We studied the cost effective direct laser patterning of copper (Cu) on thin polyimide substrates (PI thickness: 12.5–50 µm) using a 405 nm laser module attached to an inexpensive 3D printer. The focal length of the laser was... more
We studied the cost effective direct laser patterning of copper (Cu) on thin polyimide substrates (PI thickness: 12.5–50 µm) using a 405 nm laser module attached to an inexpensive 3D printer. The focal length of the laser was intentionally controlled to reduce defects on patterned Cu and surface damage of PI under predetermined process conditions. The appropriate focal length was examined at various focal distances. Focal distances of − 2.4 mm and 3 mm were found for the shorter focal length (SFL) and longer focal length (LFL), respectively, compared to the actual focal length. This resulted in clean Cu line patterns without line defects. Interestingly, the SFL case had a different Cu growth pattern to that of LFL, indicating that the small difference in the laser incident angle could affect Cu precursor sintering. Cu square patterns had a lower resistivity of 70 μΩ·cm for an LFL after three or four laser scans, while the SFL showed a resistivity below 48 μΩ·cm for a one-time laser ...
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a... more
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., ... Definition.noun, plural: renaturations. (molecular biology) The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native configuration.Supplement.Renaturation in molecular biology refers to the reconstruction of a protein or nucleic acid (such as DNA) to their original form especially after denaturation. Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell. They are small structures within a cell that are made up of two membranes and a matrix. The membrane is where the chemical reactions occur and the matrix is where the fluid is held. Mitochondria are a part of eukaryotic cells. The main job of mitochondria is to perform cellular respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy. This energy is then in turn used by the cell to carry out various functions. Each cell contains a different number of mitochondria. The number present is dependent upon how much energy the cell requires. The more energy a cell needs the more mitochondria that will be present. Cells have the ability to produce more mitochondria as needed. They also can combine mitochondria to make larger ones. Functions of Mitochondria 1. The most important function of the mitochondria is to produce energy. 2. The simpler molecules of nutrition are sent to the mitochondria to be processed and to produce charged molecules. 3. These charged molecules combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Mitochondria help the cells to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell. 5. The mitochondria also help in building certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. 6. The liver cells mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify ammonia. 7. The mitochondria also play important role in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death.
