Aysel YAZICI received her BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees from the Agricultural Machinery Department of Ege University in 1987, 1992, and 1997, respectively. Since 2001, She has been working at Manisa Celal Bayar University Department of Machine and Metal Technologies. She has served as the Department of Machine and Metal Technologies Head since 2014. She conducts research in the fields of materials science and agricultural machinery. Address: Turkey
The tribological process between the tillage tools and the soil is quite complex. Wear on tillage... more The tribological process between the tillage tools and the soil is quite complex. Wear on tillage tools changes depending on the material of the tool, opposing material (soil), environment (moisture, temperature), and dynamic factors (stress on sliding surface, sliding time, sliding speed, and sliding type). Chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the material from which the tools are made; soil properties such as texture, structure, density, moisture, rock and gravel content; operating conditions such as tillage speed and depth; geometry and surface roughness of the tool, and impact angle with the soil are effective on wear. It is generally accepted that tillage tools go through low-tensioned and two-body abrasive wear. The ratio between the hardness of the tools (Hs) and the hardness of the abrasive soil particles (Ha) determines wear mechanisms. When this ratio is lower than 0.8, microcutting and microplowing mechanisms are dominant. Meanwhile, when the hardness value of the tool’s surface is close to or higher than the hardness value of the soil particles, microcracks, fragmentation, and peel-off of the hard phases occur. Therefore, hardness alone may not be sufficient to ensure tribological performance, and hardness and toughness should be balanced since tillage tools are exposed to movements such as impacts.
Armor steel samples were exposed to corrosion for 24, 72, 168, and 720 h in two different corrosi... more Armor steel samples were exposed to corrosion for 24, 72, 168, and 720 h in two different corrosive media. The corrosion rate was determined using mass loss, measurement of the concentration of components in the corrosive medium solution, and Tafel extrapolation methods. Before and after corrosion experiments, the tensile properties, surface characteristics, and phase structures of the samples were examined. The surface analyses were performed using the SEM technique combined with EDX analyses, and the phase analyses were performed by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion rate determined by the mass loss method was 0.02 ± 0.01 mm year−1 for the 3.5 wt% NaCl medium and 2.66 ± 0.16 mm year−1 for the 1 M HCl medium. The corrosion rate values determined by the Tafel extrapolation method were 0.02 ± 0.01 mm year−1 in the 3.5 wt% NaCl medium and 1.21 ± 0.01 mm year−1 in the 1 M HCl medium. There was a decrease in the tensile, yield strengths, and elongation to fracture values of the corroded samples compared to the non-corroded samples. While intergranular ductile fracture occurred in samples exposed to 3.5 wt% NaCl medium, there were features reminiscent of the brittle fracture in samples exposed to the 1 M HCl/168 h medium.
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers, and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science, Aug 31, 2021
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field
of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized
machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers,
and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
AŞINDIRICI TOPRAK KAZANI TEST CIHAZI (Abrasive Soil Bin Test Device), 2021
Buluş gerçek tarla koşullarına oldukça yakın bir suni ortam yaratarak, toprak işleme alet ve maki... more Buluş gerçek tarla koşullarına oldukça yakın bir suni ortam yaratarak, toprak işleme alet ve makinaları işleyici uç demirlerinin abrasif aşınma kayıp değerlerinin, gerçek değerlere oldukça yakın bir sonuçla belirlenmesine olanak tanıyan aşındırıcı toprak kazanı test cihazı ile ilgilidir. Buluş özellikle, aşınma testine tabi tutulacak numunenin bağlanmasına yarayan bağlantı kolu (130), bağlantı koluna (130) düşey doğrultuda hareketi sağlayan mekanik düzenek (20) ve çalışılan toprağı sıkıştıran/bastıran merdane (60) içeren aşındırıcı toprak kazanı test cihazı ile ilgilidir.
Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 2020
Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çar... more Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çarklara uygulanan gaz sementasyon ve düşük basınçlı sementasyon yüzey sertleştirme ısıl işlemlerinin dişli çarkların yorulma ömrü üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Yorulma analizi Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Helisel dişli çarkların ömür değerleri, yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri sonrasında oluşan sertlik dağılımına bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Düşük basınçlı sementasyon işleminin gaz sementasyon işlemine kıyasla, istenen yüzey sertlik ve efektif sert tabaka kalınlığını çok daha kısa işlem sürelerinde sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Dişlilerin ömür değerleri ve hasar yüzdeleri, malzemenin kimyasal içeriği, efektif sert tabaka kalınlığı ve yüzey sertlik değerlerinden etkilenmiştir. AISI 5115 helisel dişli çarklarda 36 Nm tork ve 1400 rpm çalışma değerleri için ömür tur sayıları; ısıl işlem
Corrosion resistance of steel 30MnB5 is studied after carbonitriding, after conventional quenchin... more Corrosion resistance of steel 30MnB5 is studied after carbonitriding, after conventional quenching, and without treatment. Corrosion tests are performed for from 24 to 168 h in two acidic environments (in a hydrochloric acid solution with 10% mole fraction and in fertilizer-containing soil). It is shown that the rate of corrosion of the steel in both environments after carbonitriding is lower than after quenching).
A comparative analysis of the properties of boronized sintered iron and quenched steels 30MnB5, 2... more A comparative analysis of the properties of boronized sintered iron and quenched steels 30MnB5, 28MnCrB5 used for making soil tillage tools is performed. The microstructure, phase composition, hardness and strength characteristics of the materials are studied. The composition of the boride phase formed in the sintered iron after boronizing is determined by an x-ray method. The losses to abrasive wear are evaluated with the help of a device containing a special bin with a sample of abrasive soil.
The pesticide and biological efficiency of Electraboom, UIva+, Micronex, knapsack sprayer and con... more The pesticide and biological efficiency of Electraboom, UIva+, Micronex, knapsack sprayer and conventional field sprayer were compared against leaf hopper at different dosage in cotton field. The experiments were conducted in two stages. One of them was basic growth stage and the other one was fruit formation stage. Effectiveness of equipment was measured 4-7-11-14 days after the treatments in basic growth stage and 3-6-10--13 days (for Macronex 4-7-11 - 14 days) after the treatments in fruit formation stage. While Micronex and Ulva+ at the quarter of the recommended dosage provided significantly high effect in basic growth stage, Electraboom at the half of recommended dosage gave higher effects in fruit formation stage when comparing with others. Deposition pattern on target area was conducted as qualitative and quantitative in fruit formation stage. Fluorescent tracer deposits and droplet density (number of drops per square centimeter) on water sensitive paper were measured at the...
The objective of this experimental study was to determine the wear resistance of moldboard plowsh... more The objective of this experimental study was to determine the wear resistance of moldboard plowshares produced from 30 MnB5 steel that were treated with different martempering conditions. The microstructures, the hardness distributions, and the wear behavior of the martempered 30 MnB5 steel were determined and compared with conventionally heat-treated samples in laboratory conditions. The wear losses of all martempered samples were less than that of the conventionally heat-treated samples in laboratory conditions, especially at the end of a longer-term wear experiment. The martempering process in which the steel was austenized at 960°C for 35 min, held at 350°C for 10 s in a salt bath, and then cooled in air produced the best results for decreasing wear loss in laboratory conditions. The martempering treatment that resulted in the lowest wear weight loss in pin-on-disc tests was selected for further testing in field conditions. The field used for the experiment was flat and free of crop residue with a uniformly dispersed soil type (sandy and sandy loam). A reversible plow was used to measure the wear. The abrasive wear losses were determined by measuring the plowshare's weight and dimensions before and after tillage. By achieving a more uniform hardness distribution, the lath-type martensitic and bainitic microstructure of the martempered plowshares significantly increased their wear resistance. The martempering process decreased the wear weight loss by 40.8% and the wear dimension loss by 38.5% compared to conventionally heat-treated plowshares in field conditions.
The effects of the hot stamping process and different hardfacing techniques, such as shielded met... more The effects of the hot stamping process and different hardfacing techniques, such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW), on the abrasive wear of ploughshares were investigated under field operational conditions. The abrasive wear losses were determined by measuring the weight and dimension changes before and after tillage. The wear losses of hot-stamped and hardfaced ploughshares were less significant than those of the conventionally heat-treated ploughshare specimens used under field conditions. Conventional heat treatment and hardfacing by the SMAW process decreased the wear weight losses by 46.31% and the dimensional losses by 86.77% in comparison to the performance of the conventionally heat-treated ploughshares. These values were 36.90% and 88.17%, respectively, for conventional heat treatment and hardfacing by the GMAW process. There were no statistically significant differences between the SMAW and GMAW hardfacing processes in terms of wear los...
4. Uluslararası Tarım, Çevre ve Sağlık Kongresi, 2021
Toprak işleme organlarında meydana gelen abrasif aşınma miktarı, işleme organlarının üretiminde k... more Toprak işleme organlarında meydana gelen abrasif aşınma miktarı, işleme organlarının üretiminde kullanılan materyalin mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklerine, toprak koşullarına, sürüm hızı ve sürüm derinliği gibi işletme koşullarına bağlı olarak değişir. Toprak işleme makinelerinde meydana gelen aşınma nedeniyle, her yıl milyonlarca dolarlık bir ekonomik kaybın meydana geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Toprak işleme alet ve makineleri arasında en yaygın kullanılan alet kulaklı pulluk olup, pulluk uç demiri en yüksek aşınma oranına sahiptir. Toprak işleme aletlerindeki aşınma kayıpları yalnızca malzeme, enerji ve işçilik kayıplarının neden olduğu ekonomik kayıplarla sonuçlanmaz. Aşınmanın neden olduğu en önemli sorunlardan biri, toprak işlemenin agroteknik esaslar doğrultusunda yapılamamasıdır. Bu çalışmada, toprak işleme organlarında aşınma kayıplarının azaltılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek, sektörün Ülkemizdeki durumu ve araştırma bulgularının sektöre aktarılmasındaki zorluklar ve kısıtlamalar değerlendirilmiştir. Küçük-orta ölçekli tarımsal işletmelerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü ve küçük-orta ölçekli imalatçıların zayıf mali yapılarını güçlendirecek politikaların geliştirilmesi, kalite bilincinin ve kamu-üniversiteler-özel sektör arasında işbirliğinin geliştirilmesi önerilebilir.
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers, and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
ÖZET: Çalışmanın amacı, toprak işleme makineleri konusunda yapılan aşınma çalışmalarının bilimsel seyrini sunmak ve araştırma sonuçlarını çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasında karşılaşılan temel kısıtlamaları ve çözüm önerilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada, son yüzyılda toprak işleme makinelerindeki aşınma kayıplarını analiz etmek ve azaltmak için yapılan çalışmalar kronolojik olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında bu alandaki bilimsel gelişmelerin seyrinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarının tarım sektörüne yansıması Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzeme bilimi alanındaki gelişmelerin toprak işleme araçlarının aşınma direncini geliştirmeye yönelik araştırma çalışmalarına yansıdığı ve çalışmaların genellikle ısıl işlemler ve kaplamalar konuları üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin ekonomik refah düzeyi ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üretici firmaların zayıf finansal yapılarının araştırma sonuçlarının çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasındaki en önemli kısıtlar olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü, ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üreticilerinin zayıf finansal yapılarını güçlendirmeye yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi ve makine üretim maliyetleri azaltmak için otomasyona uygun yeni üretim teknolojileri kullanımı önerilebilir.
Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2001
Bu çalışma, üreticilerin kimyasal mücadeleyi nasıl, ne zaman ve neye göre yaptıklarını belirlemek... more Bu çalışma, üreticilerin kimyasal mücadeleyi nasıl, ne zaman ve neye göre yaptıklarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Saruhanlı’ da 476 pamuk üreticisiyle anket çalışması yapılmış ve her bir ankette üreticilere 55 soru yöneltilmiştir. Anketler Saruhanlı- Merkez ve bağlı yerleşimler olmak üzere 11 köy ve beldede yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışma sonucunda üreticilerin ilaç, makine ve ilaçlama zamanının seçiminde nasıl karar verdiği, tarımsal ilaçların çevreye etkileri hakkında ne düşündükleri ve ilaç uygulamalarındaki hatalar belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin önemli bir bölümünün ilaçların çevreye zararlı olabileceğini belirtmesine rağmen, kendilerini ve çevreyi ilaçların zararlı etkisinden korumak için tedbir almadıkları görülmüştür. Üreticiler genel olarak pestisitlerin etkisizliğinden, etki sürelerinin kısa oluşundan ve fiyatların yüksek oluşundan şikayetçi olmuşlardır.
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020
Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çar... more Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çarklara uygulanan gaz sementasyon ve düşük basınçlı sementasyon yüzey sertleştirme ısıl işlemlerinin dişli çarkların yorulma ömrü üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Yorulma analizi Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Helisel dişli çarkların ömür değerleri, yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri sonrasında oluşan sertlik dağılımına bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Düşük basınçlı sementasyon işleminin gaz sementasyon işlemine kıyasla, istenen yüzey sertlik ve efektif sert tabaka kalınlığını çok daha kısa işlem sürelerinde sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Dişlilerin ömür değerleri ve hasar yüzdeleri, malzemenin kimyasal içeriği, efektif sert tabaka kalınlığı ve yüzey sertlik değerlerinden etkilenmiştir. AISI 5115 helisel dişli çarklarda 36 Nm tork ve 1400 rpm çalışma değerleri için ömür tur sayıları; ısıl işlem görmemiş dişlide 366,240,718, düşük basınçlı sementasyon yapılmış dişlide 790,471,887, gaz sementasyon yapılmış dişlide ise 720,619,942 tur olarak saptanmıştır. Bu değerler 132 Nm tork ve 212 rpm çalışma değerleri için, AISI 8620 helisel dişli çarklarda sırasıyla 167,327,793 ve 614,293,058 ve 629,203,913 tur olarak saptanmıştır.
In this study, the effect of case hardening treatments such as gas carburizing and low-pressure carburizing on the fatigue life was investigated for helical toothed gears made of AISI 8620 and AISI 5115 steels with modules 1.5 and 2. Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD program was used for the fatigue analysis of the gear wheels. The total life values of the helical gears were determined depending on the hardness distribution that occurs as the result of case hardening treatments. Compared to the gas carburizing, it was found that the low-pressure carburizing process provided the desired surface hardness and effective case depth values within shorter processing times. The total life values and damage percentages of gears were influenced by the chemical content of the material, effective case layer thickness, and surface hardness values. For 36 Nm torque and 1400 rpm operating values in AISI 5115 helical gear wheels, fatigue life cycle was determined as 366,240,718 turns in non-heat-treated gear, 790,471,887 turns in low-pressure carburizing, and 720,619,942 turns in gas carburizing. These values were determined as 167,327,793 and 614,293,058, and 629,203,913 turns for 132 Nm torque and 212 rpm operating values in AISI 8620 helical gears wheels, respectively.
The effect of quenching and tempering temperature on the tensile properties and the yield strengt... more The effect of quenching and tempering temperature on the tensile properties and the yield strength ratio of 30MnB5, 27MnCrB5, and 34MnB5 boron steel have been investigated. Quenching (Q) and tempering (T) temperatures varied in the range of 850 to 950 °C and 150 to 450 °C, respectively. The mechanical properties of quenched and tempered steel were examined with the application of the tensile test and hardness testing. The microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The increase in Q & T temperatures resulted in a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and break strength (BS) values and an increase in the yield strength ratio. The tempering temperature was found to be more effective on the UTS, YS and BS values than was the austenitizing temperature. It was noted that the effect of tempering temperature is greater on the ultimate tensile than on the yield strength for the investigated low alloyed boron steel. The effect of the tempering temperature on the elongation to fracture is also greater than the effect on the uniform elongation. The yield strength ratio showed a tendency to increase with increasing tempering temperatures. It was raised considerably by increasing the tempering temperatures from 300 to 450 °C, while it remained at a similar level between 150 and 300 °C. The ratio of ultimate tensile strength and mean hardness decreased with increasing tempering temperatures for the tested varieties of steel. Increasing tempering temperature leads to an increase in yield strength ratio and a total elongation and a decrease in the strength of the tempered martensite.
In this study, the effect of different case hardening treatments on microstructure, hardness dist... more In this study, the effect of different case hardening treatments on microstructure, hardness distribution, surface roughness parameters, and dimensional changes was investigated for helical toothed gears made of 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2 steels. Gas carburizing, gas carburizing-double quenching, low pressure carburizing, and plasma nitriding treatments were performed as case hardening processes. The surface characteristics and distortion analyzes of the case hardened helical gears were examined using an optical microscope, hardness tester, profilometer, and micrometer. In order to ensure adequate pitting and bending strength, the required minimum effective case depth and minimum total case depth values were provided by the performed case hardening treatments. In the gears, the largest dimensional increase after the heat treatments occurred at the end of the gas carburizing due to the long treatment times at high processing temperatures. The surface roughness values obtained through all performed case hardening treatments necessitated the finishing processes.
ÖZ: Bu çalışma kimyasal mücadele uygulamaları, tarımsal ilaç seçim kriterleri ve uygulama zamanıy... more ÖZ: Bu çalışma kimyasal mücadele uygulamaları, tarımsal ilaç seçim kriterleri ve uygulama zamanıyla ilgili üreticilerin kararlarını belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Saruhanlı'da 204 bağ üreticisiyle anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anketler Saruhanlı-Merkez ve bağlı yerleşimler olmak üzere 12 yerleşkede yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda üreticilerin tarımsal ilaç, makine seçimi ve ilaçlama zamanının tayininde nasıl karar verdiği, üreticilerin tarımsal ilaçların çevreye etkileri hakkında neler düşündükleri ve tarımsal ilaç uygulamalarında yapılan hatalar saptanmıştır. ABSTRACT: This research has been done to determine farmers decisions regarding the time of application, the criteria for choosing agricultural chemicals and applications of chemical control. For that reason, a poll study was made with 204 farmers in Manisa-Saruhanlı. The polls were conducted in 12 rural settlements in Saruhanlı. In the results of this study, how the farmers decide choosing agricultural chemical, machine and application time, what the farmers think about the effects of agricultural chemicals on environment and mistakes in agricultural chemical applications were determined.
This study was carried out to examine the impact of austenitization and tempering temperatures on... more This study was carried out to examine the impact of austenitization and tempering temperatures on the corrosion characteristics of boron steels. Boron steel samples were austenitized at 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C, and then quenched in environmental water. After quenching, the samples were tempered at 150 °C, 300 °C, and 450 °C for 30 minutes to prepare specimens. The corrosion characteristics of quenched and tempered boron steels in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were examined using Tafel extrapolation method. Significant statistical differences have been observed between the tested boron steels in terms of corrosion rate. Changing C concentration affected the corrosion rates of boron steels after their immersion into a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and increasing C content generally accelerated the corrosion rate. A poor correlation has been found between average ferrite grain size and corrosion rate under the examined heat treatment conditions for tested boron steels.
Microstructure, hardness distribution, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the quenched a... more Microstructure, hardness distribution, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 were investigated before and after corrosion tests. The corrosion behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 was examined in two different acidic environments, namely a hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil. The specimens were immersed in corrosive environments for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours, and additionally into fertilizer-containing soil for 240 days. The corrosion losses were determined by measuring the weight changes and the respective corrosion rates were calculated. Ductile fracture was observed in the sample of the quenched and tempered material before and after 168 hours of exposure to the hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil environment. But, in the sample subjected to corrosion in the fertilizer-containing soil environment for 240 days, brittle fracture took place and the fracture topography on the surface exhibited inter-granular cleavage. After 240 days of corrosion test in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the ductility of the material decreased to a very great extent. The surface of the quenched and tempered 28MnCrB5 samples was covered by corrosion pits, cracks and peelings at the end of 168 h tests in the hydrochloric acid solution environment. At the end of 240 day tests in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the surface of the samples showed deep peelings and cracks.
Korrosionwiderstand und mechanische Eigenschaften eines abgeschreckten 28MnCrB5-Stahles in zwei sauren Umgebungen. Die Mikrostruktur, die Härteverteilung, die Zugfestigkeit und das Bruchverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurden jeweils vor und nach Korrosionsversuchen untersucht. Das Korrosionsverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurde in zwei verschiedenen sauren Umgebungen analysiert, dabei wurde zum einen eine Salzsäurelösung mit einem 10 % molaren Anteil und zum anderen Düngemittel-haltige Erde verwendet. Die Proben wurden in beide Lösungen für 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 und 168 Stunden und in die Düngemittel-haltige Erde zudem für 240 Tage getaucht. Es wurden die Korrosionsverluste mittels Gewichtsänderungsmessungen bestimmt und die entsprechenden Korrosionsraten berechnet. In der Probe des abgeschreckten Werkstoffes wurde vor und nach 168 Stunden in der Salzsäurelösung sowie in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde duktiles Bruchverhalten beobachtet. Allerdings zeigte die Probe, die für 240 Tage der Korrosion in Düngemittel-haltiger Erde ausgesetzt war, sprödes Bruchverhalten und die Bruchoberfläche lies eine interkristalline Spaltbruchfläche erkennen. Nach dem 240-Tage-Korrosionsversuch in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde nahm die Duktilität des Werkstoffes erheblich ab. Die Oberfläche der gehärteten Stahlproben wies am Ende des 168-Stunden- Korrosionsversuchs in Salzsäure Löcher, Risse und Abschälungen. auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.
The tribological process between the tillage tools and the soil is quite complex. Wear on tillage... more The tribological process between the tillage tools and the soil is quite complex. Wear on tillage tools changes depending on the material of the tool, opposing material (soil), environment (moisture, temperature), and dynamic factors (stress on sliding surface, sliding time, sliding speed, and sliding type). Chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the material from which the tools are made; soil properties such as texture, structure, density, moisture, rock and gravel content; operating conditions such as tillage speed and depth; geometry and surface roughness of the tool, and impact angle with the soil are effective on wear. It is generally accepted that tillage tools go through low-tensioned and two-body abrasive wear. The ratio between the hardness of the tools (Hs) and the hardness of the abrasive soil particles (Ha) determines wear mechanisms. When this ratio is lower than 0.8, microcutting and microplowing mechanisms are dominant. Meanwhile, when the hardness value of the tool’s surface is close to or higher than the hardness value of the soil particles, microcracks, fragmentation, and peel-off of the hard phases occur. Therefore, hardness alone may not be sufficient to ensure tribological performance, and hardness and toughness should be balanced since tillage tools are exposed to movements such as impacts.
Armor steel samples were exposed to corrosion for 24, 72, 168, and 720 h in two different corrosi... more Armor steel samples were exposed to corrosion for 24, 72, 168, and 720 h in two different corrosive media. The corrosion rate was determined using mass loss, measurement of the concentration of components in the corrosive medium solution, and Tafel extrapolation methods. Before and after corrosion experiments, the tensile properties, surface characteristics, and phase structures of the samples were examined. The surface analyses were performed using the SEM technique combined with EDX analyses, and the phase analyses were performed by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion rate determined by the mass loss method was 0.02 ± 0.01 mm year−1 for the 3.5 wt% NaCl medium and 2.66 ± 0.16 mm year−1 for the 1 M HCl medium. The corrosion rate values determined by the Tafel extrapolation method were 0.02 ± 0.01 mm year−1 in the 3.5 wt% NaCl medium and 1.21 ± 0.01 mm year−1 in the 1 M HCl medium. There was a decrease in the tensile, yield strengths, and elongation to fracture values of the corroded samples compared to the non-corroded samples. While intergranular ductile fracture occurred in samples exposed to 3.5 wt% NaCl medium, there were features reminiscent of the brittle fracture in samples exposed to the 1 M HCl/168 h medium.
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers, and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science, Aug 31, 2021
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field
of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized
machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers,
and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
AŞINDIRICI TOPRAK KAZANI TEST CIHAZI (Abrasive Soil Bin Test Device), 2021
Buluş gerçek tarla koşullarına oldukça yakın bir suni ortam yaratarak, toprak işleme alet ve maki... more Buluş gerçek tarla koşullarına oldukça yakın bir suni ortam yaratarak, toprak işleme alet ve makinaları işleyici uç demirlerinin abrasif aşınma kayıp değerlerinin, gerçek değerlere oldukça yakın bir sonuçla belirlenmesine olanak tanıyan aşındırıcı toprak kazanı test cihazı ile ilgilidir. Buluş özellikle, aşınma testine tabi tutulacak numunenin bağlanmasına yarayan bağlantı kolu (130), bağlantı koluna (130) düşey doğrultuda hareketi sağlayan mekanik düzenek (20) ve çalışılan toprağı sıkıştıran/bastıran merdane (60) içeren aşındırıcı toprak kazanı test cihazı ile ilgilidir.
Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 2020
Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çar... more Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çarklara uygulanan gaz sementasyon ve düşük basınçlı sementasyon yüzey sertleştirme ısıl işlemlerinin dişli çarkların yorulma ömrü üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Yorulma analizi Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Helisel dişli çarkların ömür değerleri, yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri sonrasında oluşan sertlik dağılımına bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Düşük basınçlı sementasyon işleminin gaz sementasyon işlemine kıyasla, istenen yüzey sertlik ve efektif sert tabaka kalınlığını çok daha kısa işlem sürelerinde sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Dişlilerin ömür değerleri ve hasar yüzdeleri, malzemenin kimyasal içeriği, efektif sert tabaka kalınlığı ve yüzey sertlik değerlerinden etkilenmiştir. AISI 5115 helisel dişli çarklarda 36 Nm tork ve 1400 rpm çalışma değerleri için ömür tur sayıları; ısıl işlem
Corrosion resistance of steel 30MnB5 is studied after carbonitriding, after conventional quenchin... more Corrosion resistance of steel 30MnB5 is studied after carbonitriding, after conventional quenching, and without treatment. Corrosion tests are performed for from 24 to 168 h in two acidic environments (in a hydrochloric acid solution with 10% mole fraction and in fertilizer-containing soil). It is shown that the rate of corrosion of the steel in both environments after carbonitriding is lower than after quenching).
A comparative analysis of the properties of boronized sintered iron and quenched steels 30MnB5, 2... more A comparative analysis of the properties of boronized sintered iron and quenched steels 30MnB5, 28MnCrB5 used for making soil tillage tools is performed. The microstructure, phase composition, hardness and strength characteristics of the materials are studied. The composition of the boride phase formed in the sintered iron after boronizing is determined by an x-ray method. The losses to abrasive wear are evaluated with the help of a device containing a special bin with a sample of abrasive soil.
The pesticide and biological efficiency of Electraboom, UIva+, Micronex, knapsack sprayer and con... more The pesticide and biological efficiency of Electraboom, UIva+, Micronex, knapsack sprayer and conventional field sprayer were compared against leaf hopper at different dosage in cotton field. The experiments were conducted in two stages. One of them was basic growth stage and the other one was fruit formation stage. Effectiveness of equipment was measured 4-7-11-14 days after the treatments in basic growth stage and 3-6-10--13 days (for Macronex 4-7-11 - 14 days) after the treatments in fruit formation stage. While Micronex and Ulva+ at the quarter of the recommended dosage provided significantly high effect in basic growth stage, Electraboom at the half of recommended dosage gave higher effects in fruit formation stage when comparing with others. Deposition pattern on target area was conducted as qualitative and quantitative in fruit formation stage. Fluorescent tracer deposits and droplet density (number of drops per square centimeter) on water sensitive paper were measured at the...
The objective of this experimental study was to determine the wear resistance of moldboard plowsh... more The objective of this experimental study was to determine the wear resistance of moldboard plowshares produced from 30 MnB5 steel that were treated with different martempering conditions. The microstructures, the hardness distributions, and the wear behavior of the martempered 30 MnB5 steel were determined and compared with conventionally heat-treated samples in laboratory conditions. The wear losses of all martempered samples were less than that of the conventionally heat-treated samples in laboratory conditions, especially at the end of a longer-term wear experiment. The martempering process in which the steel was austenized at 960°C for 35 min, held at 350°C for 10 s in a salt bath, and then cooled in air produced the best results for decreasing wear loss in laboratory conditions. The martempering treatment that resulted in the lowest wear weight loss in pin-on-disc tests was selected for further testing in field conditions. The field used for the experiment was flat and free of crop residue with a uniformly dispersed soil type (sandy and sandy loam). A reversible plow was used to measure the wear. The abrasive wear losses were determined by measuring the plowshare's weight and dimensions before and after tillage. By achieving a more uniform hardness distribution, the lath-type martensitic and bainitic microstructure of the martempered plowshares significantly increased their wear resistance. The martempering process decreased the wear weight loss by 40.8% and the wear dimension loss by 38.5% compared to conventionally heat-treated plowshares in field conditions.
The effects of the hot stamping process and different hardfacing techniques, such as shielded met... more The effects of the hot stamping process and different hardfacing techniques, such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW), on the abrasive wear of ploughshares were investigated under field operational conditions. The abrasive wear losses were determined by measuring the weight and dimension changes before and after tillage. The wear losses of hot-stamped and hardfaced ploughshares were less significant than those of the conventionally heat-treated ploughshare specimens used under field conditions. Conventional heat treatment and hardfacing by the SMAW process decreased the wear weight losses by 46.31% and the dimensional losses by 86.77% in comparison to the performance of the conventionally heat-treated ploughshares. These values were 36.90% and 88.17%, respectively, for conventional heat treatment and hardfacing by the GMAW process. There were no statistically significant differences between the SMAW and GMAW hardfacing processes in terms of wear los...
4. Uluslararası Tarım, Çevre ve Sağlık Kongresi, 2021
Toprak işleme organlarında meydana gelen abrasif aşınma miktarı, işleme organlarının üretiminde k... more Toprak işleme organlarında meydana gelen abrasif aşınma miktarı, işleme organlarının üretiminde kullanılan materyalin mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklerine, toprak koşullarına, sürüm hızı ve sürüm derinliği gibi işletme koşullarına bağlı olarak değişir. Toprak işleme makinelerinde meydana gelen aşınma nedeniyle, her yıl milyonlarca dolarlık bir ekonomik kaybın meydana geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Toprak işleme alet ve makineleri arasında en yaygın kullanılan alet kulaklı pulluk olup, pulluk uç demiri en yüksek aşınma oranına sahiptir. Toprak işleme aletlerindeki aşınma kayıpları yalnızca malzeme, enerji ve işçilik kayıplarının neden olduğu ekonomik kayıplarla sonuçlanmaz. Aşınmanın neden olduğu en önemli sorunlardan biri, toprak işlemenin agroteknik esaslar doğrultusunda yapılamamasıdır. Bu çalışmada, toprak işleme organlarında aşınma kayıplarının azaltılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek, sektörün Ülkemizdeki durumu ve araştırma bulgularının sektöre aktarılmasındaki zorluklar ve kısıtlamalar değerlendirilmiştir. Küçük-orta ölçekli tarımsal işletmelerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü ve küçük-orta ölçekli imalatçıların zayıf mali yapılarını güçlendirecek politikaların geliştirilmesi, kalite bilincinin ve kamu-üniversiteler-özel sektör arasında işbirliğinin geliştirilmesi önerilebilir.
The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil ... more The aim of the study is to present the course of scientific developments of wear studies in soil tillage tools and to evaluate basic constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems and the solution proposals. In this study, the studies conducted to analyze and reduce the wear losses in soil tillage tools in the last century are presented chronologically. Hereby, in the first stage of the study, it is aimed to present the course of scientific developments in this field. In the second phase, the reflection of the scientific research results in the agricultural sector was evaluated for Turkey. As a result of the investigation, it is observed that the developments in the field of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers, and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
ÖZET: Çalışmanın amacı, toprak işleme makineleri konusunda yapılan aşınma çalışmalarının bilimsel seyrini sunmak ve araştırma sonuçlarını çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasında karşılaşılan temel kısıtlamaları ve çözüm önerilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada, son yüzyılda toprak işleme makinelerindeki aşınma kayıplarını analiz etmek ve azaltmak için yapılan çalışmalar kronolojik olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında bu alandaki bilimsel gelişmelerin seyrinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarının tarım sektörüne yansıması Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzeme bilimi alanındaki gelişmelerin toprak işleme araçlarının aşınma direncini geliştirmeye yönelik araştırma çalışmalarına yansıdığı ve çalışmaların genellikle ısıl işlemler ve kaplamalar konuları üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin ekonomik refah düzeyi ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üretici firmaların zayıf finansal yapılarının araştırma sonuçlarının çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasındaki en önemli kısıtlar olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü, ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üreticilerinin zayıf finansal yapılarını güçlendirmeye yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi ve makine üretim maliyetleri azaltmak için otomasyona uygun yeni üretim teknolojileri kullanımı önerilebilir.
Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2001
Bu çalışma, üreticilerin kimyasal mücadeleyi nasıl, ne zaman ve neye göre yaptıklarını belirlemek... more Bu çalışma, üreticilerin kimyasal mücadeleyi nasıl, ne zaman ve neye göre yaptıklarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Saruhanlı’ da 476 pamuk üreticisiyle anket çalışması yapılmış ve her bir ankette üreticilere 55 soru yöneltilmiştir. Anketler Saruhanlı- Merkez ve bağlı yerleşimler olmak üzere 11 köy ve beldede yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışma sonucunda üreticilerin ilaç, makine ve ilaçlama zamanının seçiminde nasıl karar verdiği, tarımsal ilaçların çevreye etkileri hakkında ne düşündükleri ve ilaç uygulamalarındaki hatalar belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin önemli bir bölümünün ilaçların çevreye zararlı olabileceğini belirtmesine rağmen, kendilerini ve çevreyi ilaçların zararlı etkisinden korumak için tedbir almadıkları görülmüştür. Üreticiler genel olarak pestisitlerin etkisizliğinden, etki sürelerinin kısa oluşundan ve fiyatların yüksek oluşundan şikayetçi olmuşlardır.
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020
Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çar... more Bu çalışmada AISI 8620 ve AISI 5115 çeliklerinden yapılan, modülü 1.5 ve 2 olan helisel dişli çarklara uygulanan gaz sementasyon ve düşük basınçlı sementasyon yüzey sertleştirme ısıl işlemlerinin dişli çarkların yorulma ömrü üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Yorulma analizi Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Helisel dişli çarkların ömür değerleri, yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri sonrasında oluşan sertlik dağılımına bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Düşük basınçlı sementasyon işleminin gaz sementasyon işlemine kıyasla, istenen yüzey sertlik ve efektif sert tabaka kalınlığını çok daha kısa işlem sürelerinde sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Dişlilerin ömür değerleri ve hasar yüzdeleri, malzemenin kimyasal içeriği, efektif sert tabaka kalınlığı ve yüzey sertlik değerlerinden etkilenmiştir. AISI 5115 helisel dişli çarklarda 36 Nm tork ve 1400 rpm çalışma değerleri için ömür tur sayıları; ısıl işlem görmemiş dişlide 366,240,718, düşük basınçlı sementasyon yapılmış dişlide 790,471,887, gaz sementasyon yapılmış dişlide ise 720,619,942 tur olarak saptanmıştır. Bu değerler 132 Nm tork ve 212 rpm çalışma değerleri için, AISI 8620 helisel dişli çarklarda sırasıyla 167,327,793 ve 614,293,058 ve 629,203,913 tur olarak saptanmıştır.
In this study, the effect of case hardening treatments such as gas carburizing and low-pressure carburizing on the fatigue life was investigated for helical toothed gears made of AISI 8620 and AISI 5115 steels with modules 1.5 and 2. Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD program was used for the fatigue analysis of the gear wheels. The total life values of the helical gears were determined depending on the hardness distribution that occurs as the result of case hardening treatments. Compared to the gas carburizing, it was found that the low-pressure carburizing process provided the desired surface hardness and effective case depth values within shorter processing times. The total life values and damage percentages of gears were influenced by the chemical content of the material, effective case layer thickness, and surface hardness values. For 36 Nm torque and 1400 rpm operating values in AISI 5115 helical gear wheels, fatigue life cycle was determined as 366,240,718 turns in non-heat-treated gear, 790,471,887 turns in low-pressure carburizing, and 720,619,942 turns in gas carburizing. These values were determined as 167,327,793 and 614,293,058, and 629,203,913 turns for 132 Nm torque and 212 rpm operating values in AISI 8620 helical gears wheels, respectively.
The effect of quenching and tempering temperature on the tensile properties and the yield strengt... more The effect of quenching and tempering temperature on the tensile properties and the yield strength ratio of 30MnB5, 27MnCrB5, and 34MnB5 boron steel have been investigated. Quenching (Q) and tempering (T) temperatures varied in the range of 850 to 950 °C and 150 to 450 °C, respectively. The mechanical properties of quenched and tempered steel were examined with the application of the tensile test and hardness testing. The microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The increase in Q & T temperatures resulted in a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and break strength (BS) values and an increase in the yield strength ratio. The tempering temperature was found to be more effective on the UTS, YS and BS values than was the austenitizing temperature. It was noted that the effect of tempering temperature is greater on the ultimate tensile than on the yield strength for the investigated low alloyed boron steel. The effect of the tempering temperature on the elongation to fracture is also greater than the effect on the uniform elongation. The yield strength ratio showed a tendency to increase with increasing tempering temperatures. It was raised considerably by increasing the tempering temperatures from 300 to 450 °C, while it remained at a similar level between 150 and 300 °C. The ratio of ultimate tensile strength and mean hardness decreased with increasing tempering temperatures for the tested varieties of steel. Increasing tempering temperature leads to an increase in yield strength ratio and a total elongation and a decrease in the strength of the tempered martensite.
In this study, the effect of different case hardening treatments on microstructure, hardness dist... more In this study, the effect of different case hardening treatments on microstructure, hardness distribution, surface roughness parameters, and dimensional changes was investigated for helical toothed gears made of 16MnCr5 and 21NiCrMo2 steels. Gas carburizing, gas carburizing-double quenching, low pressure carburizing, and plasma nitriding treatments were performed as case hardening processes. The surface characteristics and distortion analyzes of the case hardened helical gears were examined using an optical microscope, hardness tester, profilometer, and micrometer. In order to ensure adequate pitting and bending strength, the required minimum effective case depth and minimum total case depth values were provided by the performed case hardening treatments. In the gears, the largest dimensional increase after the heat treatments occurred at the end of the gas carburizing due to the long treatment times at high processing temperatures. The surface roughness values obtained through all performed case hardening treatments necessitated the finishing processes.
ÖZ: Bu çalışma kimyasal mücadele uygulamaları, tarımsal ilaç seçim kriterleri ve uygulama zamanıy... more ÖZ: Bu çalışma kimyasal mücadele uygulamaları, tarımsal ilaç seçim kriterleri ve uygulama zamanıyla ilgili üreticilerin kararlarını belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Saruhanlı'da 204 bağ üreticisiyle anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anketler Saruhanlı-Merkez ve bağlı yerleşimler olmak üzere 12 yerleşkede yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda üreticilerin tarımsal ilaç, makine seçimi ve ilaçlama zamanının tayininde nasıl karar verdiği, üreticilerin tarımsal ilaçların çevreye etkileri hakkında neler düşündükleri ve tarımsal ilaç uygulamalarında yapılan hatalar saptanmıştır. ABSTRACT: This research has been done to determine farmers decisions regarding the time of application, the criteria for choosing agricultural chemicals and applications of chemical control. For that reason, a poll study was made with 204 farmers in Manisa-Saruhanlı. The polls were conducted in 12 rural settlements in Saruhanlı. In the results of this study, how the farmers decide choosing agricultural chemical, machine and application time, what the farmers think about the effects of agricultural chemicals on environment and mistakes in agricultural chemical applications were determined.
This study was carried out to examine the impact of austenitization and tempering temperatures on... more This study was carried out to examine the impact of austenitization and tempering temperatures on the corrosion characteristics of boron steels. Boron steel samples were austenitized at 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C, and then quenched in environmental water. After quenching, the samples were tempered at 150 °C, 300 °C, and 450 °C for 30 minutes to prepare specimens. The corrosion characteristics of quenched and tempered boron steels in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were examined using Tafel extrapolation method. Significant statistical differences have been observed between the tested boron steels in terms of corrosion rate. Changing C concentration affected the corrosion rates of boron steels after their immersion into a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and increasing C content generally accelerated the corrosion rate. A poor correlation has been found between average ferrite grain size and corrosion rate under the examined heat treatment conditions for tested boron steels.
Microstructure, hardness distribution, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the quenched a... more Microstructure, hardness distribution, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 were investigated before and after corrosion tests. The corrosion behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 was examined in two different acidic environments, namely a hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil. The specimens were immersed in corrosive environments for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours, and additionally into fertilizer-containing soil for 240 days. The corrosion losses were determined by measuring the weight changes and the respective corrosion rates were calculated. Ductile fracture was observed in the sample of the quenched and tempered material before and after 168 hours of exposure to the hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil environment. But, in the sample subjected to corrosion in the fertilizer-containing soil environment for 240 days, brittle fracture took place and the fracture topography on the surface exhibited inter-granular cleavage. After 240 days of corrosion test in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the ductility of the material decreased to a very great extent. The surface of the quenched and tempered 28MnCrB5 samples was covered by corrosion pits, cracks and peelings at the end of 168 h tests in the hydrochloric acid solution environment. At the end of 240 day tests in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the surface of the samples showed deep peelings and cracks.
Korrosionwiderstand und mechanische Eigenschaften eines abgeschreckten 28MnCrB5-Stahles in zwei sauren Umgebungen. Die Mikrostruktur, die Härteverteilung, die Zugfestigkeit und das Bruchverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurden jeweils vor und nach Korrosionsversuchen untersucht. Das Korrosionsverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurde in zwei verschiedenen sauren Umgebungen analysiert, dabei wurde zum einen eine Salzsäurelösung mit einem 10 % molaren Anteil und zum anderen Düngemittel-haltige Erde verwendet. Die Proben wurden in beide Lösungen für 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 und 168 Stunden und in die Düngemittel-haltige Erde zudem für 240 Tage getaucht. Es wurden die Korrosionsverluste mittels Gewichtsänderungsmessungen bestimmt und die entsprechenden Korrosionsraten berechnet. In der Probe des abgeschreckten Werkstoffes wurde vor und nach 168 Stunden in der Salzsäurelösung sowie in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde duktiles Bruchverhalten beobachtet. Allerdings zeigte die Probe, die für 240 Tage der Korrosion in Düngemittel-haltiger Erde ausgesetzt war, sprödes Bruchverhalten und die Bruchoberfläche lies eine interkristalline Spaltbruchfläche erkennen. Nach dem 240-Tage-Korrosionsversuch in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde nahm die Duktilität des Werkstoffes erheblich ab. Die Oberfläche der gehärteten Stahlproben wies am Ende des 168-Stunden- Korrosionsversuchs in Salzsäure Löcher, Risse und Abschälungen. auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.
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Papers by Aysel YAZICI (Ph.D)
of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized
machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers,
and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
ÖZET: Çalışmanın amacı, toprak işleme makineleri konusunda yapılan aşınma çalışmalarının bilimsel seyrini sunmak ve araştırma sonuçlarını çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasında karşılaşılan temel kısıtlamaları ve çözüm önerilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada, son yüzyılda toprak işleme makinelerindeki aşınma kayıplarını analiz etmek ve azaltmak için yapılan çalışmalar kronolojik olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında bu alandaki bilimsel gelişmelerin seyrinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarının tarım sektörüne yansıması Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzeme bilimi alanındaki gelişmelerin toprak işleme araçlarının aşınma direncini geliştirmeye yönelik araştırma çalışmalarına yansıdığı ve çalışmaların genellikle ısıl işlemler ve kaplamalar konuları üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin ekonomik refah düzeyi ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üretici firmaların zayıf finansal yapılarının araştırma sonuçlarının çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasındaki en önemli kısıtlar olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü, ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üreticilerinin zayıf finansal yapılarını güçlendirmeye yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi ve makine üretim maliyetleri azaltmak için otomasyona uygun yeni üretim teknolojileri kullanımı önerilebilir.
Access address: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tarmak/issue/64739
In this study, the effect of case hardening treatments such as gas carburizing and low-pressure carburizing on the fatigue life was investigated for helical toothed gears made of AISI 8620 and AISI 5115 steels with modules 1.5 and 2. Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD program was used for the fatigue analysis of the gear wheels. The total life values of the helical gears were determined depending on the hardness distribution that occurs as the result of case hardening treatments. Compared to the gas carburizing, it was found that the low-pressure carburizing process provided the desired surface hardness and effective case depth values within shorter processing times. The total life values and damage percentages of gears were influenced by the chemical content of the material, effective case layer thickness, and surface hardness values. For 36 Nm torque and 1400 rpm operating values in AISI 5115 helical gear wheels, fatigue life cycle was determined as 366,240,718 turns in non-heat-treated gear, 790,471,887 turns in low-pressure carburizing, and 720,619,942 turns in gas carburizing. These values were determined as 167,327,793 and 614,293,058, and 629,203,913 turns for 132 Nm torque and 212 rpm operating values in AISI 8620 helical gears wheels, respectively.
Korrosionwiderstand und mechanische Eigenschaften eines abgeschreckten 28MnCrB5-Stahles in zwei sauren Umgebungen. Die Mikrostruktur, die Härteverteilung, die Zugfestigkeit und das Bruchverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurden jeweils vor und nach Korrosionsversuchen untersucht. Das Korrosionsverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurde in zwei verschiedenen sauren Umgebungen analysiert, dabei wurde zum einen eine Salzsäurelösung mit einem 10 % molaren Anteil und zum anderen Düngemittel-haltige Erde verwendet. Die Proben wurden in beide Lösungen für 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 und
168 Stunden und in die Düngemittel-haltige Erde zudem für 240 Tage getaucht. Es wurden die Korrosionsverluste mittels Gewichtsänderungsmessungen bestimmt und die entsprechenden Korrosionsraten berechnet. In der Probe des abgeschreckten Werkstoffes wurde vor und nach 168 Stunden in der Salzsäurelösung sowie in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde duktiles Bruchverhalten beobachtet. Allerdings zeigte die Probe, die für 240 Tage der Korrosion in Düngemittel-haltiger Erde ausgesetzt war, sprödes Bruchverhalten und die Bruchoberfläche lies eine interkristalline Spaltbruchfläche erkennen. Nach dem 240-Tage-Korrosionsversuch in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde nahm die Duktilität des Werkstoffes erheblich ab. Die Oberfläche der gehärteten Stahlproben wies am Ende des 168-Stunden- Korrosionsversuchs in Salzsäure Löcher, Risse und Abschälungen. auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.
of materials science have been reflected in research aiming to improve the wear resistance of agricultural tillage tools and studies generally have focused on heat treatments and coatings. It is understood that the level of the economic prosperity of small-medium-sized farms, and the poor financial structures of small-medium-sized
machinery manufacturers are the most important constraints in transferring the research results to the farm systems. As a result of the study; development of policies to strengthen the weak economic purchasing power of small-medium scale farms, and the weak financial structures of small-medium scale machinery manufacturers,
and to reduce costs using new production technologies suitable to automation can be suggested.
ÖZET: Çalışmanın amacı, toprak işleme makineleri konusunda yapılan aşınma çalışmalarının bilimsel seyrini sunmak ve araştırma sonuçlarını çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasında karşılaşılan temel kısıtlamaları ve çözüm önerilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada, son yüzyılda toprak işleme makinelerindeki aşınma kayıplarını analiz etmek ve azaltmak için yapılan çalışmalar kronolojik olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında bu alandaki bilimsel gelişmelerin seyrinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarının tarım sektörüne yansıması Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzeme bilimi alanındaki gelişmelerin toprak işleme araçlarının aşınma direncini geliştirmeye yönelik araştırma çalışmalarına yansıdığı ve çalışmaların genellikle ısıl işlemler ve kaplamalar konuları üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin ekonomik refah düzeyi ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üretici firmaların zayıf finansal yapılarının araştırma sonuçlarının çiftlik sistemlerine aktarılmasındaki en önemli kısıtlar olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; küçük-orta ölçekli çiftliklerin zayıf ekonomik satın alma gücünü, ve küçük-orta ölçekli makine üreticilerinin zayıf finansal yapılarını güçlendirmeye yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi ve makine üretim maliyetleri azaltmak için otomasyona uygun yeni üretim teknolojileri kullanımı önerilebilir.
Access address: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tarmak/issue/64739
In this study, the effect of case hardening treatments such as gas carburizing and low-pressure carburizing on the fatigue life was investigated for helical toothed gears made of AISI 8620 and AISI 5115 steels with modules 1.5 and 2. Solidworks Premium 2015 SP 2.0 CAD program was used for the fatigue analysis of the gear wheels. The total life values of the helical gears were determined depending on the hardness distribution that occurs as the result of case hardening treatments. Compared to the gas carburizing, it was found that the low-pressure carburizing process provided the desired surface hardness and effective case depth values within shorter processing times. The total life values and damage percentages of gears were influenced by the chemical content of the material, effective case layer thickness, and surface hardness values. For 36 Nm torque and 1400 rpm operating values in AISI 5115 helical gear wheels, fatigue life cycle was determined as 366,240,718 turns in non-heat-treated gear, 790,471,887 turns in low-pressure carburizing, and 720,619,942 turns in gas carburizing. These values were determined as 167,327,793 and 614,293,058, and 629,203,913 turns for 132 Nm torque and 212 rpm operating values in AISI 8620 helical gears wheels, respectively.
Korrosionwiderstand und mechanische Eigenschaften eines abgeschreckten 28MnCrB5-Stahles in zwei sauren Umgebungen. Die Mikrostruktur, die Härteverteilung, die Zugfestigkeit und das Bruchverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurden jeweils vor und nach Korrosionsversuchen untersucht. Das Korrosionsverhalten des angelassenen Stahles 28MnCrB5 wurde in zwei verschiedenen sauren Umgebungen analysiert, dabei wurde zum einen eine Salzsäurelösung mit einem 10 % molaren Anteil und zum anderen Düngemittel-haltige Erde verwendet. Die Proben wurden in beide Lösungen für 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 und
168 Stunden und in die Düngemittel-haltige Erde zudem für 240 Tage getaucht. Es wurden die Korrosionsverluste mittels Gewichtsänderungsmessungen bestimmt und die entsprechenden Korrosionsraten berechnet. In der Probe des abgeschreckten Werkstoffes wurde vor und nach 168 Stunden in der Salzsäurelösung sowie in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde duktiles Bruchverhalten beobachtet. Allerdings zeigte die Probe, die für 240 Tage der Korrosion in Düngemittel-haltiger Erde ausgesetzt war, sprödes Bruchverhalten und die Bruchoberfläche lies eine interkristalline Spaltbruchfläche erkennen. Nach dem 240-Tage-Korrosionsversuch in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde nahm die Duktilität des Werkstoffes erheblich ab. Die Oberfläche der gehärteten Stahlproben wies am Ende des 168-Stunden- Korrosionsversuchs in Salzsäure Löcher, Risse und Abschälungen. auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.auf. Am Ende des 240-Tage-Tests in der Düngemittel-haltigen Erde zeigte die Oberfläche der Proben tiefe Abschälungen und Risse.