This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of t... more This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of the primary issues investigated is the range of life support consumables (e.g., water, oxygen, and food) needed to support active humans on the surface of the moon on a per-crew per-day basis. A set of hypothetical daily lunar activity scenarios is developed to attempt realistic estimation of lunar energy expenditure levels for both mission planning and consumables provisioning purposes. Metabolic energy expenditures for lunar astronauts will probably be significantly higher on a regular basis than that of average earth-based North Americans. Estimates of life support system consumables (food, oxygen, drinking water, and wash water) clearly indicate that a concerted effort should be made to close the gray water cycle, and possibly the black water cycle as well. Nomenclature CO2 = carbon dioxide EVA = extravehicular activity FTCSC = Food Technology Commercial Space Center ISS = Internation...
INTRODUCTION. The issues associated with determining a safe and reasonable load size and load loc... more INTRODUCTION. The issues associated with determining a safe and reasonable load size and load location for astronauts performing activities on extra-terrestrial planetary surfaces have until now not been addressed. Extravehicular astronauts must wear protective suits and portable life support systems to provide them with a pressurized, breathable atmosphere. Supporting the mass of the suit and life support system represents a supplemental energy expenditure to the crewperson, in addition to his/her surface exploration duties. To design the extravehicular protective equipment for future planetary space missions, it is necessary to better understand human physical capabilities while load-carrying in reduced gravities. METHODS. An underwater treadmill and novel weighting system were used to simulate reduced-gravity locomotion while load-carrying. The test matrix included three gravity levels; six subjects; two locomotion speeds; and a range of loads, with a maximum load of 270 percent ...
Abstract : What does an individual need to be considered an experienced fighter pilot? The curren... more Abstract : What does an individual need to be considered an experienced fighter pilot? The current formal definition is based on how many flying hours a person has, but in practice, the question is more complex and sometimes subjective because an individual requires different kinds of experience for combat positions and staff positions. The authors surveyed training experts to discover practical bases for judgments about the experience needed for different jobs. For flying positions, they found that time in advanced simulators is now also considered to be an important component of experience. Upgrade levels "say, from wingman to flight lead" and types of sorties flown are factors for both flying and staff positions. The results suggest that it is time for the Air Force to consider revising the view that a pilot is experienced or not is based only on the number of hours flown. The Air Force needs to measure and credit different types of experience-including time spent in advanced simulator systems-when revising its definitions of pilot experience.
This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of t... more This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of the primary issues investigated is the range of life support consumables (e.g., water, oxygen, and food) needed to support active humans on the surface of the moon on a per-crew per-day basis. A set of hypothetical daily lunar activity scenarios is developed to attempt realistic estimation of lunar energy expenditure levels for both mission planning and consumables provisioning purposes. Metabolic energy expenditures for lunar astronauts will probably be significantly higher on a regular basis than that of average earth-based North Americans. Estimates of life support system consumables (food, oxygen, drinking water, and wash water) clearly indicate that a concerted effort should be made to close the gray water cycle, and possibly the black water cycle as well.
: The U.S. Air Force is currently confronting unprecedented problems in managing fighter aircrews... more : The U.S. Air Force is currently confronting unprecedented problems in managing fighter aircrews. There are too few pilots in the active component, yet so many new pilots are entering the force that operational units cannot absorb them without jeopardizing readiness and safety. The 1990s saw sizable cuts in force structure, increased tasking, and fewer training sorties in all remaining active operational units. These factors are the genesis of today's absorption problems. During site visits, we observed the adverse training environment that can result when the number of new pilots arriving at operational units exceeds the units' capacity to absorb them. At an active A/OA-10 combat unit located at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, for example, we found the following: (1) Sixty percent (47 of 78) of assigned primary mission pilots were decertified from combat mission-ready (CMR) status. (2) Pilots averaged too few sorties monthly, exhibited degraded performance in primary ...
The author spent the week from February 28 through March 7, 2006, at the Mars Desert Research Sta... more The author spent the week from February 28 through March 7, 2006, at the Mars Desert Research Station (a.k.a. "Moon Desert Research Station", or "MDRS", for the duration of the Moonbase simulation) near Hanksville, Utah, as a crewmember for the first Moonbase mission simulation (hereafter referred to as 'Artemis Moonbase Sim 1" or "Moonbase Sim 1") conducted at that site.
The Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in late 1988, is designed to include on-orbit se... more The Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in late 1988, is designed to include on-orbit servicing as an integral part of its operational plan. Here, the design philosophy of the Space Telescope and the lessons learned are explored insofar as they can be applied to the design of future serviceable spacecraft. In particular, attention is given to the use of orbital replaceable units, redundancy, environmental considerations, workspace accessibility, and standardization of the design of mechanical fasteners.
Supporting the mass of a protective suit and portable life support system (PLSS) will impose an e... more Supporting the mass of a protective suit and portable life support system (PLSS) will impose an energy requirement on planetary astronauts. To design extravehicular protective equipment for planetary missions, scientists must learn more about human physical capabilities while load-carrying in reduced gravities. In this study, an underwater treadmill and weighting system were used to simulate reduced-gravity locomotion while load-carrying. The test matrix included 3 gravity levels, 6 subjects, 2 locomotion speeds, and a range of load sizes. Energy expenditure, calculated from measured oxygen consumption, is positively correlated with gravity level, speed, and load size. The data are used to project that individuals in average physical condition will be able to walk for 8 h on the Moon while carrying up to 170% of their body mass without undue fatigue, and on Mars with up to 50% of their body mass. These approximate limits, especially for Martian gravity, may prove quite a challenge f...
Concerns regarding the strategic impacts of environmental change will soon begin to affect space ... more Concerns regarding the strategic impacts of environmental change will soon begin to affect space system requirements and budget priorities. Various climate impacts are projected globally in this century. The predicted impacts of these global changes are already becoming hard to ignore, and the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well
Abstract As human kind prepares for further exploration of our solar system it is crucial to cons... more Abstract As human kind prepares for further exploration of our solar system it is crucial to consider the wide range of potential psychological and physiological effects brought about by long duration spaceflight. 12 This paper reviews efforts to address these effects in three ...
This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of t... more This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of the primary issues investigated is the range of life support consumables (e.g., water, oxygen, and food) needed to support active humans on the surface of the moon on a per-crew per-day basis. A set of hypothetical daily lunar activity scenarios is developed to attempt realistic estimation of lunar energy expenditure levels for both mission planning and consumables provisioning purposes. Metabolic energy expenditures for lunar astronauts will probably be significantly higher on a regular basis than that of average earth-based North Americans. Estimates of life support system consumables (food, oxygen, drinking water, and wash water) clearly indicate that a concerted effort should be made to close the gray water cycle, and possibly the black water cycle as well. Nomenclature CO2 = carbon dioxide EVA = extravehicular activity FTCSC = Food Technology Commercial Space Center ISS = Internation...
INTRODUCTION. The issues associated with determining a safe and reasonable load size and load loc... more INTRODUCTION. The issues associated with determining a safe and reasonable load size and load location for astronauts performing activities on extra-terrestrial planetary surfaces have until now not been addressed. Extravehicular astronauts must wear protective suits and portable life support systems to provide them with a pressurized, breathable atmosphere. Supporting the mass of the suit and life support system represents a supplemental energy expenditure to the crewperson, in addition to his/her surface exploration duties. To design the extravehicular protective equipment for future planetary space missions, it is necessary to better understand human physical capabilities while load-carrying in reduced gravities. METHODS. An underwater treadmill and novel weighting system were used to simulate reduced-gravity locomotion while load-carrying. The test matrix included three gravity levels; six subjects; two locomotion speeds; and a range of loads, with a maximum load of 270 percent ...
Abstract : What does an individual need to be considered an experienced fighter pilot? The curren... more Abstract : What does an individual need to be considered an experienced fighter pilot? The current formal definition is based on how many flying hours a person has, but in practice, the question is more complex and sometimes subjective because an individual requires different kinds of experience for combat positions and staff positions. The authors surveyed training experts to discover practical bases for judgments about the experience needed for different jobs. For flying positions, they found that time in advanced simulators is now also considered to be an important component of experience. Upgrade levels "say, from wingman to flight lead" and types of sorties flown are factors for both flying and staff positions. The results suggest that it is time for the Air Force to consider revising the view that a pilot is experienced or not is based only on the number of hours flown. The Air Force needs to measure and credit different types of experience-including time spent in advanced simulator systems-when revising its definitions of pilot experience.
This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of t... more This research is focused on requirements and methods for supporting human life in space. One of the primary issues investigated is the range of life support consumables (e.g., water, oxygen, and food) needed to support active humans on the surface of the moon on a per-crew per-day basis. A set of hypothetical daily lunar activity scenarios is developed to attempt realistic estimation of lunar energy expenditure levels for both mission planning and consumables provisioning purposes. Metabolic energy expenditures for lunar astronauts will probably be significantly higher on a regular basis than that of average earth-based North Americans. Estimates of life support system consumables (food, oxygen, drinking water, and wash water) clearly indicate that a concerted effort should be made to close the gray water cycle, and possibly the black water cycle as well.
: The U.S. Air Force is currently confronting unprecedented problems in managing fighter aircrews... more : The U.S. Air Force is currently confronting unprecedented problems in managing fighter aircrews. There are too few pilots in the active component, yet so many new pilots are entering the force that operational units cannot absorb them without jeopardizing readiness and safety. The 1990s saw sizable cuts in force structure, increased tasking, and fewer training sorties in all remaining active operational units. These factors are the genesis of today's absorption problems. During site visits, we observed the adverse training environment that can result when the number of new pilots arriving at operational units exceeds the units' capacity to absorb them. At an active A/OA-10 combat unit located at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, for example, we found the following: (1) Sixty percent (47 of 78) of assigned primary mission pilots were decertified from combat mission-ready (CMR) status. (2) Pilots averaged too few sorties monthly, exhibited degraded performance in primary ...
The author spent the week from February 28 through March 7, 2006, at the Mars Desert Research Sta... more The author spent the week from February 28 through March 7, 2006, at the Mars Desert Research Station (a.k.a. "Moon Desert Research Station", or "MDRS", for the duration of the Moonbase simulation) near Hanksville, Utah, as a crewmember for the first Moonbase mission simulation (hereafter referred to as 'Artemis Moonbase Sim 1" or "Moonbase Sim 1") conducted at that site.
The Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in late 1988, is designed to include on-orbit se... more The Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in late 1988, is designed to include on-orbit servicing as an integral part of its operational plan. Here, the design philosophy of the Space Telescope and the lessons learned are explored insofar as they can be applied to the design of future serviceable spacecraft. In particular, attention is given to the use of orbital replaceable units, redundancy, environmental considerations, workspace accessibility, and standardization of the design of mechanical fasteners.
Supporting the mass of a protective suit and portable life support system (PLSS) will impose an e... more Supporting the mass of a protective suit and portable life support system (PLSS) will impose an energy requirement on planetary astronauts. To design extravehicular protective equipment for planetary missions, scientists must learn more about human physical capabilities while load-carrying in reduced gravities. In this study, an underwater treadmill and weighting system were used to simulate reduced-gravity locomotion while load-carrying. The test matrix included 3 gravity levels, 6 subjects, 2 locomotion speeds, and a range of load sizes. Energy expenditure, calculated from measured oxygen consumption, is positively correlated with gravity level, speed, and load size. The data are used to project that individuals in average physical condition will be able to walk for 8 h on the Moon while carrying up to 170% of their body mass without undue fatigue, and on Mars with up to 50% of their body mass. These approximate limits, especially for Martian gravity, may prove quite a challenge f...
Concerns regarding the strategic impacts of environmental change will soon begin to affect space ... more Concerns regarding the strategic impacts of environmental change will soon begin to affect space system requirements and budget priorities. Various climate impacts are projected globally in this century. The predicted impacts of these global changes are already becoming hard to ignore, and the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well
Abstract As human kind prepares for further exploration of our solar system it is crucial to cons... more Abstract As human kind prepares for further exploration of our solar system it is crucial to consider the wide range of potential psychological and physiological effects brought about by long duration spaceflight. 12 This paper reviews efforts to address these effects in three ...
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