The Balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus Trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. ... more The Balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus Trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. The high prevalence of these zoonotic pathogens in animals linked with the food habits to consume raw meat and meat derived products resulted in a very high prevalence of trichinellosis in humans living in this European region. In spite of numerous epidemiological investigations carried out in this region, very few information is available on the Trichinella species circulating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trichinella spp. larvae were isolated from a domestic pig reared in a backyard and from a hunted wild boar whose meat had been the source of trichinellosis in one case. Both Trichinella pseudospiralis and T. spiralis have been identified in the domestic pig, whereas, T. britovi was detected in the wild boar. While, T. spiralis is the Trichinella species most frequently detected in domestic pigs, T. pseudospiralis has been previously documented in domestic pigs only three times in Russia,...
Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that investigates the difference in IL-6 producti... more Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that investigates the difference in IL-6 production between BALB/c (H-2d) and C57B1/6 (H-2b) strains of mouse infected with Trichinella spiralis (TS). The study was performed three weeks after infection, when the phenomenon of autoantibody synthesis amplification was observed and when the final stage of parasite development commenced, accompanied by muscle inflammation. Female BALB/c and C57B1/6 mice of 8–10 weeks of age and 19–22 g body weight were used in the experiments. Mice of each strain were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 animals per group. They were exposed to TS infection (group TS) and a control group (C) of nontreated mice. Mice were sacrificed on day 21 for the determination of muscle larva recovery, production of specific antibodies, and analysis of IL-6 cytokine production. Infectious L1 larvae were obtained by digestion of minced TS-infected rat carcasses in 1% pepsin-HCl for four hours at 37° C. The mice were infected by oesophageal intubation with 200 L1 larvae each. The results show that BALB/c mice harbored approximately 50% fewer L1 larvae in their muscles than C57B1/6 mice. This confirmed previous findings that BALB/c mice are considered to be resistant and C57B1/6 susceptible with respect to muscle larva burden. A significant increase of IL-6 production by the antigen-stimulated spleen cells was found in the T. spiralis susceptible C57B1/6 mice. The increase of IL-6 production in resistant BALB/c mice did not reach statistical significance when compared to the controls, uninfected mice.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a newly discovered but universal communication tool betwee... more Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a newly discovered but universal communication tool between cells or organisms. However, few data exist on nematode EVs and none for Trichinella spiralis. Here, we aimed to investigate whether T spiralis muscle larvae produce EVs, whether they carry immunomodulatory proteins and whether they have a role in immunomodulation as a component of excretory‐secretory muscle larvae products (ES L1).
Cell-based tolerogenic therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases a... more Cell-based tolerogenic therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells have been particularly explored in the treatment of various autoimmune disorders in experimental models of disease. Although some of these cells have already been tested in a limited number of clinical trials, there is still a need for preclinical research on tolerogenic cells in animal models of autoimmunity. This review will focus on the relevance of data obtained from studies in experimental animal models for the use of tolerogenic cell-based therapy in humans. Also, perspectives for further improvement of tolerogenic cell preparation towards enhanced suppressive activity and stability of the cells will be discussed.
Cellular therapies with tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) show great promise for the ... more Cellular therapies with tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) show great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and for the prevention of destructive immune responses after transplantation. The methodologies for generating tolAPC vary greatly between different laboratories, making it difficult to compare data from different studies; thus constituting a major hurdle for the development of standardised tolAPC therapeutic products. Here we describe an initiative by members of the tolAPC field to generate a minimum information model for tolAPC (MITAP), providing a reporting framework that will make differences and similarities between tolAPC products transparent. In this way, MITAP constitutes a first but important step towards the production of standardised and reproducible tolAPC for clinical application.
Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a res... more Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a residence of the parasite which is composed of the nurse cell and fibrous wall. The process of nurse cell formation is complex and includes infected muscle cell response (de-differentiation, cell cycle re-entry and arrest) and satellite cell responses (activation, proliferation and differentiation). Some events that occur during the nurse cell formation are analogous to those occurring during muscle cell regeneration/repair. This article reviews capsule formation with emphasis on this analogy.
Trichinellosis was recognized almost one century ago as a health and animal husbandry problem in ... more Trichinellosis was recognized almost one century ago as a health and animal husbandry problem in Serbia. In the last 10 years, trichinellosis has been expanding from three endemic regions (Srem, Macva and Negotinska Krajina) to neighbouring regions. The infection rate detected by veterinary inspection in 1999 year was 0.17% in slaughtered swines. Simultaneously, the number of infected humans increased three-five times in comparison with the period 1980-1990. For instance, 555 individuals were registered in 1999 as infected after the consummation of non-inspected pork from domestic swine or wild boar. Prevalence of trichinellosis in wild animals was examined more than a 20 years ago. The trichinellosis in horses has not been detected in the country, but infected horses imported from Serbia were detected in France and Italy.
The Balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus Trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. ... more The Balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus Trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. The high prevalence of these zoonotic pathogens in animals linked with the food habits to consume raw meat and meat derived products resulted in a very high prevalence of trichinellosis in humans living in this European region. In spite of numerous epidemiological investigations carried out in this region, very few information is available on the Trichinella species circulating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trichinella spp. larvae were isolated from a domestic pig reared in a backyard and from a hunted wild boar whose meat had been the source of trichinellosis in one case. Both Trichinella pseudospiralis and T. spiralis have been identified in the domestic pig, whereas, T. britovi was detected in the wild boar. While, T. spiralis is the Trichinella species most frequently detected in domestic pigs, T. pseudospiralis has been previously documented in domestic pigs only three times in Russia,...
Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that investigates the difference in IL-6 producti... more Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that investigates the difference in IL-6 production between BALB/c (H-2d) and C57B1/6 (H-2b) strains of mouse infected with Trichinella spiralis (TS). The study was performed three weeks after infection, when the phenomenon of autoantibody synthesis amplification was observed and when the final stage of parasite development commenced, accompanied by muscle inflammation. Female BALB/c and C57B1/6 mice of 8–10 weeks of age and 19–22 g body weight were used in the experiments. Mice of each strain were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 animals per group. They were exposed to TS infection (group TS) and a control group (C) of nontreated mice. Mice were sacrificed on day 21 for the determination of muscle larva recovery, production of specific antibodies, and analysis of IL-6 cytokine production. Infectious L1 larvae were obtained by digestion of minced TS-infected rat carcasses in 1% pepsin-HCl for four hours at 37° C. The mice were infected by oesophageal intubation with 200 L1 larvae each. The results show that BALB/c mice harbored approximately 50% fewer L1 larvae in their muscles than C57B1/6 mice. This confirmed previous findings that BALB/c mice are considered to be resistant and C57B1/6 susceptible with respect to muscle larva burden. A significant increase of IL-6 production by the antigen-stimulated spleen cells was found in the T. spiralis susceptible C57B1/6 mice. The increase of IL-6 production in resistant BALB/c mice did not reach statistical significance when compared to the controls, uninfected mice.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a newly discovered but universal communication tool betwee... more Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a newly discovered but universal communication tool between cells or organisms. However, few data exist on nematode EVs and none for Trichinella spiralis. Here, we aimed to investigate whether T spiralis muscle larvae produce EVs, whether they carry immunomodulatory proteins and whether they have a role in immunomodulation as a component of excretory‐secretory muscle larvae products (ES L1).
Cell-based tolerogenic therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases a... more Cell-based tolerogenic therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells have been particularly explored in the treatment of various autoimmune disorders in experimental models of disease. Although some of these cells have already been tested in a limited number of clinical trials, there is still a need for preclinical research on tolerogenic cells in animal models of autoimmunity. This review will focus on the relevance of data obtained from studies in experimental animal models for the use of tolerogenic cell-based therapy in humans. Also, perspectives for further improvement of tolerogenic cell preparation towards enhanced suppressive activity and stability of the cells will be discussed.
Cellular therapies with tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) show great promise for the ... more Cellular therapies with tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) show great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and for the prevention of destructive immune responses after transplantation. The methodologies for generating tolAPC vary greatly between different laboratories, making it difficult to compare data from different studies; thus constituting a major hurdle for the development of standardised tolAPC therapeutic products. Here we describe an initiative by members of the tolAPC field to generate a minimum information model for tolAPC (MITAP), providing a reporting framework that will make differences and similarities between tolAPC products transparent. In this way, MITAP constitutes a first but important step towards the production of standardised and reproducible tolAPC for clinical application.
Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a res... more Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a residence of the parasite which is composed of the nurse cell and fibrous wall. The process of nurse cell formation is complex and includes infected muscle cell response (de-differentiation, cell cycle re-entry and arrest) and satellite cell responses (activation, proliferation and differentiation). Some events that occur during the nurse cell formation are analogous to those occurring during muscle cell regeneration/repair. This article reviews capsule formation with emphasis on this analogy.
Trichinellosis was recognized almost one century ago as a health and animal husbandry problem in ... more Trichinellosis was recognized almost one century ago as a health and animal husbandry problem in Serbia. In the last 10 years, trichinellosis has been expanding from three endemic regions (Srem, Macva and Negotinska Krajina) to neighbouring regions. The infection rate detected by veterinary inspection in 1999 year was 0.17% in slaughtered swines. Simultaneously, the number of infected humans increased three-five times in comparison with the period 1980-1990. For instance, 555 individuals were registered in 1999 as infected after the consummation of non-inspected pork from domestic swine or wild boar. Prevalence of trichinellosis in wild animals was examined more than a 20 years ago. The trichinellosis in horses has not been detected in the country, but infected horses imported from Serbia were detected in France and Italy.
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Papers by Ljiljana Sofronić-milosavljević