Paangkutan awam

Paangkutan awam adalah layanan angkutan panumpang ulih sistim pajalanan kalumpuk nang tasadia gasan dipakai ulih masarakat awam, rancaknya diatur sasuai jadwal, diuparasiakan di rute nang ditatapakan, wan diputiki biaya gasan saban pajalanan.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Tawas paangkutan awam di antaranya bis kuta, trem (atawa karita api hampul) wan karita api, karita hancap (metro/subway/bawah tanah.) wan jua feri. Angkutan awam antarkuta dikuasai ulih maskapai panarabangan, bis antarkuta, karita api, wan karita antarkuta. Jaringan karita bakahancapan tinggi rahatan dikambangakan di banyak balahan dunia. Sapalih ganal sistim paangkutan awam bajalan di sapanjang rute tatap lawan titik pamandakan lawan jadwal nang sudah diatur sabalumnya.^[4] Taksi babagi manawarakan layanan badasarakan-pamintaan di banyak palihan dunia, wan babarapa layanan cagar mahadangi sampai kandaraan hibak sabalum taksi ngitu tulak.

Paangkutan awam pakutaan liwar lain di Asia, Amirika Utara, wan Irupa. Di Asia, paangkutan awam anggit swasta wan awam, nang digarakakan ulih kauntungan, wan kunglumirat lahan yasan sapalih ganal mauparasiakan sistim angkutan awam.^[5]^[6] Di Amirika Utara, uturitas paangkutan kuta parancaknya manjalanakan uparasiunal angkutan awam. Di Irupa, pausahaan anggit nagara wan jua swasta sacara duminan mauparasiakan sistim paangkutan awam, layanan paangkutan awam kawa digarakakan ulih kauntungan lawan mamakai haraga-badasarakan-jarak atawa diduiti ulih supsidi pamarintah di mana haraga flat rate ditanggungakan gasan saban panumpang.

Jujuhutan

^ "public transport". English Oxford Living Dictionaries (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-31. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. Buses, trains, and other forms of transport that are available to the public, charge set fares, and run on fixed routes.
^ "public transport in British". Collins English Dictionary (dalam bahasa Inggris). HarperCollins. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. a system of buses, trains, etc, running on fixed routes, on which the public may travel
^ Joseph L. Schofer. "Mass transit". Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. Mass transit, also called mass transportation, or public transportation, the movement of people within urban areas using group travel technologies such as buses and trains.
^ McLeod, Sam (2017). "Urban Public Transport: Planning Principles and Emerging Practice". Journal of Planning Literature. 32(3): 223–239 – via SAGE.
^ "Rail integrated communities in Tokyo" (dalam bahasa Inggris). JTLU.org.
^ "Lessons from Japanese Experiences of Roles of Public and Private Sectors in Urban Transport" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Japan Railway & Transport Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-26. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-02.

[1] "public transport". English Oxford Living Dictionaries (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-31. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. Buses, trains, and other forms of transport that are available to the public, charge set fares, and run on fixed routes.

[2] "public transport in British". Collins English Dictionary (dalam bahasa Inggris). HarperCollins. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. a system of buses, trains, etc, running on fixed routes, on which the public may travel

[3] Joseph L. Schofer. "Mass transit". Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2018. Mass transit, also called mass transportation, or public transportation, the movement of people within urban areas using group travel technologies such as buses and trains.

[:0-4] McLeod, Sam (2017). "Urban Public Transport: Planning Principles and Emerging Practice". Journal of Planning Literature. 32(3): 223–239 – via SAGE.

[5] "Rail integrated communities in Tokyo" (dalam bahasa Inggris). JTLU.org.

[6] "Lessons from Japanese Experiences of Roles of Public and Private Sectors in Urban Transport" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Japan Railway & Transport Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-26. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-02.

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