International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies,, 2021
In this study the status of milk and dairy production marketing in Samangan province is explained... more In this study the status of milk and dairy production marketing in Samangan province is explained. Locking of ranchers accessing to a respondent dairy production market is the main problem focused herein. In Afghanistan illiteracy, traditional customs dominance and low economy level are the major gaps somewhat nationally remained unresolved among most of ranchers. The main objective of this study is assessing the dairy productions market situation to empower the economy level of farmers. A complex method was applied in this study including observation, interview, and questionnaire. Totally 117 questionnaires were handled. Results of analyzed collected data clarify that 90% of ranchers were illiterate, dairy cattle keeping is more than other milky animals because of its lower needs to silage and land. It has been concluded that farmers of Samangan province have adequate experience of keeping and nourishing the domestic animals in order to get a noticeable income. For getting the highest income and having modernized dairy production activities, from the viewpoint of authors, gradually researches accommodating are recommended and this research findings and conclusions will contribute better designing of the future research.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Solar energy is an integral part of living things on Earth, man uses this huge source of energy f... more Solar energy is an integral part of living things on Earth, man uses this huge source of energy for various purposes. The sun is very active and is a lingering source of energy for the present and potential for the future. The energy received on the surface of the earth in one year is about 10,000 times the energy consumption of the total population of the world. The use of sunlight in the form of light and heat has been common since ancient times and human beings from the effect of thought and exploration to meet their needs, using the power of reason and experience they have also achieved innovations, innovations and inventions. Using photovoltaic (PV) panels to generate solar power in the world, from 2005 to 2015, it has increased from 5.1 GW to 227 GW. The highest amount of solar energy available at noon on summer days, it is approximately equal to 1 KW/m 2 , but in most parts of the world this figure is around 200 W/m 2 on average. The amount of solar radiation energy in Afghanistan, in June, when the angle of the sun shines at a latitude of 23.5° above the earth, the amount of radiant energy in the southernmost areas of Afghanistan (29.5°), at sunny noon, is equal to 43.70 MJ/m 2 and in December at this width the country will be equal to (19.85 MJ/m 2. Afghanistan, with its adequate areas and suitable radiation norm (700W/m 2), has a production capacity of 13548700 MW of electricity.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Solar energy properties such as Global Solar Radiation (GSR) intensity could be determined in eit... more Solar energy properties such as Global Solar Radiation (GSR) intensity could be determined in either methods, experimentally or theoretically. Unfortunately, in most countries including Afghanistan, the first method which is more acceptable, but due to the high cost, maintenance and calibration requirements is not available. Therefore, an alternative widely used way is the second one which is model developments based on the meteorological (atmospheric) data; specially the sunny hours. The aim of this study at Shakardara area is to estimate atmospheric transparency percentage on 2017, determining the angstrom model coefficients and to introduce a suitable model for global solar radiation prediction. The hourly observed solar radiation intensity H (WHm-2) and sunshine hours S () data at Shakardara Snow Survey Station for a full year 2017 were used to determine the Angstrom model coefficients for a linear and a nonlinear correlation. Then, by the application of solver function in Excel, the residuals for all correlations were minimized to obtain our linear and nonlinear models' coefficients. Finally, to show the accuracy of models, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE) indices for all models are calculated and the estimated H data of three models are compared with the observed one to provide a graphical picture of models' accuracy. The results show an average value of 54% atmospheric transparency of sunny hours which was 2441 hours per year and 33% atmospheric transparency of monthly mean daily GSR which is 123.61 WHm-2. Moreover, the angstrom model's coefficients found to be a=-0.1 and b=0.9 while for our linear model the same coefficients determined to be a=0 and b=0.6. Calculation of RMSE and MBE for each model showed that the suggested models for GSR predicting in Shakardara area could be ordered from most accurate to less one as our nonlinear model with 99.16%, angstrom modified model with 96.67% and our linear model with 95.56%.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addresse... more The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addressed cooperatively. One of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity need. Over years and without sustainable management almost all of the dams in Afghanistan lost their effective life due to reservoir sedimentation that led to the reduced reliability of water and power supply. On the other hand, Global warming and high temperature have a direct impact on the number of water sources. Since Afghanistan is located in an Arid to a semi-arid climate that is characterized by the high value of annual evaporation where the precipitation is less than annual evaporation, besides other forms of losses, its surface water is lost through evaporation. On the other hand, one of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity needs. One of the approaches that can meet both challenges simultaneously is the use of floating solar panels. It has significant advantages over the ground-based type of solar panels. These benefits include reducing water evaporation, improving water quality by reducing the growth of algae, and high solar panel performance. This paper aims at illustrating the potential for use of floating solar panels to generate power and the impact of floating solar panels installation on preventing surface water evaporation on Naghlo Dam.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Among the broad varieties of power supply in Afghanistan such as city power produced from water d... more Among the broad varieties of power supply in Afghanistan such as city power produced from water dams, fuel generators, and imported electricity from neighboring countries, solar energy production is growing at a noticeable pace. Its preference is because of cost and sustainability perimeters. Given the climate of the country air conditioning inside buildings is required throughout the year, which is an important requirement for the comfort of its residents. Because it requires a great amount of energy, therefore, most companies are working on different principles to provide new products of solar air conditioning systems. The solar air conditioning system provides heating and cooling by utilizing solar energy. Recently, climate change and air pollution proved to be a major challenge for humans, and the current rate of resource consumption will result in a total depletion of natural energy resources in the earth. In this paper, we are assessing the feasibility study of solar-powered air conditioner technology in Afghanistan. Considering the weather of the country, there exists enormous potential for solar energy production. Afghanistan receives 4-6.5 kWh/m 2 /day solar insolation on average with 300 sunny days a year. In conclusion, the air conditioning complication which can be addressed by solar energy production is sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly manner in Afghanistan.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This paper analyzes the impacts of whole solar energy technologies on the economic situation of A... more This paper analyzes the impacts of whole solar energy technologies on the economic situation of Afghanistan. Details and positive effects of solar mini-grids which are implemented through the Citizens' Charter National Priority Program CCNPP in the rural areas of Afghanistan are given as samples of solar energy projects in Afghanistan. The result of this analysis then compared with the fossil fuel electricity that people use in the rural areas of Afghanistan based on the economic effects. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for electricity generated through the diesel generator is estimated to be 29 ¢/kWh, which is 3.16 times higher than the cost of electricity produced via photovoltaic (PV) in 9.17 ¢/kWh. The potential for solar thermal as a recently boomed technology in the world is also studied with regard to the climate, economy, and security situation of Afghanistan. The country with 300 sunny days in a year has 1900-2000 kWh/m 2 potential of producing electricity through the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology. Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) is selected as an optimal type of CSP in Afghanistan and a 3.5 MW PTC power plant is simulated via the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The result of this simulation shows that this novel technology in Afghanistan needs more time and efforts to set as a secure approach of energy.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Production of required thermal energy to heat residential buildings is a considerable issue in en... more Production of required thermal energy to heat residential buildings is a considerable issue in energy studies. Kabul city is a city in which the coal-fired central heating systems for providing the mentioned energy is in expansion process. And, coal as feeding source of these systems with generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main cause of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in winter. Fortunately, Kabul city has maximum solar radiation in summer warm season which can be used for fulfilling of this demand in winter cold season. The method which can perform this task is the central heating by seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy. But, the economic and environmental feasibility and viability of this method is a discussable issue. In this study, the central heating by seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy and its economic and environmental feasibility and viability is studied. It is tried that this system is compared in a logical method with current coal-fired systems. The economic feasibility study is accomplished by comparison of initial or capital cost and annual operation and maintenance cost with the usage of existing data and thermodynamic analytic methods. The environmental viability study is accomplished by comparison of annual emissions of CO2 with the usage of online emissions calculator. Unfortunately, it is found that seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy is not an economically feasible method for central heating due to its high initial cost and cannot be used in an economically beneficial manner for central heating. But fortunately, it is an environmentally viable method and environmentally friendly way due to its no and/or zero CO2 emissions. To sum up, it is suggested that, this method should be used for district heating which can make this system economically feasible.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Afghanistan enjoys huge renewable energy, especially solar resources. Meanwhile, most of the popu... more Afghanistan enjoys huge renewable energy, especially solar resources. Meanwhile, most of the population especially people who live in remote rural areas, still do not have appropriate access to electricity. Poor access to energy has made life more challenging and deprived rustic people from related primary living facilities. To address this grant challenge, considering the high potential of solar energy available in the country, this paper presents a study on design and economic comparison of the two most feasible methods of solar power production for rural areas in Afghanistan. In the first method, a stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system has individually been considered in every single house of a village. In this way, energy is produced and consumed in each house itself. While in the second method, energy for the whole village is produced by a micro solar power station in a centralized manner and then distributed through a 0.4 kV islanded Mini grid all around the village. The study is carried out through conventional mathematical relations, based on daily energy demand in a rural household. The result indicates that implementation of the second method is not only best affordable but also more viable and will create other socioeconomic opportunities.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a techn... more In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a technology that can be used to income energy from the natural environment and thus reduce electricity consumption for heating and cooling. A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical, electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers a compressor, which drives a compression-expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid between two heat exchanges: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The efficiency or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low-temperature environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoptio... more This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoption of renewable energy technologies for electrical energy production in Afghanistan. The study is carried out with a survey from Kabul and its neighboring provinces including Logar, Maidan Wardak, Nangarhar, Ghazni, Parwan & Kapisa provinces. We used a random sampling process to collect data using a web-based questionnaire. The survey was well designed to highlight conveniently the public understanding, willingness, and attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies (RETs). The outcome of the survey is then evaluated to discover the most potential factor affecting public acceptance of RETs. The results declared that the educational level, expertise in RETs, and income of respondents are positively related, while the age of respondents is negatively related to the public willingness on the use and investment in RETs. The majority of respondents have used one type of RETs, however, 23 % of respondents have not used any type of RETs. Study shows that the RETs use and access to grid electricity are reversely related, where the access is lower, the RETs use is higher and vice versa. Most of the respondents were not well informed and most disagreed with the government policies on RETs, therefore, public awareness programs on RETs and government policies are recommended. The majority of respondents were willing to invest in RETs, therefore, the government should commit itself and support private sectors to invest in RETs and take part in its development.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The two worldwide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone ... more The two worldwide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone to think differently and seek new approaches to revive cities to be sustainable for centuries to come. Therefore, transforming the cities to the green and smart city are inevitable. The first step towards green and smart city is the recognition of applicable indicators for an existing city. In the next stage, introducing the most sustainable strategies to implement and realize the introduced indicators are of key importance. Omid-e-Sabz is a crowded city in the southwest of Kabul, hosts more than 27,000 inhabitants. Thus, a study through modifying this city to a sustainable and smart city is crucial for future urban development in Afghanistan. The indicators of green and smart city have been analyzed for Omid-e-Sabz Town in this paper. Moreover, some key guidance's and plans for transforming an ordinary city to sustainable and smart city have been introduced and suggested. This paper is the first of its kind that discusses this important topic for Afghanistan. It will help the urban planning sector of Afghanistan to learn and continue this discourse to make sure the future cities in Afghanistan are smart and sustainable.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the ... more The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the world. The air pollution in Kabul contrasting to other polluted cities in the world is seasonal pollution. According to some reports during the winter season as the demand for heating increases, the majority part of the households and industries in cities use biomass and low-quality fossil fuels to meet their energy demand. The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to the use of conventional energy resources, especially raw coal considered a serious threat to people's lives in Kabul. Due to the abundance of solar energy radiation and the simplicity of technologies, Solar Heating (SH) installation on the rooftop of houses is one of the most prominent solutions to minimize environmental impacts and air pollution related diseases in Kabul. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the potential of GHG reduction with the use of SH technologies in houses. Additionally, the impact of SH installation on non-renewable energy consumption and electricity bill reduction is deliberated in this paper as well. This study is supported by a public web-based survey, which is designed for municipal planned and non-planned areas in Kabul city. The results of the study indicate, due to poor reliability of electric energy supply, most of the population in Kabul city rely on polluted energy sources to meet their primary demand. The study also points; housing sector in Kabul has the biggest portion of energy consumption, which is mainly used for heating purposes. Employing solar thermal technologies in households can significantly decline the utilization of coal and firewood, which in turn leads to a substantial reduction in GHG emissions. This study could be a good reference for the policymakers and investors in the field of green energy in Afghanistan.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This paper aims to investigate the effect of climate conditions such as ambient temperature, humi... more This paper aims to investigate the effect of climate conditions such as ambient temperature, humidity, pressure, sun radiation and pollution on sliced apples quality and drying time which are dried in an indirect forced cabinet solar drying (IFCSD) and open sun drying (OSD) systems. Both experiments were implemented at same place (Kabul, Afghanistan) and time. The IFCSD yield for saving time is 42.8 % which is more effective than drying in the OSD system. Simultaneously with the decreasing of sliced apple weight from 512.9 g down to 73.9 g, the water activity decreased from 0.955 down to 0.355 in the IFCSD system. For OSD system, the sample weight decreased from 512.6 g down to 78.4 g and its water activity from 0.955 down to 0.411. On the experiment day the average sun radiation was 571 w/m 2. The pressure drop between inlet and outlet of the dryer was 0.1 kPa. Different thin-layer mathematical models were investigated to identify the best model fitting the experimental data. The mathematical models' performances were investigated by comparing the coefficient of determination (R 2), reduced chi-square (X 2) and root mean square error (RMSE) coefficients. From all 11 applied thin-layer drying models the Page, Approximation diffusion, Verma et al and Midilli and Kacuk models are more fitted to our data.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This research aimed to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus contamination from milk and its derivatives... more This research aimed to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus contamination from milk and its derivatives available in local dairy sale centers around the Kabul University located in Kabul city. Samples were included caw`s raw and pasteurized milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, custard, and dough (native product). The mentioned products were collected and then using the conventional method was tested in the laboratory. 70 samples were tested, from tested only 18 samples were presented Staphylococcus aureus, as these isolates had a positive reaction for coagulase. The disk diffusion method plus 8 antibiotics which are commonly used in the Veterinary section were used for antimicrobial sensitivity reaction. Staphylococcus isolated samples showed resistance against more than 3 antibiotics, maximum resistance was to Nalidixic acid (50%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (44.44%), Norfloxacin (27.77%), Erythromycin and Methicillin (27.77%), and Tetracycline (22.22%). All the isolates susceptibility was high to Polymaxine and resistant to Ampicillin (100%). As we found in our study the biological quality of tested samples sold around Kabul University were not satisfactory as well as resistance against the mentioned antibiotics except two antibiotics. The contaminated products could be a potential risk to humans .
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This paper, which is written under the title "Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Pers... more This paper, which is written under the title "Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Persian language students of the Dari department of Jawzjan University", contains challenges and solutions through which the problem of learning Dari literature among the students of this department can be identified and will be solved by the application of the solutions presented in this paper. The main purpose of this study is to identify the general and minor barriers that non-Persian language students of the Dari Department of Jawzjan University struggle with to learn better. Therefore, this research is very important, because so far, no research has been done in this field. The research method applied in this research is a descriptive-survey method. The population of this study was 67 students, and the sample size (n=57) was selected using Cochran's formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Findings of the present study confirm the hypotheses such as the poor academic foundation of students, the unfamiliarity of teachers and students with modern teaching methods, lack of educational facilities, lack of motivation by families and teachers, and insufficient ability to the Dari language.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This review presents the high performance of failure-resistant structural device system for the s... more This review presents the high performance of failure-resistant structural device system for the sustainable and flexible buildings. Firstly, the motivation and basic principles as well as methodology of the developing device system are explicitly illustrated. Then, the structural detail and seismic response of base isolation systems, namely, lead Rubber Bearing (LRB), HDLRB isolators, viscous damper (Base Isolation with in-Parallel Dissipation system: BIPD) and sliding bearing isolator (Base Isolation with in-Series Sliding system: BISS) are summarized. The theoretical and experimental study results was shown that all four types of isolator system can be able to minimize damage after seismic an earthquake to the structural system. The viscous damper devices and energy dissipate as well as viscoelastic and fluid viscous dampening can be able to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of structural system under an earthquake loading. A placement of L shape, shear walls at the structural configuration plan is given more efficient behavior under seismic load than all other placements of shear walls at the building's configuration. Many numerical specimens of tunnel form buildings were constructed and modelled to analyze and interpreted the dynamic and static cyclic response of structures against seismic force. The deformation of the dynamic response of tunnel form building was smaller by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) repairing and retrofitting method. Contradictory, the usage of base isolations, energy dissipation devices, shear walls and tunnel form buildings can enhance the efficiency of structures under seismic force by reducing the economic cost saving in their construction.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is the main agent of acute pharyngitis and skin infections t... more Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is the main agent of acute pharyngitis and skin infections that may result in the late complications of glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. Infection with streptococcus group A is a global health problem, which is most common in children and adults. This study was conducted to investigate the rate of S. pyogenes throat carriers and its main risk factors among healthy students of Kabul university. In the present study pharyngeal swabs of 260, [155 (59.6%) were male and 105 (40.4%) were female] asymptomatic university students aged between 19-30 years, were collected and immediately transported to the laboratory for detection of S. pyogenes following standard microbiological procedures. Production of beta hemolytic colonies on blood agar, sensitivity to bacitracin antibiotic, gram stain positivity, catalase negativity test and streptococcal grouping latex kit (ProlexTM) tests were used to identify and differentiate S. pyogenes from other streptococcus spp. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS 21, Chi-square and Logistic regression tests were applied for the categorical data analysis. A P value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Totally 61 (23.5%) beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 260 samples. Among 61 beta hemolytic isolates, 44 (16.9%) were identified as S. pyogenes. The colonization rate of S. pyogenes was higher in male 25 (56.8%) than female 19 (43.2%), which was not statistically significant (p=0.678). Age, residence of the students at hostel and shared utensil use were not statistically significant (p=0.088, p= 0.449, p=0.241 respectively), but the number of children in the family was an important risk factor. People with 1-3 children had a 23-fold higher risk (p˂0.05), and people with 4-6 children had a 27-fold higher risk of carrying S. pyogenes, than those who did not had any children (p˂0.05). In the present study the asymptomatic throat carriage rate of S. pyogenes among Kabul University students, was high. Among all risk factors the number of children in the family was significantly associated with S. pyogenes throat carriage.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
The topic under discussion is the application of signification in linguistics and logic. Signific... more The topic under discussion is the application of signification in linguistics and logic. Signification in language is an important issue, and without understanding the signification it is impossible to know other parts of the language in linguistics. The purpose of this review is to examine the ways of sharing and differentiating the use of signification in Linguistics and Logic. In this study, initially the significations in linguistics and logic are examined individually and then analyzed and compared. Linguistics is directly and indirectly related to the knowledge of logic and many issues such argument, reasons, inference and rejection and modification of problems are considered in both logic and linguistics. Also, significations in applied linguistics, semiotics and logic are one of the most important issues and it has its own application in both areas. Therefore, it's analysis has a special significance in both knowledge and makes us better aware of the elements of language such as signification, signifier, signified, the linguistic signs and the role and significance of these elements which contribute to the structure of the language system. In this review, it is indicated that signification is one of the important topics in the sciences of linguistics and logic, and the study and research related to this topic is important to better understand the language. By studying the theories and views of scientists it can be concluded that the role and application of signification in linguistics and logic is the same, and in both sciences, the relationship between signifier and signified is called signification. However, in terms of classification, signification in both sciences has its own types.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
This study aims to recognize the problems that students of English department face when they spea... more This study aims to recognize the problems that students of English department face when they speak English. To achieve the objective of the investigation a quantitative research was designed. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The findings of the study showed that majority of the students have a positive perception about importance and necessity of speaking skill. According to the findings most of the students do not have the opportunity of practicing English speaking out of the class. Moreover, dissimilarity in English education background of the students are another challenge which is recognized in outcome of the study. Furthermore, the findings showed that most of the students feel motivated and confident in speaking performance. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the teachers have significant role for motivating the students in speaking performance. To sum up, the result exposed that students are appreciated and praised when they perform a speaking task efficiently.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
To investigate the methods of dormancy breaking in okra seeds; a study was conducted in the winte... more To investigate the methods of dormancy breaking in okra seeds; a study was conducted in the winter season of 2019 under laboratory conditions in Samangan Higher Education Institute. The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design within 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included gibberellic acid at 4 levels (100, 500, 700, and 1000 ppm), hot water (70°C), hydrochloric acid (75%) at three levels (5, 10, and 15 minutes), 7-day chilling at 3°C and control treatment (distilled water). The results showed that the highest percentage (100%) with a germination rate of 86 seeds were available due to the application of 7-day cold treatment. Moreover, the treatments such as 7-day chilling, gibberellic acid 500 ppm, and hydrochloric acid 10 and 15 minutes had significant effects on the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots as well as on their length. we observed that the 7-day cooling at 3°C is the best and most appropriate solution to break down the seed dormancy and stimulate seed germination of the above-mentioned crop.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies,, 2021
In this study the status of milk and dairy production marketing in Samangan province is explained... more In this study the status of milk and dairy production marketing in Samangan province is explained. Locking of ranchers accessing to a respondent dairy production market is the main problem focused herein. In Afghanistan illiteracy, traditional customs dominance and low economy level are the major gaps somewhat nationally remained unresolved among most of ranchers. The main objective of this study is assessing the dairy productions market situation to empower the economy level of farmers. A complex method was applied in this study including observation, interview, and questionnaire. Totally 117 questionnaires were handled. Results of analyzed collected data clarify that 90% of ranchers were illiterate, dairy cattle keeping is more than other milky animals because of its lower needs to silage and land. It has been concluded that farmers of Samangan province have adequate experience of keeping and nourishing the domestic animals in order to get a noticeable income. For getting the highest income and having modernized dairy production activities, from the viewpoint of authors, gradually researches accommodating are recommended and this research findings and conclusions will contribute better designing of the future research.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Solar energy is an integral part of living things on Earth, man uses this huge source of energy f... more Solar energy is an integral part of living things on Earth, man uses this huge source of energy for various purposes. The sun is very active and is a lingering source of energy for the present and potential for the future. The energy received on the surface of the earth in one year is about 10,000 times the energy consumption of the total population of the world. The use of sunlight in the form of light and heat has been common since ancient times and human beings from the effect of thought and exploration to meet their needs, using the power of reason and experience they have also achieved innovations, innovations and inventions. Using photovoltaic (PV) panels to generate solar power in the world, from 2005 to 2015, it has increased from 5.1 GW to 227 GW. The highest amount of solar energy available at noon on summer days, it is approximately equal to 1 KW/m 2 , but in most parts of the world this figure is around 200 W/m 2 on average. The amount of solar radiation energy in Afghanistan, in June, when the angle of the sun shines at a latitude of 23.5° above the earth, the amount of radiant energy in the southernmost areas of Afghanistan (29.5°), at sunny noon, is equal to 43.70 MJ/m 2 and in December at this width the country will be equal to (19.85 MJ/m 2. Afghanistan, with its adequate areas and suitable radiation norm (700W/m 2), has a production capacity of 13548700 MW of electricity.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Solar energy properties such as Global Solar Radiation (GSR) intensity could be determined in eit... more Solar energy properties such as Global Solar Radiation (GSR) intensity could be determined in either methods, experimentally or theoretically. Unfortunately, in most countries including Afghanistan, the first method which is more acceptable, but due to the high cost, maintenance and calibration requirements is not available. Therefore, an alternative widely used way is the second one which is model developments based on the meteorological (atmospheric) data; specially the sunny hours. The aim of this study at Shakardara area is to estimate atmospheric transparency percentage on 2017, determining the angstrom model coefficients and to introduce a suitable model for global solar radiation prediction. The hourly observed solar radiation intensity H (WHm-2) and sunshine hours S () data at Shakardara Snow Survey Station for a full year 2017 were used to determine the Angstrom model coefficients for a linear and a nonlinear correlation. Then, by the application of solver function in Excel, the residuals for all correlations were minimized to obtain our linear and nonlinear models' coefficients. Finally, to show the accuracy of models, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE) indices for all models are calculated and the estimated H data of three models are compared with the observed one to provide a graphical picture of models' accuracy. The results show an average value of 54% atmospheric transparency of sunny hours which was 2441 hours per year and 33% atmospheric transparency of monthly mean daily GSR which is 123.61 WHm-2. Moreover, the angstrom model's coefficients found to be a=-0.1 and b=0.9 while for our linear model the same coefficients determined to be a=0 and b=0.6. Calculation of RMSE and MBE for each model showed that the suggested models for GSR predicting in Shakardara area could be ordered from most accurate to less one as our nonlinear model with 99.16%, angstrom modified model with 96.67% and our linear model with 95.56%.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addresse... more The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addressed cooperatively. One of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity need. Over years and without sustainable management almost all of the dams in Afghanistan lost their effective life due to reservoir sedimentation that led to the reduced reliability of water and power supply. On the other hand, Global warming and high temperature have a direct impact on the number of water sources. Since Afghanistan is located in an Arid to a semi-arid climate that is characterized by the high value of annual evaporation where the precipitation is less than annual evaporation, besides other forms of losses, its surface water is lost through evaporation. On the other hand, one of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity needs. One of the approaches that can meet both challenges simultaneously is the use of floating solar panels. It has significant advantages over the ground-based type of solar panels. These benefits include reducing water evaporation, improving water quality by reducing the growth of algae, and high solar panel performance. This paper aims at illustrating the potential for use of floating solar panels to generate power and the impact of floating solar panels installation on preventing surface water evaporation on Naghlo Dam.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Among the broad varieties of power supply in Afghanistan such as city power produced from water d... more Among the broad varieties of power supply in Afghanistan such as city power produced from water dams, fuel generators, and imported electricity from neighboring countries, solar energy production is growing at a noticeable pace. Its preference is because of cost and sustainability perimeters. Given the climate of the country air conditioning inside buildings is required throughout the year, which is an important requirement for the comfort of its residents. Because it requires a great amount of energy, therefore, most companies are working on different principles to provide new products of solar air conditioning systems. The solar air conditioning system provides heating and cooling by utilizing solar energy. Recently, climate change and air pollution proved to be a major challenge for humans, and the current rate of resource consumption will result in a total depletion of natural energy resources in the earth. In this paper, we are assessing the feasibility study of solar-powered air conditioner technology in Afghanistan. Considering the weather of the country, there exists enormous potential for solar energy production. Afghanistan receives 4-6.5 kWh/m 2 /day solar insolation on average with 300 sunny days a year. In conclusion, the air conditioning complication which can be addressed by solar energy production is sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly manner in Afghanistan.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This paper analyzes the impacts of whole solar energy technologies on the economic situation of A... more This paper analyzes the impacts of whole solar energy technologies on the economic situation of Afghanistan. Details and positive effects of solar mini-grids which are implemented through the Citizens' Charter National Priority Program CCNPP in the rural areas of Afghanistan are given as samples of solar energy projects in Afghanistan. The result of this analysis then compared with the fossil fuel electricity that people use in the rural areas of Afghanistan based on the economic effects. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for electricity generated through the diesel generator is estimated to be 29 ¢/kWh, which is 3.16 times higher than the cost of electricity produced via photovoltaic (PV) in 9.17 ¢/kWh. The potential for solar thermal as a recently boomed technology in the world is also studied with regard to the climate, economy, and security situation of Afghanistan. The country with 300 sunny days in a year has 1900-2000 kWh/m 2 potential of producing electricity through the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology. Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) is selected as an optimal type of CSP in Afghanistan and a 3.5 MW PTC power plant is simulated via the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The result of this simulation shows that this novel technology in Afghanistan needs more time and efforts to set as a secure approach of energy.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Production of required thermal energy to heat residential buildings is a considerable issue in en... more Production of required thermal energy to heat residential buildings is a considerable issue in energy studies. Kabul city is a city in which the coal-fired central heating systems for providing the mentioned energy is in expansion process. And, coal as feeding source of these systems with generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main cause of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in winter. Fortunately, Kabul city has maximum solar radiation in summer warm season which can be used for fulfilling of this demand in winter cold season. The method which can perform this task is the central heating by seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy. But, the economic and environmental feasibility and viability of this method is a discussable issue. In this study, the central heating by seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy and its economic and environmental feasibility and viability is studied. It is tried that this system is compared in a logical method with current coal-fired systems. The economic feasibility study is accomplished by comparison of initial or capital cost and annual operation and maintenance cost with the usage of existing data and thermodynamic analytic methods. The environmental viability study is accomplished by comparison of annual emissions of CO2 with the usage of online emissions calculator. Unfortunately, it is found that seasonal sensible heat storage of solar thermal energy is not an economically feasible method for central heating due to its high initial cost and cannot be used in an economically beneficial manner for central heating. But fortunately, it is an environmentally viable method and environmentally friendly way due to its no and/or zero CO2 emissions. To sum up, it is suggested that, this method should be used for district heating which can make this system economically feasible.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
Afghanistan enjoys huge renewable energy, especially solar resources. Meanwhile, most of the popu... more Afghanistan enjoys huge renewable energy, especially solar resources. Meanwhile, most of the population especially people who live in remote rural areas, still do not have appropriate access to electricity. Poor access to energy has made life more challenging and deprived rustic people from related primary living facilities. To address this grant challenge, considering the high potential of solar energy available in the country, this paper presents a study on design and economic comparison of the two most feasible methods of solar power production for rural areas in Afghanistan. In the first method, a stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system has individually been considered in every single house of a village. In this way, energy is produced and consumed in each house itself. While in the second method, energy for the whole village is produced by a micro solar power station in a centralized manner and then distributed through a 0.4 kV islanded Mini grid all around the village. The study is carried out through conventional mathematical relations, based on daily energy demand in a rural household. The result indicates that implementation of the second method is not only best affordable but also more viable and will create other socioeconomic opportunities.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a techn... more In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a technology that can be used to income energy from the natural environment and thus reduce electricity consumption for heating and cooling. A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical, electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers a compressor, which drives a compression-expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid between two heat exchanges: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The efficiency or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low-temperature environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoptio... more This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoption of renewable energy technologies for electrical energy production in Afghanistan. The study is carried out with a survey from Kabul and its neighboring provinces including Logar, Maidan Wardak, Nangarhar, Ghazni, Parwan & Kapisa provinces. We used a random sampling process to collect data using a web-based questionnaire. The survey was well designed to highlight conveniently the public understanding, willingness, and attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies (RETs). The outcome of the survey is then evaluated to discover the most potential factor affecting public acceptance of RETs. The results declared that the educational level, expertise in RETs, and income of respondents are positively related, while the age of respondents is negatively related to the public willingness on the use and investment in RETs. The majority of respondents have used one type of RETs, however, 23 % of respondents have not used any type of RETs. Study shows that the RETs use and access to grid electricity are reversely related, where the access is lower, the RETs use is higher and vice versa. Most of the respondents were not well informed and most disagreed with the government policies on RETs, therefore, public awareness programs on RETs and government policies are recommended. The majority of respondents were willing to invest in RETs, therefore, the government should commit itself and support private sectors to invest in RETs and take part in its development.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The two worldwide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone ... more The two worldwide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone to think differently and seek new approaches to revive cities to be sustainable for centuries to come. Therefore, transforming the cities to the green and smart city are inevitable. The first step towards green and smart city is the recognition of applicable indicators for an existing city. In the next stage, introducing the most sustainable strategies to implement and realize the introduced indicators are of key importance. Omid-e-Sabz is a crowded city in the southwest of Kabul, hosts more than 27,000 inhabitants. Thus, a study through modifying this city to a sustainable and smart city is crucial for future urban development in Afghanistan. The indicators of green and smart city have been analyzed for Omid-e-Sabz Town in this paper. Moreover, some key guidance's and plans for transforming an ordinary city to sustainable and smart city have been introduced and suggested. This paper is the first of its kind that discusses this important topic for Afghanistan. It will help the urban planning sector of Afghanistan to learn and continue this discourse to make sure the future cities in Afghanistan are smart and sustainable.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the ... more The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the world. The air pollution in Kabul contrasting to other polluted cities in the world is seasonal pollution. According to some reports during the winter season as the demand for heating increases, the majority part of the households and industries in cities use biomass and low-quality fossil fuels to meet their energy demand. The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to the use of conventional energy resources, especially raw coal considered a serious threat to people's lives in Kabul. Due to the abundance of solar energy radiation and the simplicity of technologies, Solar Heating (SH) installation on the rooftop of houses is one of the most prominent solutions to minimize environmental impacts and air pollution related diseases in Kabul. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the potential of GHG reduction with the use of SH technologies in houses. Additionally, the impact of SH installation on non-renewable energy consumption and electricity bill reduction is deliberated in this paper as well. This study is supported by a public web-based survey, which is designed for municipal planned and non-planned areas in Kabul city. The results of the study indicate, due to poor reliability of electric energy supply, most of the population in Kabul city rely on polluted energy sources to meet their primary demand. The study also points; housing sector in Kabul has the biggest portion of energy consumption, which is mainly used for heating purposes. Employing solar thermal technologies in households can significantly decline the utilization of coal and firewood, which in turn leads to a substantial reduction in GHG emissions. This study could be a good reference for the policymakers and investors in the field of green energy in Afghanistan.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS) , 2021
This paper aims to investigate the effect of climate conditions such as ambient temperature, humi... more This paper aims to investigate the effect of climate conditions such as ambient temperature, humidity, pressure, sun radiation and pollution on sliced apples quality and drying time which are dried in an indirect forced cabinet solar drying (IFCSD) and open sun drying (OSD) systems. Both experiments were implemented at same place (Kabul, Afghanistan) and time. The IFCSD yield for saving time is 42.8 % which is more effective than drying in the OSD system. Simultaneously with the decreasing of sliced apple weight from 512.9 g down to 73.9 g, the water activity decreased from 0.955 down to 0.355 in the IFCSD system. For OSD system, the sample weight decreased from 512.6 g down to 78.4 g and its water activity from 0.955 down to 0.411. On the experiment day the average sun radiation was 571 w/m 2. The pressure drop between inlet and outlet of the dryer was 0.1 kPa. Different thin-layer mathematical models were investigated to identify the best model fitting the experimental data. The mathematical models' performances were investigated by comparing the coefficient of determination (R 2), reduced chi-square (X 2) and root mean square error (RMSE) coefficients. From all 11 applied thin-layer drying models the Page, Approximation diffusion, Verma et al and Midilli and Kacuk models are more fitted to our data.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This research aimed to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus contamination from milk and its derivatives... more This research aimed to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus contamination from milk and its derivatives available in local dairy sale centers around the Kabul University located in Kabul city. Samples were included caw`s raw and pasteurized milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, custard, and dough (native product). The mentioned products were collected and then using the conventional method was tested in the laboratory. 70 samples were tested, from tested only 18 samples were presented Staphylococcus aureus, as these isolates had a positive reaction for coagulase. The disk diffusion method plus 8 antibiotics which are commonly used in the Veterinary section were used for antimicrobial sensitivity reaction. Staphylococcus isolated samples showed resistance against more than 3 antibiotics, maximum resistance was to Nalidixic acid (50%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (44.44%), Norfloxacin (27.77%), Erythromycin and Methicillin (27.77%), and Tetracycline (22.22%). All the isolates susceptibility was high to Polymaxine and resistant to Ampicillin (100%). As we found in our study the biological quality of tested samples sold around Kabul University were not satisfactory as well as resistance against the mentioned antibiotics except two antibiotics. The contaminated products could be a potential risk to humans .
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This paper, which is written under the title "Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Pers... more This paper, which is written under the title "Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Persian language students of the Dari department of Jawzjan University", contains challenges and solutions through which the problem of learning Dari literature among the students of this department can be identified and will be solved by the application of the solutions presented in this paper. The main purpose of this study is to identify the general and minor barriers that non-Persian language students of the Dari Department of Jawzjan University struggle with to learn better. Therefore, this research is very important, because so far, no research has been done in this field. The research method applied in this research is a descriptive-survey method. The population of this study was 67 students, and the sample size (n=57) was selected using Cochran's formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Findings of the present study confirm the hypotheses such as the poor academic foundation of students, the unfamiliarity of teachers and students with modern teaching methods, lack of educational facilities, lack of motivation by families and teachers, and insufficient ability to the Dari language.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2021
This review presents the high performance of failure-resistant structural device system for the s... more This review presents the high performance of failure-resistant structural device system for the sustainable and flexible buildings. Firstly, the motivation and basic principles as well as methodology of the developing device system are explicitly illustrated. Then, the structural detail and seismic response of base isolation systems, namely, lead Rubber Bearing (LRB), HDLRB isolators, viscous damper (Base Isolation with in-Parallel Dissipation system: BIPD) and sliding bearing isolator (Base Isolation with in-Series Sliding system: BISS) are summarized. The theoretical and experimental study results was shown that all four types of isolator system can be able to minimize damage after seismic an earthquake to the structural system. The viscous damper devices and energy dissipate as well as viscoelastic and fluid viscous dampening can be able to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of structural system under an earthquake loading. A placement of L shape, shear walls at the structural configuration plan is given more efficient behavior under seismic load than all other placements of shear walls at the building's configuration. Many numerical specimens of tunnel form buildings were constructed and modelled to analyze and interpreted the dynamic and static cyclic response of structures against seismic force. The deformation of the dynamic response of tunnel form building was smaller by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) repairing and retrofitting method. Contradictory, the usage of base isolations, energy dissipation devices, shear walls and tunnel form buildings can enhance the efficiency of structures under seismic force by reducing the economic cost saving in their construction.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is the main agent of acute pharyngitis and skin infections t... more Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is the main agent of acute pharyngitis and skin infections that may result in the late complications of glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. Infection with streptococcus group A is a global health problem, which is most common in children and adults. This study was conducted to investigate the rate of S. pyogenes throat carriers and its main risk factors among healthy students of Kabul university. In the present study pharyngeal swabs of 260, [155 (59.6%) were male and 105 (40.4%) were female] asymptomatic university students aged between 19-30 years, were collected and immediately transported to the laboratory for detection of S. pyogenes following standard microbiological procedures. Production of beta hemolytic colonies on blood agar, sensitivity to bacitracin antibiotic, gram stain positivity, catalase negativity test and streptococcal grouping latex kit (ProlexTM) tests were used to identify and differentiate S. pyogenes from other streptococcus spp. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS 21, Chi-square and Logistic regression tests were applied for the categorical data analysis. A P value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Totally 61 (23.5%) beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 260 samples. Among 61 beta hemolytic isolates, 44 (16.9%) were identified as S. pyogenes. The colonization rate of S. pyogenes was higher in male 25 (56.8%) than female 19 (43.2%), which was not statistically significant (p=0.678). Age, residence of the students at hostel and shared utensil use were not statistically significant (p=0.088, p= 0.449, p=0.241 respectively), but the number of children in the family was an important risk factor. People with 1-3 children had a 23-fold higher risk (p˂0.05), and people with 4-6 children had a 27-fold higher risk of carrying S. pyogenes, than those who did not had any children (p˂0.05). In the present study the asymptomatic throat carriage rate of S. pyogenes among Kabul University students, was high. Among all risk factors the number of children in the family was significantly associated with S. pyogenes throat carriage.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
The topic under discussion is the application of signification in linguistics and logic. Signific... more The topic under discussion is the application of signification in linguistics and logic. Signification in language is an important issue, and without understanding the signification it is impossible to know other parts of the language in linguistics. The purpose of this review is to examine the ways of sharing and differentiating the use of signification in Linguistics and Logic. In this study, initially the significations in linguistics and logic are examined individually and then analyzed and compared. Linguistics is directly and indirectly related to the knowledge of logic and many issues such argument, reasons, inference and rejection and modification of problems are considered in both logic and linguistics. Also, significations in applied linguistics, semiotics and logic are one of the most important issues and it has its own application in both areas. Therefore, it's analysis has a special significance in both knowledge and makes us better aware of the elements of language such as signification, signifier, signified, the linguistic signs and the role and significance of these elements which contribute to the structure of the language system. In this review, it is indicated that signification is one of the important topics in the sciences of linguistics and logic, and the study and research related to this topic is important to better understand the language. By studying the theories and views of scientists it can be concluded that the role and application of signification in linguistics and logic is the same, and in both sciences, the relationship between signifier and signified is called signification. However, in terms of classification, signification in both sciences has its own types.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
This study aims to recognize the problems that students of English department face when they spea... more This study aims to recognize the problems that students of English department face when they speak English. To achieve the objective of the investigation a quantitative research was designed. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The findings of the study showed that majority of the students have a positive perception about importance and necessity of speaking skill. According to the findings most of the students do not have the opportunity of practicing English speaking out of the class. Moreover, dissimilarity in English education background of the students are another challenge which is recognized in outcome of the study. Furthermore, the findings showed that most of the students feel motivated and confident in speaking performance. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the teachers have significant role for motivating the students in speaking performance. To sum up, the result exposed that students are appreciated and praised when they perform a speaking task efficiently.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS), 2020
To investigate the methods of dormancy breaking in okra seeds; a study was conducted in the winte... more To investigate the methods of dormancy breaking in okra seeds; a study was conducted in the winter season of 2019 under laboratory conditions in Samangan Higher Education Institute. The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design within 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included gibberellic acid at 4 levels (100, 500, 700, and 1000 ppm), hot water (70°C), hydrochloric acid (75%) at three levels (5, 10, and 15 minutes), 7-day chilling at 3°C and control treatment (distilled water). The results showed that the highest percentage (100%) with a germination rate of 86 seeds were available due to the application of 7-day cold treatment. Moreover, the treatments such as 7-day chilling, gibberellic acid 500 ppm, and hydrochloric acid 10 and 15 minutes had significant effects on the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots as well as on their length. we observed that the 7-day cooling at 3°C is the best and most appropriate solution to break down the seed dormancy and stimulate seed germination of the above-mentioned crop.
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Papers by International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies (IJIRSS)
ranchers accessing to a respondent dairy production market is the main problem focused herein. In Afghanistan
illiteracy, traditional customs dominance and low economy level are the major gaps somewhat nationally
remained unresolved among most of ranchers. The main objective of this study is assessing the dairy productions
market situation to empower the economy level of farmers. A complex method was applied in this study including
observation, interview, and questionnaire. Totally 117 questionnaires were handled. Results of analyzed collected
data clarify that 90% of ranchers were illiterate, dairy cattle keeping is more than other milky animals because of
its lower needs to silage and land. It has been concluded that farmers of Samangan province have adequate
experience of keeping and nourishing the domestic animals in order to get a noticeable income. For getting the
highest income and having modernized dairy production activities, from the viewpoint of authors, gradually
researches accommodating are recommended and this research findings and conclusions will contribute better
designing of the future research.
ranchers accessing to a respondent dairy production market is the main problem focused herein. In Afghanistan
illiteracy, traditional customs dominance and low economy level are the major gaps somewhat nationally
remained unresolved among most of ranchers. The main objective of this study is assessing the dairy productions
market situation to empower the economy level of farmers. A complex method was applied in this study including
observation, interview, and questionnaire. Totally 117 questionnaires were handled. Results of analyzed collected
data clarify that 90% of ranchers were illiterate, dairy cattle keeping is more than other milky animals because of
its lower needs to silage and land. It has been concluded that farmers of Samangan province have adequate
experience of keeping and nourishing the domestic animals in order to get a noticeable income. For getting the
highest income and having modernized dairy production activities, from the viewpoint of authors, gradually
researches accommodating are recommended and this research findings and conclusions will contribute better
designing of the future research.