey-Batı Anadolu’da hem de Trakya’da başlayan Yunan askerî harekâtı sonucunda Kuva-yı Milliye Cephesi çöktü. 30 Haziran’da Balıkesir merkez düştü. 02 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde de Yunanlılar tarafından işgal edilen Bandırma 2 yıl 2 ay 15 gün işgal altında kalmıştır. Bandırma’da çok uzun yıllar Türklerle bir arada, kardeşçe yaşayan Ermeni'ler ve Rum'lar özellikle işgal yıllarının son zamanlarında Türklere büyük baskılar ve işkenceler yapmışlardır.
Bu bildiride Yunan işgali sırasında Bandırma ve çevresinde gerçekleşen Yunan vahşet ve mezalimi Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgeleri, Müttefikler arası Tahkik Heyeti raporu, hatırat ve basılı eserlere dayanarak incelenecek ve tartışılacaktır.
Anahtar kelimeler: I. Dünya Savaşı, Mondros Mütarekesi, Millî Mücadele
GREEK LEGISLATION IN BANDIRMA AND ENVIRONMENT
IN THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE
Prof. Dr. Zeki ÇEVİK
Balikesir University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences,Department of History, e. mail: zcevik41@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
After the Armistice of Mondros, Entente States put into practice the secret sharing plans they signed in the First World War. In this framework, the British and the Greeks also started a rapid work in Western Anatolia. With the beginning of the Greek occupation in the region, the Greeks were in public behavior against the law of war. At every opportunity, the villagers have been raiding the goods of the Turks, beating the unfair places and forced the villagers to migrate from their homes.
Beginning with the invasion of İzmir on May 15, 1919, this Greek affair briefly felt itself in Western Anatolia. The Turks who lived in the places where the Greek army occupied, the Greek soldiers and the native Greek Cypriots who acted with them, carried out terrible persecution, brutality and massacre. All the villages, towns and cities of Western Anatolia that have been in Greek occupation have received this atrocities. Massacre, murder, torture, raping children of the aged girls or elderly women, and the destruction of animals, homes, work places, fields, and
animals have become commonplace for Greek soldiers and indigenous Greeks in these places where Greek occupation is taking place.
On June 22, 1920, the Kuva-yı National Front was collapsed as a result of Greek military operations that began in both North-Western Anatolia and Trakya. On June 30, the center of Balıkesir fell. Bandırma, occupied by the Greeks on 02 July 1920, was occupied for 2 years 2 months 15 days. Armenians and Greeks living in Bandırma together with Turks for many years, brothers and sisters have made great pressure and tortures on Turks especially in the last years of occupation.
In this paper, the Greek brutality and the atrocities committed during and during the Greek occupation in Bandırma and its vicinity will be examined and discussed based on memorandum and printed works, the Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry, the report of the Confederation of Allies.
Key words: World War I, Mondros Armistice, National Struggle, Bandirma.
that it was regarded as both the safest and the most developed city of the empire. Istanbul which was
exposed to external and internal migration several times because of these features in its history allowed
immigrants especially 19th and 20th century. Going out of Ottoman’s possessions of Caucasian lands and
losing Balkan Wars increased the immigrations to Ottoman territories, and a large number of immigrants
took refuge in Istanbul. Besides these unpreventable migrations, Western Anatolian refugees because of
Greek invasion were included in addition to those who migrated from Vilayet-i Şarkiye during World
War I. These refugee groups, which Ottoman Empire hosted at the end of its last years, changed the
phantom of the city and mosques, parks, madrasahs, even streets, swarmed with refugees. Those who
took refuge in Istanbul after the Greek invasion of Aydın, obliged the Ottoman Empire to be provided
subventions continuously and more seriously. Aşâir ve Muhâcirin Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyesi (General
Directorate of the Tribes and İmmigrants) which was authorized organization about this issue tried to
solve inhabiting, subsistence, economy and health problems of Western Anatolian refugees.
were called ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78,
called the 93 War in Turkish historical literature, shook the Ottoman
Empire from the east and the west, and gave rise to the beginning of the
disaster for hundreds of thousands of Turks, particularly those from the
territory of Rumelia, and the forced-mass migration (1). The Turks, who
were left within the borders of the principality of Bulgaria, established
under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), signed at the end of this war, were
started to be called and defined as ‘The Turks of Bulgaria’.
division was transferred to the proximity of Danube River in the Dobruja Region of Romania. The referral and
administration on the Danube River were assigned to the Tuna Ottoman Menzil (Range) Inspectorate. On the
occasion of the occupation of Bucharest by the co- forces of the Allied Powers on 6 December 1916, an
institution called the Ottoman Military Governorship of Romania came into service on January 9, 1917. This
study, based on local and foreign sources, aims to examine the activities of the Ottoman Military Governorship
established on 9 January 1917 in Romania during the Great War.