The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in ventral visual stream, extending lateral... more The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in ventral visual stream, extending laterally as far as V4v. This response was systematically modulated by noise the left hemisphere, have been shown to be involved in the processing of written words and letter strings. This but was insensitive to the stimulus content, suggesting involvement in early visual analysis. The second pattern processing probably occurs within 200 ms after presentation of the letter string. It has also been suggested took place ~150 ms after stimulus onset and was concentrated in the inferior occipitotemporal region with that this activation may differ between fluent and dyslexic readers. Using whole-head magnetoencephalography, we left-hemisphere dominance. This activation showed a preference for letter strings, and its strength and timing studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain processes evoked by visually presented letter strings in 12 healthy correlated with the speed at which the subjects were able to read words aloud. The third pattern also occurred in adult subjects. Our achromatic stimuli consisted of rectangular patches in which single letters, two-letter the time window ~150 ms after stimulus onset, but originated mainly in the right occipital area. Like the syllables, four-letter words, or symbol strings of equal length were embedded and to which variable noise was second pattern, it was modulated by string length, but showed no preference for letters compared with symbols. added. This manipulation dissociated three different response patterns. The first of these patterns took place The present data strongly support the special role of the left inferior occipitotemporal cortex in visual word ~100 ms after stimulus onset, originated in areas surrounding the V1 cortex and was distributed along the processing within 200 ms after stimulus onset. Abbreviations: BA Brodmann area; ECD equivalent current dipole; EOG electro-oculogram; fMRI functional MRI; MEG magnetoencephalography; SQUID superconducting quantum interference device
Understanding how letter units represent particular speech sounds is a crucial skill for developi... more Understanding how letter units represent particular speech sounds is a crucial skill for developing competent reading skills. However it is not known whether such phonological ability is constrained by basic auditory capacities such as those necessary for detecting the frequency modulations characteristic of many phonemes. Here we show that nearly 40% of the variability in normal children's phonological and reading skills can be predicted from their sensitivity to 2 Hz frequency modulated (FM) tones. This relationship does not hold for sensitivity to 240 Hz FM. Because lower but not higher rates of FM provide information important for speech comprehension, dynamic auditory sensitivity is likely to play an important role in children's phonological and reading skill development.
We identified 24 'good' and 24 'poor' coherent motion detectors from an unselected sample of youn... more We identified 24 'good' and 24 'poor' coherent motion detectors from an unselected sample of young adults. The two groups were matched for reading ability, age and IQ. All subjects carried out two tasks in which optimal performance depended on accurate letter position encoding: a lexical decision task and a primed reaction time task. We found that accurate letter position encoding was predicted by performance in the motion detection task. Since coherent motion detection depends on input from the magnocellular pathway, these findings suggest that information carried by the magnocellular system may be required for encoding letter position. Furthermore, these results may have implications for reading disability which is said to be associated with magnocellular dysfunction.
Previous research has suggested that visual magnocel-lular impairment may be characteristic of up... more Previous research has suggested that visual magnocel-lular impairment may be characteristic of up to 75% of developmental dyslexics. In this study we compared 18 adult dyslexics and 18 controls on two tasks of putative visual magnocellular function. We examined whether these tasks could discriminate dyslexics from controls and also the relationship between these measures and nonword reading, a sensitive measure of phonological awareness. Our results showed that dyslexics were significantly less sensitive than controls for detection of coherent motion in random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) and also the highest frequency at which temporal modulation at full contrast was detectable, the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF). Across the two groups and within each group examined separately, motion and flicker sensitivity correlated strongly with nonword reading ability. Together, the temporal perception measures were able to discriminate 72.2% of the dyslexics from controls, so this type of visual deficit may be an important feature of dyslexia. Our results support the hypothesis that dyslexics' reading problems are not entirely caused by a specific deficit in language processing. These visual deficits are also found in younger subjects; hence visual temporal perception measures may be used to identify children at risk for dyslexia prior to actual reading failure.
Recent research has shown that many people with dyslexia find it unusually difficult to detect fl... more Recent research has shown that many people with dyslexia find it unusually difficult to detect flickering or moving visual stimuli, consistent with impaired processing in the magnocellular visual stream. Nonetheless, it remains controversial to suggest that reduced visual sensitivity of this kind might affect reading. We first show that the accuracy of letter position encoding may depend on input from the mag-nocellular pathway. We then suggest that when children read, impaired magnocellular function may degrade information about where letters are positioned with respect to each other, leading to reading errors which contain sounds not represented in the printed word. We call these orthographically inconsistent nonsense errors letter errors. In an unselected sample of primary school children, we show that the probability of children making "letter" errors in a single word reading task was best explained by independent contributions from motion detection (magnocellular function) and phonological awareness (assessed by a spoonerism task). This result held even when controlling for chronological age, reading ability, and IQ. Together, these findings suggest that impaired magnocellular visual function, as well as phonological deficits, may affect reading.
Background: Developmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading and spelling that affects 3–... more Background: Developmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading and spelling that affects 3–9% of school-age children and adults. Contrary to the view that it results solely from deficits in processes specific to linguistic analysis, current research has shown that deficits in more basic auditory or visual skills may contribute to the reading difficulties of dyslexic individuals. These might also have a crucial role in the development of normal reading skills. Evidence for visual deficits in dyslexia is usually found only with dynamic and not static stimuli, implicating the magnocellular pathway or dorsal visual stream as the cellular locus responsible. Studies of such a dissociation between the processing of dynamic and static auditory stimuli have not been reported previously. Results: We show that dyslexic individuals are less sensitive both to particular rates of auditory frequency modulation (2 Hz and 40 Hz but not 240 Hz) and to dynamic visual-motion stimuli. There were high correlations, for both dyslexic and normal readers, between their sensitivity to the dynamic auditory and visual stimuli. Nonword reading, a measure of phonological awareness believed crucial to reading development, was also found to be related to these sensory measures. Conclusions: These results further implicate neuronal mechanisms that are specialised for detecting stimulus timing and change as being dysfunctional in many dyslexic individuals. The dissociation observed in the performance of dyslexic individuals on different auditory tasks suggests a sub-modality division similar to that already described in the visual system. These dynamic tests may provide a non-linguistic means of identifying children at risk of reading failure.
Recent research has shown that reading disabled children find it unusually difficult to detect fl... more Recent research has shown that reading disabled children find it unusually difficult to detect flickering or moving visual stimuli, consistent with impaired processing in the magnocellular visual stream. Yet, it remains controversial to suggest that reduced visual sensitivity of this kind might affect children's reading. Here we suggest that when children read, impaired magnocellular function may degrade information about where letters are positioned with respect to each other, leading to reading errors which contain sounds not represented in the printed word. We call these orthographically inconsistent nonsense errors "letter" errors. To test this idea we assessed magnocellular function in a sample of 58 unselected children by using a coherent motion detection task. We then gave these children a single word reading task and found that their "letter" errors were best explained by independent contributions from motion detection (i.e., magnocellular function) and phonological awareness (assessed by a spoonerism task). This result held even when chronological age, reading ability, and IQ were controlled for. These findings suggest that impaired magnocellular visual function, as well as phonological deficits may affect how children read.
on EuVO 4 has described the fluorescence excitation spectra associated with the large number of d... more on EuVO 4 has described the fluorescence excitation spectra associated with the large number of defect sites (50) previously discovered in this material. To establish which if any of the defect sites were intrinsic to the EuVO 4 crystal structure rather than being dependent on particular growth procedures, EuVO 4 crystals were prepared from fluxes with different compositions. The present work extends this study, using the techniques of spectral hole burning and optical detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance to examine at much higher precision the degree to which the defect spectra associated with the various crystal growths are identical, and to attempt a preliminary correlation of such spectra with the methods of crystal growth. We discuss the relative importance of the lattice and electronic contributions to the ground-state quadrupole interactions and conclude that the electronic contribution is almost always larger than the lattice contribution. The data also allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the relative importance of pseudoquadrupolar effects in the spectra and they are found to be small. This work forms a basis for detailed study of particular defect sites to be discussed in further papers. S0163-18299702237-6
t is widely accepted that most developmental dyslexics perform poorly on tasks which assess phono... more t is widely accepted that most developmental dyslexics perform poorly on tasks which assess phonological awareness. One reason for this association might be that the early or "input" phonological representations of speech sounds are distorted or noisy in some way. We have attempted to test this hypothesis directly. In Experiment 1, we measured the confusions that adult dyslexics and controls made when they listened to nine randomly presented consonant-vowel (CV) segments [sequence: see text] under four conditions of increasing white noise masking. Subjects could replay stimuli and were under no obligation to respond quickly. Responses were selected with a computer mouse from a set of nine letter-strings, corresponding to the auditory stimuli, presented on a VDU. While the overall pattern of confusions made by dyslexics and controls was very similar for this stimulus set, dyslexics confused [sequence: see text] significantly more than did controls. In Experiment 2, subjects heard each stimulus once only and were forced to respond as quickly as possible. Under these timed conditions, the pattern of confusions made by dyslexics and controls was the same as before, but dyslexics took longer to respond than controls. The slower responses of dyslexics in Experiment 2 could have arisen because: (a) they were slower at processing the auditory stimuli than controls, (b) they had worse visual pattern memory for letter strings than controls, (c) they were slower than controls at using the computer mouse. In Experiments 3, 4 and 5 subjects carried out control tasks which eliminated each of these possibilities and confirmed that the results from the auditory tasks genuinely reflected subjects' speech perception. We propose that the fine structure of dyslexics' input phonological representations should be further explored with this confusion paradigm by using other speech sounds containing VCs, CCVs and VCCs.
Defect Eu 3 + sites in EuVO 4 have been studied with the high-resolution techniques of spectral h... more Defect Eu 3 + sites in EuVO 4 have been studied with the high-resolution techniques of spectral hole burning and optically detected nuclear quadrupole resonance. A number of EuVO 4 crystals prepared from fluxes with various compositions have been used to show that some point defects are associated with specific chemical impurities but that other defects seem to be present even in the purest crystals. Site-dependent nuclear quadrupole parameters P and-q have been determined for both 7Fo and 5 Do states at two defect sites, and the nuclear Zee-man effect has permitted the local defect site principal axes to be determined.
The Ho3+ ion (4fI0, 'I8) in holmium trifluoride has a singlet ground state and an excited state, ... more The Ho3+ ion (4fI0, 'I8) in holmium trifluoride has a singlet ground state and an excited state, also a singlet, at 6.59 cm-'. In HoF3 the nuclear moments p H 0 , I = 4) are strongly enhanced through the hyperfine interaction, and previous results concluded that at TN = 0.53 K the crystal undergoes a transition to an ordered antiferromagnetic state with both nuclear and electronic moments parallel and antiparallel to the orthorhombic a axis. Neutron diffraction studies at temperatures well below T, have revealed that the ordered magnetic state is at variance with earlier conclusions and is more complex. A refinement of the neutron diffraction data shows that the ordered state may be described as Pnm'a' (F,C,) with Ho3+ moments of 5.7(2) pB at 66 degrees toy001]. The temperature dependence of the the intensities of the [loo], [140] and [420] reflections have been determined for 0.07 < T < 0.6 K and are compared with the predictions of molecular field theory.
This paper reports on the study of EuV04 samples grown from different fluxes. It is the first app... more This paper reports on the study of EuV04 samples grown from different fluxes. It is the first application of optical holeburning to investigate preparation-dependency between defect lines in samples of nominally the same compound. Analysis suggests that very few of the defect lines are common to the different growths.
Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 ... more Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined. With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investigated the effect of satiation on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive food tastes and pictures. Sixteen healthy participants (8 men, 8 women) were scanned on 2 separate test days, before and after eating a meal to satiation or after not eating for 4 h (satiated vs. premeal). fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals to the sight and/or taste of the stimuli were recorded. A whole-brain cluster-corrected analysis (P < 0.05) showed that satiation attenuated the BOLD response to both stimulus types in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus...
Stephen Smith*, Peter R Bannister *, Christian Beckmann*, Mike Brady?, Stuart Glare*, David Flitn... more Stephen Smith*, Peter R Bannister *, Christian Beckmann*, Mike Brady?, Stuart Glare*, David Flitney*, Peter Hansen*, Mark Jenkinson*, Didier Leibovici*, Brian Ripley+, Mark Woolrich*, Yongyue Zhang* *FMRIB, Oxford University, UK FMedical Vision Lab, Dept. Engineering Science, ...
The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in ventral visual stream, extending lateral... more The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in ventral visual stream, extending laterally as far as V4v. This response was systematically modulated by noise the left hemisphere, have been shown to be involved in the processing of written words and letter strings. This but was insensitive to the stimulus content, suggesting involvement in early visual analysis. The second pattern processing probably occurs within 200 ms after presentation of the letter string. It has also been suggested took place ~150 ms after stimulus onset and was concentrated in the inferior occipitotemporal region with that this activation may differ between fluent and dyslexic readers. Using whole-head magnetoencephalography, we left-hemisphere dominance. This activation showed a preference for letter strings, and its strength and timing studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain processes evoked by visually presented letter strings in 12 healthy correlated with the speed at which the subjects were able to read words aloud. The third pattern also occurred in adult subjects. Our achromatic stimuli consisted of rectangular patches in which single letters, two-letter the time window ~150 ms after stimulus onset, but originated mainly in the right occipital area. Like the syllables, four-letter words, or symbol strings of equal length were embedded and to which variable noise was second pattern, it was modulated by string length, but showed no preference for letters compared with symbols. added. This manipulation dissociated three different response patterns. The first of these patterns took place The present data strongly support the special role of the left inferior occipitotemporal cortex in visual word ~100 ms after stimulus onset, originated in areas surrounding the V1 cortex and was distributed along the processing within 200 ms after stimulus onset. Abbreviations: BA Brodmann area; ECD equivalent current dipole; EOG electro-oculogram; fMRI functional MRI; MEG magnetoencephalography; SQUID superconducting quantum interference device
Understanding how letter units represent particular speech sounds is a crucial skill for developi... more Understanding how letter units represent particular speech sounds is a crucial skill for developing competent reading skills. However it is not known whether such phonological ability is constrained by basic auditory capacities such as those necessary for detecting the frequency modulations characteristic of many phonemes. Here we show that nearly 40% of the variability in normal children's phonological and reading skills can be predicted from their sensitivity to 2 Hz frequency modulated (FM) tones. This relationship does not hold for sensitivity to 240 Hz FM. Because lower but not higher rates of FM provide information important for speech comprehension, dynamic auditory sensitivity is likely to play an important role in children's phonological and reading skill development.
We identified 24 'good' and 24 'poor' coherent motion detectors from an unselected sample of youn... more We identified 24 'good' and 24 'poor' coherent motion detectors from an unselected sample of young adults. The two groups were matched for reading ability, age and IQ. All subjects carried out two tasks in which optimal performance depended on accurate letter position encoding: a lexical decision task and a primed reaction time task. We found that accurate letter position encoding was predicted by performance in the motion detection task. Since coherent motion detection depends on input from the magnocellular pathway, these findings suggest that information carried by the magnocellular system may be required for encoding letter position. Furthermore, these results may have implications for reading disability which is said to be associated with magnocellular dysfunction.
Previous research has suggested that visual magnocel-lular impairment may be characteristic of up... more Previous research has suggested that visual magnocel-lular impairment may be characteristic of up to 75% of developmental dyslexics. In this study we compared 18 adult dyslexics and 18 controls on two tasks of putative visual magnocellular function. We examined whether these tasks could discriminate dyslexics from controls and also the relationship between these measures and nonword reading, a sensitive measure of phonological awareness. Our results showed that dyslexics were significantly less sensitive than controls for detection of coherent motion in random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) and also the highest frequency at which temporal modulation at full contrast was detectable, the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF). Across the two groups and within each group examined separately, motion and flicker sensitivity correlated strongly with nonword reading ability. Together, the temporal perception measures were able to discriminate 72.2% of the dyslexics from controls, so this type of visual deficit may be an important feature of dyslexia. Our results support the hypothesis that dyslexics' reading problems are not entirely caused by a specific deficit in language processing. These visual deficits are also found in younger subjects; hence visual temporal perception measures may be used to identify children at risk for dyslexia prior to actual reading failure.
Recent research has shown that many people with dyslexia find it unusually difficult to detect fl... more Recent research has shown that many people with dyslexia find it unusually difficult to detect flickering or moving visual stimuli, consistent with impaired processing in the magnocellular visual stream. Nonetheless, it remains controversial to suggest that reduced visual sensitivity of this kind might affect reading. We first show that the accuracy of letter position encoding may depend on input from the mag-nocellular pathway. We then suggest that when children read, impaired magnocellular function may degrade information about where letters are positioned with respect to each other, leading to reading errors which contain sounds not represented in the printed word. We call these orthographically inconsistent nonsense errors letter errors. In an unselected sample of primary school children, we show that the probability of children making "letter" errors in a single word reading task was best explained by independent contributions from motion detection (magnocellular function) and phonological awareness (assessed by a spoonerism task). This result held even when controlling for chronological age, reading ability, and IQ. Together, these findings suggest that impaired magnocellular visual function, as well as phonological deficits, may affect reading.
Background: Developmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading and spelling that affects 3–... more Background: Developmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading and spelling that affects 3–9% of school-age children and adults. Contrary to the view that it results solely from deficits in processes specific to linguistic analysis, current research has shown that deficits in more basic auditory or visual skills may contribute to the reading difficulties of dyslexic individuals. These might also have a crucial role in the development of normal reading skills. Evidence for visual deficits in dyslexia is usually found only with dynamic and not static stimuli, implicating the magnocellular pathway or dorsal visual stream as the cellular locus responsible. Studies of such a dissociation between the processing of dynamic and static auditory stimuli have not been reported previously. Results: We show that dyslexic individuals are less sensitive both to particular rates of auditory frequency modulation (2 Hz and 40 Hz but not 240 Hz) and to dynamic visual-motion stimuli. There were high correlations, for both dyslexic and normal readers, between their sensitivity to the dynamic auditory and visual stimuli. Nonword reading, a measure of phonological awareness believed crucial to reading development, was also found to be related to these sensory measures. Conclusions: These results further implicate neuronal mechanisms that are specialised for detecting stimulus timing and change as being dysfunctional in many dyslexic individuals. The dissociation observed in the performance of dyslexic individuals on different auditory tasks suggests a sub-modality division similar to that already described in the visual system. These dynamic tests may provide a non-linguistic means of identifying children at risk of reading failure.
Recent research has shown that reading disabled children find it unusually difficult to detect fl... more Recent research has shown that reading disabled children find it unusually difficult to detect flickering or moving visual stimuli, consistent with impaired processing in the magnocellular visual stream. Yet, it remains controversial to suggest that reduced visual sensitivity of this kind might affect children's reading. Here we suggest that when children read, impaired magnocellular function may degrade information about where letters are positioned with respect to each other, leading to reading errors which contain sounds not represented in the printed word. We call these orthographically inconsistent nonsense errors "letter" errors. To test this idea we assessed magnocellular function in a sample of 58 unselected children by using a coherent motion detection task. We then gave these children a single word reading task and found that their "letter" errors were best explained by independent contributions from motion detection (i.e., magnocellular function) and phonological awareness (assessed by a spoonerism task). This result held even when chronological age, reading ability, and IQ were controlled for. These findings suggest that impaired magnocellular visual function, as well as phonological deficits may affect how children read.
on EuVO 4 has described the fluorescence excitation spectra associated with the large number of d... more on EuVO 4 has described the fluorescence excitation spectra associated with the large number of defect sites (50) previously discovered in this material. To establish which if any of the defect sites were intrinsic to the EuVO 4 crystal structure rather than being dependent on particular growth procedures, EuVO 4 crystals were prepared from fluxes with different compositions. The present work extends this study, using the techniques of spectral hole burning and optical detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance to examine at much higher precision the degree to which the defect spectra associated with the various crystal growths are identical, and to attempt a preliminary correlation of such spectra with the methods of crystal growth. We discuss the relative importance of the lattice and electronic contributions to the ground-state quadrupole interactions and conclude that the electronic contribution is almost always larger than the lattice contribution. The data also allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the relative importance of pseudoquadrupolar effects in the spectra and they are found to be small. This work forms a basis for detailed study of particular defect sites to be discussed in further papers. S0163-18299702237-6
t is widely accepted that most developmental dyslexics perform poorly on tasks which assess phono... more t is widely accepted that most developmental dyslexics perform poorly on tasks which assess phonological awareness. One reason for this association might be that the early or "input" phonological representations of speech sounds are distorted or noisy in some way. We have attempted to test this hypothesis directly. In Experiment 1, we measured the confusions that adult dyslexics and controls made when they listened to nine randomly presented consonant-vowel (CV) segments [sequence: see text] under four conditions of increasing white noise masking. Subjects could replay stimuli and were under no obligation to respond quickly. Responses were selected with a computer mouse from a set of nine letter-strings, corresponding to the auditory stimuli, presented on a VDU. While the overall pattern of confusions made by dyslexics and controls was very similar for this stimulus set, dyslexics confused [sequence: see text] significantly more than did controls. In Experiment 2, subjects heard each stimulus once only and were forced to respond as quickly as possible. Under these timed conditions, the pattern of confusions made by dyslexics and controls was the same as before, but dyslexics took longer to respond than controls. The slower responses of dyslexics in Experiment 2 could have arisen because: (a) they were slower at processing the auditory stimuli than controls, (b) they had worse visual pattern memory for letter strings than controls, (c) they were slower than controls at using the computer mouse. In Experiments 3, 4 and 5 subjects carried out control tasks which eliminated each of these possibilities and confirmed that the results from the auditory tasks genuinely reflected subjects' speech perception. We propose that the fine structure of dyslexics' input phonological representations should be further explored with this confusion paradigm by using other speech sounds containing VCs, CCVs and VCCs.
Defect Eu 3 + sites in EuVO 4 have been studied with the high-resolution techniques of spectral h... more Defect Eu 3 + sites in EuVO 4 have been studied with the high-resolution techniques of spectral hole burning and optically detected nuclear quadrupole resonance. A number of EuVO 4 crystals prepared from fluxes with various compositions have been used to show that some point defects are associated with specific chemical impurities but that other defects seem to be present even in the purest crystals. Site-dependent nuclear quadrupole parameters P and-q have been determined for both 7Fo and 5 Do states at two defect sites, and the nuclear Zee-man effect has permitted the local defect site principal axes to be determined.
The Ho3+ ion (4fI0, 'I8) in holmium trifluoride has a singlet ground state and an excited state, ... more The Ho3+ ion (4fI0, 'I8) in holmium trifluoride has a singlet ground state and an excited state, also a singlet, at 6.59 cm-'. In HoF3 the nuclear moments p H 0 , I = 4) are strongly enhanced through the hyperfine interaction, and previous results concluded that at TN = 0.53 K the crystal undergoes a transition to an ordered antiferromagnetic state with both nuclear and electronic moments parallel and antiparallel to the orthorhombic a axis. Neutron diffraction studies at temperatures well below T, have revealed that the ordered magnetic state is at variance with earlier conclusions and is more complex. A refinement of the neutron diffraction data shows that the ordered state may be described as Pnm'a' (F,C,) with Ho3+ moments of 5.7(2) pB at 66 degrees toy001]. The temperature dependence of the the intensities of the [loo], [140] and [420] reflections have been determined for 0.07 < T < 0.6 K and are compared with the predictions of molecular field theory.
This paper reports on the study of EuV04 samples grown from different fluxes. It is the first app... more This paper reports on the study of EuV04 samples grown from different fluxes. It is the first application of optical holeburning to investigate preparation-dependency between defect lines in samples of nominally the same compound. Analysis suggests that very few of the defect lines are common to the different growths.
Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 ... more Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined. With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investigated the effect of satiation on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive food tastes and pictures. Sixteen healthy participants (8 men, 8 women) were scanned on 2 separate test days, before and after eating a meal to satiation or after not eating for 4 h (satiated vs. premeal). fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals to the sight and/or taste of the stimuli were recorded. A whole-brain cluster-corrected analysis (P < 0.05) showed that satiation attenuated the BOLD response to both stimulus types in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus...
Stephen Smith*, Peter R Bannister *, Christian Beckmann*, Mike Brady?, Stuart Glare*, David Flitn... more Stephen Smith*, Peter R Bannister *, Christian Beckmann*, Mike Brady?, Stuart Glare*, David Flitney*, Peter Hansen*, Mark Jenkinson*, Didier Leibovici*, Brian Ripley+, Mark Woolrich*, Yongyue Zhang* *FMRIB, Oxford University, UK FMedical Vision Lab, Dept. Engineering Science, ...
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